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Cuy-Chaparro L, Ricaurte-Contreras LA, Bohórquez MD, Arévalo-Pinzón G, Barreto-Santamaria A, Pabón L, Reyes C, Moreno-Pérez DA, Patarroyo MA. Identification of Babesia bovis MSA-1 functionally constraint regions capable of binding to bovine erythrocytes. Vet Parasitol 2022; 312:109834. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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2
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Fernández-Garcia M, Sanchez-Flores A, Gonzalez LM, Barbas C, Rey-Stolle MF, Sevilla E, García A, Montero E. Integration of Functional Genomic, Transcriptomic, and Metabolomic Data to Identify Key Features in Genomic Expression, Metabolites, and Metabolic Pathways of Babesia divergens. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2369:217-249. [PMID: 34313992 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1681-9_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Upon invasion of red blood cells (RBCs), the Apicomplexa parasite Babesia divergens remains within the RBC for several hours and reproduces asexually, resulting in infective free merozoites that egress and destroy the host cell. Free merozoites rapidly seek and invade new uninfected RBCs. This repetitive cycle allows B. divergens to build a complex population of intraerythrocytic and extracellular stages in the bloodstream of humans and cattle, thus causing babesiosis. To compare biological aspects between B. divergens stages, including the different nature of their metabolism, could be key to our understanding of pathogenesis. Thus, we are currently assessing differences in the B. divergens metabolism of intra- and extracellular (free merozoites) life stages by the use of an integrative approach combining functional genomic, transcriptomic, differential expression, and metabolomic data acquired from sequencing and various analytical platforms. To our knowledge, this is the first effort to describe, in detail, the experimental procedures and integration of different omics to explore the regulation of the metabolism, invasion and proliferation mechanisms of B. divergens. This integrative approach can be used as a reference to study other Apicomplexa parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Fernández-Garcia
- CEMBIO (Center for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo CEU, CEU Universities, Campus Monteprincipe, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Sanchez-Flores
- Unidad Universitaria de Secuenciación Masiva y Bioinformática, Instituto de Biotecnología, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Luis Miguel Gonzalez
- Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Parasitología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, ISCIII Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Coral Barbas
- CEMBIO (Center for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo CEU, CEU Universities, Campus Monteprincipe, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mª Fernanda Rey-Stolle
- CEMBIO (Center for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo CEU, CEU Universities, Campus Monteprincipe, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Sevilla
- Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Parasitología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, ISCIII Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonia García
- CEMBIO (Center for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo CEU, CEU Universities, Campus Monteprincipe, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Estrella Montero
- Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Parasitología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, ISCIII Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
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Babesia Bovis Ligand-Receptor Interaction: AMA-1 Contains Small Regions Governing Bovine Erythrocyte Binding. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020714. [PMID: 33450807 PMCID: PMC7828228 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Apical membrane antigen 1 is a microneme protein which plays an indispensable role during Apicomplexa parasite invasion. The detailed mechanism of AMA-1 molecular interaction with its receptor on bovine erythrocytes has not been completely defined in Babesia bovis. This study was focused on identifying the minimum B. bovis AMA-1-derived regions governing specific and high-affinity binding to its target cells. Different approaches were used for detecting ama-1 locus genetic variability and natural selection signatures. The binding properties of twelve highly conserved 20-residue-long peptides were evaluated using a sensitive and specific binding assay based on radio-iodination. B. bovis AMA-1 ectodomain structure was modelled and refined using molecular modelling software. NetMHCIIpan software was used for calculating B- and T-cell epitopes. The B. bovis ama-1 gene had regions under functional constraint, having the highest negative selective pressure intensity in the Domain I encoding region. Interestingly, B. bovis AMA-1-DI (100YMQKFDIPRNHGSGIYVDLG119 and 120GYESVGSKSYRMPVGKCPVV139) and DII (302CPMHPVRDAIFGKWSGGSCV321)-derived peptides had high specificity interaction with erythrocytes and bound to a chymotrypsin and neuraminidase-treatment sensitive receptor. DI-derived peptides appear to be exposed on the protein’s surface and contain predicted B- and T-cell epitopes. These findings provide data (for the first-time) concerning B. bovis AMA-1 functional subunits which are important for establishing receptor-ligand interactions which could be used in synthetic vaccine development.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW As human babesiosis caused by apicomplexan parasites of the Babesia genus is associated with transfusion-transmitted illness and relapsing disease in immunosuppressed populations, it is important to report novel findings relating to parasite biology that may be responsible for such pathology. Blood screening tools recently licensed by the FDA are also described to allow understanding of their impact on keeping the blood supply well tolerated. RECENT FINDINGS Reports of tick-borne cases within new geographical regions such as the Pacific Northwest of the USA, through Eastern Europe and into China are also on the rise. Novel features of the parasite lifecycle that underlie the basis of parasite persistence have recently been characterized. These merit consideration in deployment of both detection, treatment and mitigation tools such as pathogen inactivation technology. The impact of new blood donor screening tests in reducing transfusion transmitted babesiosis is discussed. SUMMARY New Babesia species have been identified globally, suggesting that the epidemiology of this disease is rapidly changing, making it clear that human babesiosis is a serious public health concern that requires close monitoring and effective intervention measures. Unlike other erythrocytic parasites, Babesia exploits unconventional lifecycle strategies that permit host cycles of different lengths to ensure survival in hostile environments. With the licensure of new blood screening tests, incidence of transfusion transmission babesiosis has decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A Lobo
- Department of Blood-Borne Parasites, Lindsley Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, USA
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5
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Jajosky RP, Jajosky AN, Jajosky PG. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and State Health Departments should include Blood-Type Variables in their Babesiosis Case Reports. Transfus Apher Sci 2020; 59:102824. [PMID: 32586770 PMCID: PMC7247513 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2020.102824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Philip Jajosky
- Emory University, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 11364 Clifton Rd NE Atlanta, GA, 30322 USA; Biconcavity Inc., 1106 Spring Mill Dr. SW, Lilburn, GA, USA.
| | - Audrey N Jajosky
- Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Department of Pathology, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Philip G Jajosky
- Biconcavity Inc., 1106 Spring Mill Dr. SW, Lilburn, GA, USA; Retired USPHS Officer at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1106 Spring Mill Dr. SW, Lilburn, GA, 30047, USA.
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Hong SH, Kim SY, Song BG, Rho JR, Cho CR, Kim CN, Um TH, Kwak YG, Cho SH, Lee SE. Detection and characterization of an emerging type of Babesia sp. similar to Babesia motasi for the first case of human babesiosis and ticks in Korea. Emerg Microbes Infect 2019; 8:869-878. [PMID: 31179860 PMCID: PMC6566668 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1622997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Babesiosis is a tick-transmitted intraerythrocytic zoonosis. In Korea, the first mortalities were reported in 2005 due to Babesia sp. detection in sheep; herein we report epidemiological and genetic characteristics of a second case of babesiosis. Microscopic analysis of patient blood revealed polymorphic merozoites. To detect Babesia spp., PCR was performed using Babesia specific primers for β-tubulin, 18S rDNA, COB, and COX3 gene fragments. 18S rDNA analysis for Babesia sp., showed 98% homology with ovine Babesia sp. and with Babesia infections in Korea in 2005. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis of 18S rDNA, COB, and COX3 revealed close associations with B. motasi. For identifying the infectious agent, Haemaphysalis longicornis (296) and Haemaphysalis flava (301) were collected around the previous residence of the babesiosis patient. Babesia genes were identified in three H. longicornis: one sample was identified as B. microti and two samples were 98% homologous to B. motasi. Our study is the first direct confirmation of the infectious agent for human babesiosis. This case most likely resulted from tick bites from ticks near the patient house of the babesiosis patient. H. longicornis has been implicated as a vector of B. microti and other Babesia sp. infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hee Hong
- a Division of Vectors and Parasitic Diseases , Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Cheongju , Korea
| | - Seong-Yoon Kim
- a Division of Vectors and Parasitic Diseases , Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Cheongju , Korea
| | - Bong Goo Song
- a Division of Vectors and Parasitic Diseases , Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Cheongju , Korea
| | - Jong-Rul Rho
- a Division of Vectors and Parasitic Diseases , Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Cheongju , Korea
| | - Chong Rae Cho
- b Department of Laboratory Medicine , Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital , Goyang , Korea
| | - Chul-Nam Kim
- c Department of Surgery , Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital , Goyang , Korea
| | - Tae-Hyun Um
- b Department of Laboratory Medicine , Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital , Goyang , Korea
| | - Yee Gyung Kwak
- d Department of Internal Medicine , Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital , Goyang , Korea
| | - Shin-Hyeong Cho
- a Division of Vectors and Parasitic Diseases , Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Cheongju , Korea
| | - Sang-Eun Lee
- a Division of Vectors and Parasitic Diseases , Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Cheongju , Korea
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Babesia divergens: A Drive to Survive. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8030095. [PMID: 31269710 PMCID: PMC6789513 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8030095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Babesia divergens is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite that causes zoonotic disease. Central to its pathogenesis is the ability of the parasite to invade host red blood cells of diverse species, and, once in the host blood stream, to manipulate the composition of its population to allow it to endure unfavorable conditions. Here we will review key in vitro studies relating to the survival strategies that B. divergens adopts during its intraerythrocytic development to persist and how proliferation is restored in the parasite population once optimum conditions return.
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Cursino-Santos JR, Singh M, Senaldi E, Manwani D, Yazdanbakhsh K, Lobo CA. Altered parasite life-cycle processes characterize Babesia divergens infection in human sickle cell anemia. Haematologica 2019; 104:2189-2199. [PMID: 30923098 PMCID: PMC6821620 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.214304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Babesia divergens is an intra-erythrocytic parasite that causes malaria-like symptoms in infected people. As the erythrocyte provides the parasite with the infra-structure to grow and multiply, any perturbation to the cell should impact parasite viability. Support for this comes from the multitude of studies that have shown that the sickle trait has in fact been selected because of the protection it provides against a related Apicomplexan parasite, Plasmodium, that causes malaria. In this paper, we examine the impact of both the sickle cell anemia and sickle trait red blood cell (RBC) environment on different aspects of the B. divergens life-cycle, and reveal that multiple aspects of parasite biological processes are altered in the mutant sickle anemia RBC. Such processes include parasite population progression, caused potentially by defective merozoite infectivity and/or defective egress from the sickle cell, resulting in severely lowered parasitemia in these cells with sickle cell anemia. In contrast, the sickle trait RBC provide a supportive environment permitting in vitro infection rates comparable to those of wild-type RBC. The elucidation of these naturally occurring RBC resistance mechanisms is needed to shed light on host-parasite interaction, lend evolutionary insights into these related blood-borne parasites, and to provide new insights into the development of therapies against this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeny R Cursino-Santos
- Department of Blood-Borne Parasites Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY
| | - Manpreet Singh
- Department of Blood-Borne Parasites Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY
| | - Eric Senaldi
- Medical Services New York Blood Center, New York, NY
| | - Deepa Manwani
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Karina Yazdanbakhsh
- Department of Complement Biology Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cheryl A Lobo
- Department of Blood-Borne Parasites Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY
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Jajosky RP, Jajosky AN, Jajosky PG. Optimizing exchange transfusion for patients with severe Babesia divergens babesiosis: Therapeutically-Rational Exchange (T-REX) of M antigen-negative and/or S antigen-negative red blood cells should be evaluated now. Transfus Clin Biol 2018; 26:76-79. [PMID: 30447802 DOI: 10.1016/j.tracli.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Babesia divergens is an intraerythrocytic parasite, which is the major cause of babesiosis in Europe. For years, clinicians have been publishing stunning case reports that describe how some - but not all - conventional red blood cell (RBC) exchange transfusions have saved the lives of severely ill babesiosis patients. Due to markedly different patient outcomes, clinicians agree that new treatments and additional studies are needed. Here we argue that we should evaluate "therapeutically-rational exchange" (T-REX) in which the RBCs used to replace Babesia-parasitized RBCs are special disease-resistant RBC genetic variants (instead of the nondescript, "standard issue" RBCs used in conventional exchanges). T-REX seems prudent because with conventional exchange only some units of "standard issue" RBCs may be disease-resistant, while other units may not protect or may even promote disease. The random selection of RBCs for conventional RBC exchange may explain why clinical outcomes can vary dramatically. Fortunately, researchers have found that M antigen-negative (M-) and S antigen-negative (S-) RBCs resist invasion by B. divergens. Thus, we recommend evaluating T-REX of RBC variants that are B. divergens invasion-resistant: RBCs that are (1) M-, (2) S-, or (3) both M- and S-. By using only Babesia-resistant RBCs, T-REX eliminates the risk of unintentionally infusing Babesia-susceptible RBCs that might increase the severity of babesiosis. Because the T-REX variation of the conventional RBC exchange procedure is feasible, safe, and biologically plausible, we feel T-REX of Babesia-resistant RBCs should now be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Jajosky
- Department of Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Biconcavity Inc., Lilburn, GA, USA.
| | - A N Jajosky
- Pathology Department, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - P G Jajosky
- Biconcavity Inc., Lilburn, GA, USA; Retired USPHS Commissioned Corps, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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10
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Cursino-Santos JR, Singh M, Pham P, Lobo CA. A novel flow cytometric application discriminates among the effects of chemical inhibitors on various phases ofBabesia divergensintraerythrocytic cycle. Cytometry A 2017; 91:216-231. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Manpreet Singh
- Department of Blood Borne Parasites; New York Blood Center; New York New York
| | - Petra Pham
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility; New York Blood Center; New York New York
| | - Cheryl A. Lobo
- Department of Blood Borne Parasites; New York Blood Center; New York New York
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11
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Identification and Characterization of the Rhoptry Neck Protein 2 in Babesia divergens and B. microti. Infect Immun 2016; 84:1574-1584. [PMID: 26953328 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00107-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Apicomplexan parasites include those of the genera Plasmodium, Cryptosporidium, and Toxoplasma and those of the relatively understudied zoonotic genus Babesia In humans, babesiosis, particularly transfusion-transmitted babesiosis, has been emerging as a major threat to public health. Like malaria, the disease pathology is a consequence of the parasitemia which develops through cyclical replication of Babesia parasites in host erythrocytes. However, there are no exoerythrocytic stages in Babesia, so targeting of the blood stage and associated proteins to directly prevent parasite invasion is the most desirable option for effective disease control. Especially promising among such molecules are the rhoptry neck proteins (RONs), whose homologs have been identified in many apicomplexan parasites. RONs are involved in the formation of the moving junction, along with AMA1, but no RON has been identified and characterized in any Babesia spp. Here we identify the RON2 proteins of Babesia divergens (BdRON2) and B. microti (BmRON2) and show that they are localized apically and that anti-BdRON2 antibodies are significant inhibitors of parasite invasion in vitro Neither protein is immunodominant, as both proteins react only marginally with sera from infected animals. Further characterization of the direct role of both BdRON2 and BmRON2 in parasite invasion is required, but knowledge of the level of conformity of RON2 proteins within the apicomplexan phylum, particularly that of the AMA1-RON2 complex at the moving junction, along with the availability of an animal model for B. microti studies, provides a key to target this complex with a goal of preventing the erythrocytic invasion of these parasites and to further our understanding of the role of these conserved ligands in invasion.
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12
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Ord RL, Lobo CA. Human Babesiosis: Pathogens, Prevalence, Diagnosis and Treatment. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2015; 2:173-181. [PMID: 26594611 DOI: 10.1007/s40588-015-0025-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Human babesiosis is a zoonotic disease caused by protozoan parasites of the Babesia genus, primarily in the Northeastern and Midwest United States due to B. microti, and Western Europe due to B. divergens. Parasites are transmitted by the bite of the ixodid tick when the vector takes a blood meal from the vertebrate host, and the economic importance of bovine babesiosis is well understood. The pathology of human disease is a direct result of the parasite's ability to invade host's red blood cells. The current understanding of human babesiosis epidemiology is that many infections remain asymptomatic, especially in younger or immune competent individuals, and the burden of severe pathology resides within older or immunocompromised individuals. However, transfusion-transmitted babesiosis is an emerging threat to public health as asymptomatic carriers donate blood and there are as yet no licensed or regulated tests to screen blood products for this pathogen. Reports of tick-borne cases within new geographical regions such as the Pacific Northwest of the US, through Eastern Europe, and into China are also on the rise. Further, new Babesia spp. have been identified globally as agents of severe human babesiosis, suggesting that the epidemiology of this disease is rapidly changing, and it is clear that human babesiosis is a serious public health concern that requires close monitoring and effective intervention measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalynn Louise Ord
- Department of Blood-Borne Parasites, Lindsley Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Cheryl A Lobo
- Department of Blood-Borne Parasites, Lindsley Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
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13
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Abstract
Blood group antigens represent polymorphic traits inherited among individuals and populations. At present, there are 34 recognized human blood groups and hundreds of individual blood group antigens and alleles. Differences in blood group antigen expression can increase or decrease host susceptibility to many infections. Blood groups can play a direct role in infection by serving as receptors and/or coreceptors for microorganisms, parasites, and viruses. In addition, many blood group antigens facilitate intracellular uptake, signal transduction, or adhesion through the organization of membrane microdomains. Several blood groups can modify the innate immune response to infection. Several distinct phenotypes associated with increased host resistance to malaria are overrepresented in populations living in areas where malaria is endemic, as a result of evolutionary pressures. Microorganisms can also stimulate antibodies against blood group antigens, including ABO, T, and Kell. Finally, there is a symbiotic relationship between blood group expression and maturation of the gastrointestinal microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cooling
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Repnik U, Gangopadhyay P, Bietz S, Przyborski JM, Griffiths G, Lingelbach K. The apicomplexan parasite Babesia divergens internalizes band 3, glycophorin A and spectrin during invasion of human red blood cells. Cell Microbiol 2015; 17:1052-68. [PMID: 25628009 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum invades human red blood cells (RBC), while Babesia divergens infects bovine and, occasionally, human RBC. The mammalian RBC is normally unable to endocytose or phagocytose and the events leading to invasion are incompletely understood. Initially, both parasites are surrounded by the RBC plasma membrane-derived parasitophorous vacuolar membrane (PVM) that is formed during invasion. In P. falciparum-infected RBC, the PVM persists at least until parasite replication is completed whereas it has been proposed that the B. divergens PVM is disintegrated soon upon invasion. Here, we have used a B. divergens strain adapted to human RBC to investigate the formation and fate of the PVM. Using ultrastructural analysis and whole-mount or on-section immunofluorescence and immunogold labelling, we demonstrate that the initial vacuolar membrane is formed from protein and lipid components of the RBC plasma membrane. Integral membrane proteins band 3 and glycophorin A and the cytoskeletal protein spectrin are associated with the PVM of the B. divergens, but are absent from the PVM of P. falciparum at the ring or the trophozoite stage. Our results provide evidence that the biophysical properties of the RBC cytoskeleton per se do not preclude the internalization of cytoskeletal proteins by invading parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urska Repnik
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, Oslo, 0316, Norway
| | - Preetish Gangopadhyay
- Department of Parasitology, Philipps University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 8, Marburg, 35043, Germany
| | - Sven Bietz
- Department of Parasitology, Philipps University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 8, Marburg, 35043, Germany
| | - Jude M Przyborski
- Department of Parasitology, Philipps University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 8, Marburg, 35043, Germany
| | - Gareth Griffiths
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, Oslo, 0316, Norway
| | - Klaus Lingelbach
- Department of Parasitology, Philipps University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 8, Marburg, 35043, Germany
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Abstract
AbstractRBCs can be targets of infection directly or indirectly. When the microorganism enters the RBC directly, RBC damage becomes a fundamental aspect of the disease process. Malaria is the best example of an organism that directly targets the RBC, but others are Babesia and Bartonella. RBCs can also be indirect targets of infectious agents. This can occur when molecules are bound to the surface of the RBC, leading to immunologic clearance; when microorganism-produced toxins damage the RBC membrane, leading to hemolysis; when previous crypt-antigens are exposed, leading to accelerated removal; when microorganism-produced toxins alter RBC antigens to a different phenotype, or when microorganism suppression of erythropoiesis occurs due to specific binding to RBC precursors.
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Florin-Christensen M, Suarez CE, Rodriguez AE, Flores DA, Schnittger L. Vaccines against bovine babesiosis: where we are now and possible roads ahead. Parasitology 2014; 141:1-30. [PMID: 25068315 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182014000961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY Bovine babesiosis caused by the tick-transmitted haemoprotozoans Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina and Babesia divergens commonly results in substantial cattle morbidity and mortality in vast world areas. Although existing live vaccines confer protection, they have considerable disadvantages. Therefore, particularly in countries where large numbers of cattle are at risk, important research is directed towards improved vaccination strategies. Here a comprehensive overview of currently used live vaccines and of the status quo of experimental vaccine trials is presented. In addition, pertinent research fields potentially contributing to the development of novel non-live and/or live vaccines are discussed, including parasite antigens involved in host cell invasion and in pathogen-tick interactions, as well as the protective immunity against infection. The mining of available parasite genomes is continuously enlarging the array of potential vaccine candidates and, additionally, the recent development of a transfection tool for Babesia can significantly contribute to vaccine design. However, the complication and high cost of vaccination trials hinder Babesia vaccine research, and have so far seriously limited the systematic examination of antigen candidates and prevented an in-depth testing of formulations using different immunomodulators and antigen delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos E Suarez
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology,Washington State University,Pullman, WA 99164-7040,USA
| | - Anabel E Rodriguez
- Instituto de Patobiologia,CICVyA, INTA-Castelar, 1686 Hurlingham,Argentina
| | - Daniela A Flores
- Instituto de Patobiologia,CICVyA, INTA-Castelar, 1686 Hurlingham,Argentina
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