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Oliveira MCD, de Lima MT, Trindade PHE, Luna SPL. The impact of using pain scales by untrained students on the decision to provide analgesia to multiple species. Vet Anaesth Analg 2024; 51:548-557. [PMID: 39054198 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2024.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate if students without training assess pain similarly to an expert, and to compare indications for analgesic intervention based on student opinions versus scale scoring. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, blind, randomized, cross-sectional study. ANIMALS Video recordings of a bull, horse, cat, pig and sheep. METHODS First-year veterinary medicine students assessed one video of a horse (n = 44) and one video of a bull (n = 39). Third-year veterinary medicine students assessed one video of a cat (n = 23) and one video of a pig (n = 21). Fourth-year animal science students (n = 16) assessed one video of a sheep. The species assessed by different student classes were determined randomly. Students were unaware of animal history or existing pain assessment and decided whether they would provide analgesia according to their opinion. They then scored each video using species-specific validated pain scales. Scores were compared with those of a board-certified anesthesiologist (expert). Chi-square test was used to compare students and expert. RESULTS Students underestimated the expert's score by 8-20%, except for the horse. There was no difference between the analgesic indication according to the assessment of the expert (143/143, 100%) and students (141/143, 98.6%) considering the defined analgesic intervention threshold for each scale (p = 0.478). The indication for analgesic intervention according to students' opinion (116/143, 81.1%) was lower than that according to their scale scores (141/143, 98.6%) (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Students tended to underestimate pain; however, they detected pain that requires analgesic intervention in animals similarly to an expert. The use of scales optimized the indication for providing analgesia when animals were experiencing pain that required analgesic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Carneiro de Oliveira
- Department of Surgical Specialties and Anesthesiology, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
| | - Mayara Travalini de Lima
- Department of Surgical Specialties and Anesthesiology, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Esteves Trindade
- Department of Surgical Specialties and Anesthesiology, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, SP, Brazil; Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University (NCSU), Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Stelio Pacca Loureiro Luna
- Department of Surgical Specialties and Anesthesiology, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, SP, Brazil; Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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Marco-Martorell M, Duffy N, Martinez M, Maddox T, Robson K. Agreement of Pain Assessment Using the Short Form of the Canine Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale between Veterinary Students, Veterinary Nurses, Veterinary Surgeons, and ECVAA-Diplomates. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2310. [PMID: 39199844 PMCID: PMC11350858 DOI: 10.3390/ani14162310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Several pain scoring systems have been validated to measure pain in dogs. However, pain may not be adequately assessed since these tools are associated with high-level inter-observer variation. The aim of this study is to evaluate the agreement of pain assessment using the CMPS-SF between veterinary students, veterinary nurses, veterinary surgeons, and European College of Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia (ECVAA) diplomates. Forty-five client-owned dogs presented to a teaching hospital were enrolled in this prospective, observational study. All dogs were pain-scored in vivo, while a video of the assessment was recorded and subsequently evaluated by twenty assessors, with five per group. Mean scores between groups were compared, and agreement within groups and agreement of the average scores between groups were assessed by calculating the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The intervention point at which dogs were deemed to require additional analgesia was also evaluated. Overall agreement of pain assessment was poor (ICC = 0.494). Nurses had the best inter-observer agreement (ICC = 0.656), followed by ECVAA diplomates (ICC = 0.540), veterinary surgeons (ICC = 0.478), and veterinary students (ICC = 0.432). The best inter-group agreement was between veterinary surgeons and nurses (ICC = 0.951) and between ECVAA diplomates and nurses (ICC = 0.951). Students were more likely to determine that additional analgesia was required compared to other groups. Pain assessment is key for animal welfare, and training in this area should be reinforced to improve consistency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Marco-Martorell
- Leahurst Campus, University of Liverpool, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK; (T.M.); (K.R.)
| | - Natalie Duffy
- Northwest Veterinary Specialists, Linnaeus Veterinary Limited, Ashville Point, Beechwood, Sutton Weaver, Runcorn WA7 3FW, UK;
| | - Miguel Martinez
- Chester Gates Veterinary Specialists (CVS), Chester CH1 6LT, UK;
| | - Thomas Maddox
- Leahurst Campus, University of Liverpool, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK; (T.M.); (K.R.)
| | - Katherine Robson
- Leahurst Campus, University of Liverpool, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK; (T.M.); (K.R.)
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Aprea F, Millan Y, Tomás A, Campello GS, Calvo RN, Granados MDM. Percutaneous Fluoroscopic-Guided Celiac Plexus Approach: Results in a Pig Cadaveric Model. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1478. [PMID: 38791695 PMCID: PMC11117265 DOI: 10.3390/ani14101478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Celiac plexus block (CPB) and neurolysis (CPN) are used for pain management in people suffering from abdominal tumours or chronic pancreatitis. The fluoroscopically guided approach common in human medicine has not been described in veterinary settings. The aim of this study was to describe a fluoroscopic approach to the celiac plexus (CP) in fresh pig cadavers. Twelve animals were included in the procedure. Cadavers were positioned in sternal position and, under fluoroscopic guidance, a Chiba needle was inserted parasagittal at 6 cm from the spinal midline at the level of the last thoracic vertebra. From the left side, the needle was directed medio-ventrally with a 45° angle towards the T15 vertebral body; once the vertebral body was contacted, the needle was advanced 1 cm ventrally towards the midline. Iodinated contrast was injected to confirm the location. Following this, 2 mL of dye (China ink) was injected. A laparotomy was performed, and dyed tissue was dissected and prepared for both histochemical and immunohistochemical techniques. In 10 out of 12 samples submitted for histological evaluation, nervous tissue belonging to CP was observed. Fluoroscopy guidance allows for feasible access to the CP in swine cadavers in this study. Further studies are warranted to determine the efficacy of this technique in swine and other veterinary species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yolanda Millan
- Department of Comparative Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cordoba, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Anna Tomás
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de las Islas Baleares (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain; (A.T.); (G.S.C.)
| | - Gemma Sempere Campello
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de las Islas Baleares (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain; (A.T.); (G.S.C.)
| | - Rocio Navarrete Calvo
- Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cordoba, 14071 Cordoba, Spain; (R.N.C.); (M.d.M.G.)
| | - Maria del Mar Granados
- Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cordoba, 14071 Cordoba, Spain; (R.N.C.); (M.d.M.G.)
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Menéndez S, Cabezas MA, Gomez de Segura IA. Attitudes to acute pain and the use of pain assessment scales among Spanish small animal veterinarians. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1302528. [PMID: 38164392 PMCID: PMC10758136 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1302528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of acute pain in dogs and cats is the basis for an appropriate treatment and improved well-being. The difficulties involved in pain assessment pose a challenge for veterinarians, and recent findings indicate that the most effective tools available-validated pain assessment scales-may not be widely utilized. Objectives This study aimed to characterize the level of concern among Spanish veterinarians regarding acute pain in companion animals. Additionally, it sought to determine whether this concern correlates with the utilization of optimal assessment tools. Methods A survey was conducted to explore Spanish veterinarians' attitudes toward pain and its assessment. The survey was distributed through two most prominent small animal veterinary associations, the Spanish association for veterinary anesthesia and analgesia, as well as key industry players committed to proactive pain management. Descriptive analysis of the collected data was performed using Excel and SPSS. Results A total of 292 veterinarians participated in the study. A high level of concern regarding pain in dogs and cats was determined where 44% of surveyed veterinarians assessed pain in all patients. Despite an awareness of validated pain scales, only 28% used them. The preferred scales were the Glasgow CMPS for dogs (94%) and the Feline Grimace Scale for cats (93%). Among respondents who do not use these validated tools, there was a considerable interest in incorporating these scales into practice (85%) and considered lack of training was the most relevant issue (32%). Other challenges to scale utilization were identified, including constraints related to time, staffing, and the need to establish a habit. Conclusions and relevance Spanish small animal veterinarians demonstrated a strong awareness to pain in their patients and employed various methods for pain assessment. However, a limited use of validated tools was identified and likely attributed to challenges such as a lack of established routine, time constraints, insufficient personnel, and, notably, a knowledge gap among veterinarians who do not employ pain assessment scales. The most commonly used scales were the Glasgow CMPS for dogs and the FGS for cats. Overall, these results suggest a window of opportunity for the implementation of training programs in small animal pain assessment at a national level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Menéndez
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Angel Cabezas
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
- Dolorvet, Anestesia y analgesia veterinaria, Madrid, Spain
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Schoelkopf AC, Stewart SD, Casale SA, Fryer KJ. Associations of abdominal discomfort and length of clinical signs with surgical procedure in 181 cases of canine small intestinal foreign body obstruction. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:670-678. [PMID: 36632768 PMCID: PMC10029870 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal foreign bodies are a common indication for abdominal exploratory surgery. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship of pre-operative abdominal discomfort and duration of clinical signs with surgical resolution of canine small intestinal foreign body obstructions (SIFBO). METHODS We performed a retrospective study of 181 canine abdominal exploratory surgeries for confirmed SIFBO at two referral hospitals. Animals were categorized into five surgical groups (gastrotomy after manipulation into the stomach, enterotomy, resection-and-anastomosis [R&A], manipulated into colon, already in colon) and further grouped by whether entry into the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) was required. RESULTS Abdominal discomfort was noted in 107/181 cases (59.1%), but no significant differences in abdominal discomfort rates were present among the surgical groups or between GIT entry and no entry groups. Clinical sign duration was associated with surgical procedure; median durations were R&A = 3 days (range, 1-9), enterotomy = 2 days (range, 1-14), gastrotomy = 2 days (range, 1-6), already in colon = 1.5 days (range, 1-2), and manipulated into colon = 1 day (range, 1-7). In a pairwise comparison, differences in the duration of clinical signs were found for obstructions manipulated into the colon versus R&A, gastrotomy versus R&A, and in colon versus R&A. When patients were grouped according to GIT entry, cases with entry had a longer duration of clinical signs (median = 2 days [range, 1-14] versus 1 day [range, 1-7], respectively). CONCLUSIONS Abdominal discomfort was not associated with surgical complexity; however, the duration of clinical signs was associated with surgical complexity, with longer duration being associated with entry into the GIT and R&A. Despite statistical significance, the maximum difference of 2 days between surgical groups is unlikely to be clinically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel D Stewart
- Ethos Veterinary Health, Woburn, Massachusetts, USA
- Ethos Discovery, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Sue A Casale
- Surgery Department, Angell Animal Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katy J Fryer
- Ethos Veterinary Health, Woburn, Massachusetts, USA
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RUBLENKO S, RUBLENKO M, YAREMCHUK A, BAKHUR T. Clinical-haemostasis assessment of anaesthesia regimens in dogs with visceral and somatic types of pain response. ANKARA ÜNIVERSITESI VETERINER FAKÜLTESI DERGISI 2022. [DOI: 10.33988/auvfd.979508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The article investigates the influence of visceral (surgical treatment of abdominal pathologies) and somatic pain syndrome (osteosynthesis) on dogs’ clinical parameters and haemostasis. It was found, that the best variant for abdominal operations in dogs is acepromazine-ketamine-propofol anaesthesia and for osteosynthesis – acepromazine-butorphanol-ketamine. The use of neuroleptics (acepromazine, xylazine) with general anaesthetics (ketamine, propofol, sodium thiopental) in abdominal operations ensured rapid entry into anaesthesia (< 2 min) and duration 19–23 min. The use of acepromazine-ketamine-propofol provided well-managed anaesthesia during 11.1 ± 0.5 min, rapid recovery (17.3 ± 2.4 min), without significant changes in heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), blood pressure (BP), haemoglobin saturation (SpO2). Unbalanced anaesthesia and insufficient analgesia under xylazine-ketamine caused a sharp decrease in HR, BP, RR with their increase due to visceral pain, led to hypoxia (SpO2 < 92%). During the osteosynthesis, acepromazine-butorphanol-propofol-ketamine anaesthesia provided complete analgesia with twice the rapid recovery of dogs without significant changes in HR, RR, BP, SpO2 during surgery. Acepromazine-ketamine-thiopental anaesthesia accompanied by pronounced analgesia with a decrease in HR and BP. Xylazine-ketamine-thiopental anaesthesia, under apparent analgesia, led to hypotension (decreased HR, BP) and hypoxia (decreased RR, SpO2). The data obtained will optimize the selection of drugs' combinations for dogs' anaesthesia, taking into account the type of pain response.
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Della Rocca G, Di Salvo A, Medori C, Della Valle MF, Cimino Brown D. Initial Psychometric Testing and Validation of the Italian Version of the Canine Brief Pain Inventory in Dogs With Pain Related to Osteoarthritis. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:736458. [PMID: 34604372 PMCID: PMC8484962 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.736458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Canine Brief Pain Inventory (CBPI) is an owner-administered questionnaire, originally developed and validated in English, used to assess canine chronic pain in terms of severity and interference with daily life activities. The aim of the present study was to perform a preliminary validation of an Italian version of the CBPI. Translation was performed and the resulting questionnaire was administered to 45 native Italian speaking owners of dogs suffering from chronic pain due to radiographically confirmed osteoarthritis. Psychometric properties of the Italian CBPI including construct validity, convergent validity and reliability were evaluated. Construct validity was assessed by factor analysis and confirmed a two-factor model (i.e., pain severity and interference factors). The respective scores, that is, the pain severity score (PSS) and pain interference score (PIS), exhibited a substantial negative correlation with overall quality of life score. Pain severity and interference items showed a mean inter-item correlation of 0.90 and 0.80, respectively. For each question, communality ranged from 0.84 to 0.97, highlighting strong internal consistency and suggesting that PSS and PIS can be calculated by averaging the items contained within each factor. Cronbach's α was 0.97 and 0.96 for PSS and PIS, respectively. The present findings confirmed the main psychometric properties of the Italian version of the CBPI, providing clinicians and researchers with a useful metrology instrument to evaluate the severity of chronic pain and its interference with daily life activities in dogs with osteoarthritis owned by Italian speaking people. Further properties of the questionnaire need to be evaluated in future research and larger studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Della Rocca
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Research Center on Animal Pain (CeRiDA), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Di Salvo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Research Center on Animal Pain (CeRiDA), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Cristina Medori
- Science Information and Documentation Center (CeDIS), Innovet Italia Srl, Saccolongo, Italy
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Rae L, MacNab N, Bidner S, Davidson C, McDonagh P. Attitudes and practices of veterinarians in Australia to acute pain management in cats. J Feline Med Surg 2021; 24:715-725. [PMID: 34542356 PMCID: PMC9315185 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x211043086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Up-to-date information on the current practices and attitudes of
veterinarians in Australia to acute pain management in cats was sought in
2017–2018 in the first nationwide survey in over 20 years. Methods An online survey was created, consisting of 54 questions in four sections,
with 18 feline-specific questions. Veterinarians throughout Australia were
invited to participate in the survey through advertisements in the
veterinary press, electronic and regular mail, and through in-clinic visits
and promotional materials. Results A total of 614 veterinarians completed the survey, with 513 (83.6%)
completing the feline-specific section. The demographics of the respondents
of this survey were an accurate representation of the registered
veterinarians in Australia at the time. Multiple different opioids and
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were widely available in
practices to manage pain, with analgesic efficacy reported as the primary
factor influencing drug selection. Opioids were most commonly used in the
preoperative period and NSAIDs were most commonly used postoperatively.
Despite the wide availability in clinic (>99%), only 55% of respondents
reported regularly using local anaesthetic techniques in cats. Pain
assessment of hospitalised patients was primarily performed by veterinarians
(91.1%); however, 84.7% of respondents did not routinely use a validated
pain scale. Conclusions and relevance Veterinary practitioners in Australia are adequately equipped with analgesic
medication to treat pain in their patients. In the management of acute pain
in cats, they frequently use a multimodal approach and practice a variety of
analgesic protocols. Based on the results of this survey, potential areas
for improvement in feline pain management include an increase in duration of
postoperative analgesia and more routine use of validated pain scales,
performed by nurses and veterinarians alike, to assess individual analgesic
needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Rae
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health Australia, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Sarah Bidner
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health Australia, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Cameron Davidson
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, Ingelheim, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
| | - Phillip McDonagh
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health Australia, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
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della Rocca G, Gamba D. Chronic Pain in Dogs and Cats: Is There Place for Dietary Intervention with Micro-Palmitoylethanolamide? Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:952. [PMID: 33805489 PMCID: PMC8065429 DOI: 10.3390/ani11040952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The management of chronic pain is an integral challenge of small animal veterinary practitioners. Multiple pharmacological agents are usually employed to treat maladaptive pain including opiates, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, and others. In order to limit adverse effects and tolerance development, they are often combined with non-pharmacologic measures such as acupuncture and dietary interventions. Accumulating evidence suggests that non-neuronal cells such as mast cells and microglia play active roles in the pathogenesis of maladaptive pain. Accordingly, these cells are currently viewed as potential new targets for managing chronic pain. Palmitoylethanolamide is an endocannabinoid-like compound found in several food sources and considered a body's own analgesic. The receptor-dependent control of non-neuronal cells mediates the pain-relieving effect of palmitoylethanolamide. Accumulating evidence shows the anti-hyperalgesic effect of supplemented palmitoylethanolamide, especially in the micronized and co-micronized formulations (i.e., micro-palmitoylethanolamide), which allow for higher bioavailability. In the present paper, the role of non-neuronal cells in pain signaling is discussed and a large number of studies on the effect of palmitoylethanolamide in inflammatory and neuropathic chronic pain are reviewed. Overall, available evidence suggests that there is place for micro-palmitoylethanolamide in the dietary management of chronic pain in dogs and cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia della Rocca
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Centro di Ricerca sul Dolore Animale (CeRiDA), Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Davide Gamba
- Operational Unit of Anesthesia, Centro Veterinario Gregorio VII, 00165 Roma, Italy;
- Freelance, DG Vet Pain Therapy, 24124 Bergamo, Italy
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Tomsič K, Rakinić K, Sokolov C, Seliškar A. A survey study on the recognition and treatment of pain in dogs and cats by Slovenian veterinarians. Vet Anaesth Analg 2021; 48:334-343. [PMID: 33741262 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2020.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To obtain information on pain management in dogs and cats by Slovenian veterinarians, and to compare it with reports from other countries. STUDY DESIGN Prospective online survey. METHODS The questions were uploaded using open source survey software and pertained to demographic data, self-evaluation of acquired and current knowledge, attitude towards pain and evaluation of actual knowledge, assessment of chronic and acute pain and pain due to surgery or medical conditions, and the use of analgesics. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize frequency distribution. Wilcoxon signed rank test, Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman's rho were applied where appropriate. RESULTS The response rate was 11%. From 680 registered members of the Veterinary Chamber of Slovenia, 73 veterinarians completed the survey. Most of the respondents were women (71.2%) working in small (60.3%) or mixed (21.9%) animal practices. A more recent year of graduation was positively correlated to the self-reporting of knowledge acquired during undergraduate studies (rs = 0.339, p = 0.003) and to current knowledge about the topic (rs = 0.293, p = 0.012). Cats were assigned higher scores than dogs for signs of acute (p < 0.001) pain. Female respondents assigned higher scores than male respondents for chronic pain in dogs. Dogs were assigned higher pain scores than cats for surgical procedures and medical conditions. The most frequently used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in dogs and cats were meloxicam and carprofen, and butorphanol was the most commonly used opioid. The choice of NSAID was influenced by perceived effectiveness, experience with use and anti-inflammatory effect. Opioid use was influenced by experience with use and perceived effectiveness. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Slovenian veterinarians acknowledged the importance of pain management as reported for other European countries. However, the use of multimodal analgesia is limited, and inadequacies remain in the pain management of cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Tomsič
- Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Cvetka Sokolov
- Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alenka Seliškar
- Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Abboud C, Duveau A, Bouali-Benazzouz R, Massé K, Mattar J, Brochoire L, Fossat P, Boué-Grabot E, Hleihel W, Landry M. Animal models of pain: Diversity and benefits. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 348:108997. [PMID: 33188801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pain is a maladaptive neurological disease that remains a major health problem. A deepening of our knowledge on mechanisms that cause pain is a prerequisite to developing novel treatments. A large variety of animal models of pain has been developed that recapitulate the diverse symptoms of different pain pathologies. These models reproduce different pain phenotypes and remain necessary to examine the multidimensional aspects of pain and understand the cellular and molecular basis underlying pain conditions. In this review, we propose an overview of animal models, from simple organisms to rodents and non-human primates and the specific traits of pain pathologies they model. We present the main behavioral tests for assessing pain and investing the underpinning mechanisms of chronic pathological pain. The validity of animal models is analysed based on their ability to mimic human clinical diseases and to predict treatment outcomes. Refine characterization of pathological phenotypes also requires to consider pain globally using specific procedures dedicated to study emotional comorbidities of pain. We discuss the limitations of pain models when research findings fail to be translated from animal models to human clinics. But we also point to some recent successes in analgesic drug development that highlight strategies for improving the predictive validity of animal models of pain. Finally, we emphasize the importance of using assortments of preclinical pain models to identify pain subtype mechanisms, and to foster the development of better analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Abboud
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Lebanon
| | - Alexia Duveau
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Rabia Bouali-Benazzouz
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Karine Massé
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Joseph Mattar
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Lebanon
| | - Louison Brochoire
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Pascal Fossat
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Eric Boué-Grabot
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Walid Hleihel
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Lebanon; Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Lebanon
| | - Marc Landry
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
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Somma AT, Montiani-Ferreira F, Schafaschek AI, Gatti L, Featherstone H. Surveying veterinary ophthalmologists to assess the advice given to owners of pets with irreversible blindness. Vet Rec 2020; 187:e30. [PMID: 32532841 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The primary purpose of this survey was to determine how veterinary ophthalmologists manage cases of irreversible blindness and to report the most common causes of blindness. METHODS Respondents completed a questionnaire sent by email with the cooperation of the American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists, the European College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists and the Latin American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists. The questionnaire was developed containing 12 questions with both open and closed multiple-choice response options. RESULTS One hundred and eight veterinary ophthalmologists answered the questionnaire. Of the respondents, 83 per cent had graduated for more than 10 years. Glaucoma (63.56 per cent) was the main cited cause of blindness, followed by progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) (17.80 per cent) and retinal detachment (6.78 per cent). The major concerns of owners refer to the impact of blindness on quality-of-life, (39.31 per cent), followed by depression and anxiety (20 per cent), and environment adaptation (11.72 per cent). General recommendations include avoidance of changes in the domestic environment (18.45 per cent), use of auditory stimulation (14.09 per cent) and avoidance of dangerous areas (12.75 per cent). Almost 31 per cent of professionals do not recommend the use of literature on how to deal with blind pets. CONCLUSIONS The survey determined glaucoma and PRA as the most common causes of irreversible blindness in pets. Several recommendations that are frequently given to owners of blind pets are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Tavares Somma
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luisa Gatti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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Coutts F, Clark L. Editorial. Vet Anaesth Analg 2018; 45:e1-e4. [PMID: 29628390 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fergus Coutts
- Pain Management and Rehabilitation Centre, Broadleys Veterinary Hospital, Stirling, UK.
| | - Louise Clark
- Head of Anaesthesia, Davies Veterinary Specialists, Hitchin, UK
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Steagall PV, Monteiro BP, Ruel HLM, Beauchamp G, Luca G, Berry J, Little S, Stiles E, Hamilton S, Pang D. Perceptions and opinions of Canadian pet owners about anaesthesia, pain and surgery in small animals. J Small Anim Pract 2017; 58:380-388. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. V. Steagall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Université de Montréal; Saint-Hyacinthe Quebec J2S 2M2 Canada
| | - B. P. Monteiro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Université de Montréal; Saint-Hyacinthe Quebec J2S 2M2 Canada
| | - H. L. M. Ruel
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Université de Montréal; Saint-Hyacinthe Quebec J2S 2M2 Canada
| | - G. Beauchamp
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Université de Montréal; Saint-Hyacinthe Quebec J2S 2M2 Canada
| | - G. Luca
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Université de Montréal; Saint-Hyacinthe Quebec J2S 2M2 Canada
| | - J. Berry
- Douglas Animal Hospital; Fredericton New Brunswick E3G 7J2 Canada
| | - S. Little
- Bytown Cat Hospital; Ottawa Ontario K1K 1G6 Canada
| | - E. Stiles
- Sherwood Park Animal Hospital; Montreal Quebec H9W 2E4 Canada
| | - S. Hamilton
- Atlantic Veterinary College; University of Prince Edward Island; Charlottetown Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3 Canada
| | - D. Pang
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta T2N 1N4 Canada
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