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Kerboeuf M, Haugeberg DA, Olsen T, Sørling LK, Koppang EO, Moe L, Haaland AH. Tumor-associated macrophages in canine visceral hemangiosarcoma. Vet Pathol 2024; 61:32-45. [PMID: 37341055 PMCID: PMC10687809 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231179947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Canine hemangiosarcoma (HSA) is a highly malignant tumor derived from hematopoietic stem cells and commonly occurs in visceral organs or skin. Visceral HSAs are particularly aggressive and progress rapidly despite multimodal treatment. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play a central role in carcinogenesis, tumor progression, and metastasis in humans and murine models. In this retrospective study, we investigated the prevalence and phenotype of TAMs in privately owned, treatment-naïve dogs with naturally occurring HSA. We used CD204 as a general macrophage marker and CD206 as a marker for M2-polarized macrophages. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues from HSAs in the spleen (n = 9), heart (n = 6), and other locations (n = 12) from 17 dogs were sectioned and immunohistochemically labeled with CD204 and CD206 antibodies. The mean number of log(CD204)- and log(CD206)-positive cells and the ratio of log(CD206/CD204)-positive cells were compared with normal surrounding tissues and between tumor locations. There were significantly more macrophages and M2 macrophages, and a higher ratio of M2 macrophages to total macrophages in tumor hot spots (P = .0002, P < .0001, and P = .0002, respectively) and in tumor tissues outside of hot spots (P = .009, P = .002, and P = .007, respectively) than in normal surrounding tissues. There were no significant differences between tumor locations, but there was a trend toward higher numbers of CD204-positive macrophages within the splenic tumors. There was no association between histological parameters or clinical stage and TAM numbers or phenotype. As in humans, TAMs in dogs with HSA have a predominantly M2-skewed phenotype. Dogs with HSA could serve as excellent models to evaluate new TAM-reprogramming therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tobias Olsen
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | | | | | - Lars Moe
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
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Das S, Idate R, Lana SE, Regan DP, Duval DL. Integrated analysis of canine soft tissue sarcomas identifies recurrent mutations in TP53, KMT genes and PDGFB fusions. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10422. [PMID: 37369741 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37266-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) are a heterogenous group of mesenchymal tumors representing over 50 distinct types with overlapping histological features and non-specific anatomical locations. Currently, localized sarcomas are treated with surgery + / - radiation in both humans and dogs with few molecularly targeted therapeutic options. However, to improve precision-based cancer therapy through trials in pet dogs with naturally occurring STS tumors, knowledge of genomic profiling and molecular drivers in both species is essential. To this purpose, we sought to characterize the transcriptomic and genomic mutation profiles of canine STS subtypes (fibrosarcoma, undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma, and peripheral nerve sheath tumors), by leveraging RNAseq, whole exome sequencing, immunohistochemistry, and drug assays. The most common driver mutations were in cell cycle/DNA repair (31%, TP53-21%) and chromatin organization/binding (41%, KMT2D-21%) genes. Similar to a subset of human sarcomas, we identified fusion transcripts of platelet derived growth factor B and collagen genes that predict sensitivity to PDGFR inhibitors. Transcriptomic profiling grouped these canine STS tumors into 4 clusters, one PNST group (H1), and 3 FSA groups selectively enriched for extracellular matrix interactions and PDFGB fusions (H2), homeobox transcription factors (H3), and elevated T-cell infiltration (H4). This multi-omics approach provides insights into canine STS sub-types at a molecular level for comparison to their human counterparts, to improve diagnosis, and may provide additional targets for chemo- and immuno-therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunetra Das
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Rupa Idate
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Susan E Lana
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Daniel P Regan
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Dawn L Duval
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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Brady RV, Thamm DH. Tumor-associated macrophages: Prognostic and therapeutic targets for cancer in humans and dogs. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1176807. [PMID: 37090720 PMCID: PMC10113558 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1176807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are ancient, phagocytic immune cells thought to have their origins 500 million years ago in metazoan phylogeny. The understanding of macrophages has evolved to encompass their foundational roles in development, homeostasis, tissue repair, inflammation, and immunity. Notably, macrophages display high plasticity in response to environmental cues, capable of a strikingly wide variety of dynamic gene signatures and phenotypes. Macrophages are also involved in many pathological states including neural disease, asthma, liver disease, heart disease, cancer, and others. In cancer, most tumor-associated immune cells are macrophages, coined tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). While some TAMs can display anti-tumor properties such as phagocytizing tumor cells and orchestrating an immune response, most macrophages in the tumor microenvironment are immunosuppressive and pro-tumorigenic. Macrophages have been implicated in all stages of cancer. Therefore, interest in manipulating macrophages as a therapeutic strategy against cancer developed as early as the 1970s. Companion dogs are a strong comparative immuno-oncology model for people due to documented similarities in the immune system and spontaneous cancers between the species. Data from clinical trials in humans and dogs can be leveraged to further scientific advancements that benefit both species. This review aims to provide a summary of the current state of knowledge on macrophages in general, and an in-depth review of macrophages as a therapeutic strategy against cancer in humans and companion dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel V. Brady
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Douglas H. Thamm
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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Integrated analysis of canine soft tissue sarcomas identifies recurrent mutations in TP53, KMT genes and PDGFB fusions. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.06.522911. [PMID: 36711648 PMCID: PMC9882013 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.06.522911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Canine soft tissue sarcomas (STS) are a heterogenous group of malignant tumors arising from mesenchymal cells of soft tissues. This simplified collective of tumors most commonly arise from subcutaneous tissues, are treated similar clinically, and conventionally exclude other sarcomas with more definitive anatomical, histological, or biological features. Histologically, canine STS sub-types are difficult to discern at the light microscopic level due to their overlapping features. Thus, genomic, and transcriptomic profiling of canine STS may prove valuable in differentiating the diverse sub-types of mesenchymal neoplasms within this group. To this purpose we sought to characterize the transcript expression and genomic mutation profiles of canine STS. To delineate transcriptomic sub-types, hierarchical clustering was used to identify 4 groups with district expression profiles. Using the RNAseq data, we identified three samples carrying driver fusions of platelet derived growth factor B ( PDGFB ) and collagen genes. Sensitivity to imatinib was evaluated in a canine STS cell line also bearing a PDGFB fusion. Using whole exome sequencing, recurrent driver variants were identified in the cancer genes KMT2D (21% of the samples) and TP53 (21%) along with copy number losses of RB1 and CDKN2A. Gene amplifications and resulting transcript increases were identified in genes on chromosomes 13, 14, and 36. A subset of STS was identified with high T-cell infiltration. This multi-omics approach has defined canine STS sub-types at a molecular level for comparison to their human counterparts, to improve diagnosis, and may provide additional targets for therapy.
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Costa VR, Soileau AM, Liu CC, Moeller CE, Carossino M, Langohr IM, Withers SS. Exploring the association of intratumoral immune cell infiltrates with histopathologic grade in canine mast cell tumors. Res Vet Sci 2022; 147:83-91. [PMID: 35490489 PMCID: PMC11293894 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous canine mast cell tumors (ccMCTs) vary in their biological behavior, treatment, and prognosis, based on their grade. Immune cell infiltration has been associated with prognosis and response to treatments in some human cancers, and immune-targeting therapeutics are increasingly being explored in veterinary oncology. However, currently little is known about the tumor microenvironment (TME) in ccMCTs. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of T lymphocytes, T regulatory lymphocytes, PD-1+ cells and macrophages in low- and high-grade ccMCTs. Thirty low-grade and 20 high-grade formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded ccMCT samples were included. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed to detect CD3, FOXP3, Iba1, and PD-1 on sequential sections. Three 400x fields with the highest numbers of CD3+ cells were identified for each tumor. The percentage of CD3+, FOXP3+, and Iba1+ cells, and the number of PD-1+ cells, was quantified in each of these three "hot-spot" fields using ImageJ software. Iba1 expression was significantly greater in high-grade compared to low-grade ccMCTs (mean = 12.5% vs. 9.6%, p = 0.043). PD-1 expression was low overall, but a significantly higher number of PD-1-expressing cells was observed in high-grade ccMCTs (median 1 vs. 0, p = 0.001). No significant difference was noted in CD3 and FOXP3 expression between ccMCT grades. Macrophages and PD-1+ cells were more frequent in high-grade, compared to low-grade ccMCTs. Further studies are needed to define the role of macrophages and rare PD-1+ cells in high-grade ccMCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria R Costa
- Louisiana State University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, 1909 Skip Bertman Dr., Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Aimee M Soileau
- Louisiana State University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, 1909 Skip Bertman Dr., Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Chin-Chi Liu
- Louisiana State University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, 1909 Skip Bertman Dr., Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Cambri E Moeller
- Louisiana State University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, 1909 Skip Bertman Dr., Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Mariano Carossino
- Louisiana State University, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, 1909 Skip Bertman Dr., Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; Louisiana State University, Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (LADDL), River Rd, #1043, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Ingeborg M Langohr
- Louisiana State University, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, 1909 Skip Bertman Dr., Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; Louisiana State University, Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (LADDL), River Rd, #1043, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Sita S Withers
- Louisiana State University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, 1909 Skip Bertman Dr., Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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Goggs R, Robbins SN, LaLonde‐Paul DM, Menard JM. Serial analysis of blood biomarker concentrations in dogs with pneumonia, septic peritonitis, and pyometra. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:549-564. [PMID: 35103342 PMCID: PMC8965213 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prolonged antimicrobial drug (AMD) treatment is associated with antimicrobial resistance development. Biomarker measurement may aid treatment decision-making. OBJECTIVES Investigate temporal changes in blood biomarker concentrations in dogs undergoing treatment for pulmonary and intra-abdominal infections; compare time to biomarker concentration normalization with duration of clinician-directed AMD treatment. ANIMALS Forty-two client-owned dogs with pneumonia (n = 22), septic peritonitis (n = 10), or pyometra (n = 10). METHODS Plasma concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin, procalcitonin, nucleosomes, cell-free DNA (cfDNA), high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1), CC-motif chemokine ligand-2 (CCL2), CXC-motif chemokine ligand-8 (CXCL8), and keratinocyte chemoattractant-like (KC-Like) were quantitated in samples collected on days 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 60. Treatment was directed by clinicians blinded to biomarker concentrations. RESULTS Concentrations of CCL2, CRP, and KC-Like were maximal on D1, concentrations of SAA, cfDNA, HMGB1, and nucleosomes were maximal on D3 and haptoglobin concentrations were maximal on D7. These maximal concentrations were significantly different from those on D60. Concentrations of CRP and SAA decreased by 80% from peak and into respective reference intervals before AMDs were discontinued. For CRP, the median (interquartile range [IQR]) times to 20% peak and normal were 7 (6-9) and 7 (6-12) days, respectively, and for SAA they were 4 (4, 5) and 6 (5-8) days, respectively, compared to a median (IQR) duration of AMD prescribing of 16 (12-23) days (all P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Biomarker concentrations normalized within 7 to 14 days. Serial measurements of CRP and SAA might aid identification of disease resolution and could help guide AMD prescription decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Goggs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Sarah N. Robbins
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Denise M. LaLonde‐Paul
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Julie M. Menard
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
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Faulhaber EA, Janik E, Thamm DH. Adjuvant carboplatin for treatment of splenic hemangiosarcoma in dogs: Retrospective evaluation of 18 cases (2011-2016) and comparison with doxorubicin-based chemotherapy. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:1929-1934. [PMID: 34227148 PMCID: PMC8295674 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Doxorubicin‐based chemotherapy after splenectomy remains the standard of care for hemangiosarcoma in dogs, but prognosis is generally poor. Hypothesis/objectives To determine clinical outcome with carboplatin chemotherapy after splenectomy compared to doxorubicin‐based protocols. A secondary objective was to determine if peripheral monocyte count was associated with prognosis. Animals Medical data from 40 dogs with histopathologically confirmed stage I or II hemangiosarcoma treated with splenectomy and carboplatin (n = 18) or doxorubicin‐based protocols (n = 22) were evaluated. Methods Retrospective study. Statistical associations were assessed using the Kaplan‐Meier method for survival times and log rank analysis for differences in survival time. Demographic information and survival times were obtained via medical records. Blood monocyte counts before and after surgery were documented. Results Median survival times were 160 days (48 to >559) and 139 days (54‐975), for dogs in the carboplatin (n = 18) and doxorubicin (n = 22) groups respectively (P = .82, hazards ratio [HR] [95% CI] = 1.075 [0.56‐2.07]). The median survival time for dogs whose monocyte counts decreased between splenectomy and chemotherapy initiation was 265 days, compared to 66 days for dogs with increased monocytes (P = .002, HR [95% CI] = 4.17 [1.21‐14.39]). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Carboplatin could be considered as an alternative in cases where doxorubicin might be contraindicated. Increasing postoperative peripheral monocyte counts might be associated with a poorer prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica A Faulhaber
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Emily Janik
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Douglas H Thamm
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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Herstad KMV, Gunnes G, Rørtveit R, Kolbjørnsen Ø, Tran L, Skancke E. Immunohistochemical expression of β-catenin, Ki67, CD3 and CD18 in canine colorectal adenomas and adenocarcinomas. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:119. [PMID: 33712002 PMCID: PMC7953700 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02829-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammation is believed to influence human colorectal carcinogenesis and may have an impact on prognosis and survival. The mucosal immunophenotype in dogs with colorectal cancer is poorly described. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the density, distribution and grade of tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIIs) are different in normal colonic tissue vs benign stages (adenomas) and malignant stages (adenocarcinomas) of canine colorectal carcinogenesis, and thus, whether they can be considered as prognostic factors in dogs. This retrospective case-control study was performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples from dogs with histologically confirmed colorectal adenoma (n = 18) and adenocarcinoma (n = 13) collected from archived samples. The samples had been collected by colonoscopy, surgery or during postmortem examination. Healthy colonic tissue obtained post mortem from dogs euthanized for reasons not involving the gastrointestinal tract served as control tissue (n = 9). Results The tumor samples had significantly lower numbers of CD3+ T-cells in the epithelium compared to controls (adenocarcinoma vs control, Kruskal-Wallis test, p = 0.0004, and adenoma vs control, p = 0.002). Adenomas had a significantly lower number of CD18+ cells in the lamina propria, compared to control samples (Kruskal-Wallis test, p = 0.008). Colonic samples from control dogs had uniform staining of β-catenin along the cell membrane of epithelial cells. Compared to normal colonic cells, the expression levels of cytoplasmic β-catenin were significantly higher in adenomas and adenocarcinomas (adenoma vs control Kruskal-Wallis test, p = 0.004, and adenocarcinoma vs control, p = 0.002). None of the control samples showed positive staining of β-catenin in the nucleus of colonic cells. In contrast, adenocarcinomas and adenomas showed moderate to strong staining of the cell nucleus. The nuclear β-catenin expression (signal strength and distribution) was significantly higher in adenomas compared to adenocarcinomas (Kruskal-Wallis test, p < 0.05). Conclusions β-catenin and Ki67 were not useful markers for demonstrating tumor progression from adenomas to adenocarcinomas. The lower presence of CD18 and CD3+ cells in colorectal tumors compared to controls indicates a reduced presence of histiocytes and T-cells, which may have implications for the pathogenesis and progression of colorectal cancer in dogs. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-021-02829-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M V Herstad
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway.
| | - Gjermund Gunnes
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
| | - Runa Rørtveit
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
| | - Øyvor Kolbjørnsen
- Department of Animal Health, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Section for Biohazard and Pathology, Oslo, Norway
| | - Linh Tran
- Department of Animal Health, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Section for Biohazard and Pathology, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ellen Skancke
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
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Krogh AKH, Lyngby JG, Bjørnvad CR, Nielsen LN. Presence of nucleosomes in plasma and increased thrombin generation in dogs with acute and chronic gastroenteropathies. Res Vet Sci 2020; 135:504-510. [PMID: 33243453 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) which contain nucleosomes protect the host by eliminating extracellular pathogens. However, any inflammatory stimuli can activate NETs and eventually lead to an immune overreaction leading to autoimmune diseases and thrombosis. Acute/chronic gastroenteropathies(aGE/cGE) are prevalent in dogs, and are associated with a strong inflammatory component. The aim of this study was to investigate if dogs with aGE and cGE have increased concentrations of nucleosomes indicative of NETs formation, and whether increased concentrations of nucleosomes are associated with hypercoagulability determined by increased thrombin generation. Twenty-six dogs were enrolled. The dogs were healthy (n = 11), or presented with aGE(n = 7) or cGE(n = 8). Minimum database including CRP, APTT, PT and fibrinogen, was obtained from all dogs. Citrated plasma was batched and used for subsequent analyses. Nucleosome concentration was analysed using a Cell-Death Detection ELISA-kit and thrombin generation by a calibrated automated thrombogram assay. No statistical differences in nucleosome concentrations were present between the groups. Although a numerically increased concentration of nucleosomes where seen in dogs with aGE(median;range) (0.019 AU;0.003-0.088) and cGE(0.023 AU;0.011-0.256) compared to controls(0.007 AU;0.003-0.042). One dog with GI-lymphoma demonstrated a markedly increased concentration of nucleosomes (0.256 AU). Dogs with aGE showed increased thrombin generation by increased peak (p = 0.03) and endogenous thrombin potential (p = 0.03); and increased CRP (p = 0.001), fibrinogen (p = 0.0002) and prolonged APTT (p = 0.03) compared to controls. This proof of concept study demonstrates that dogs with aGE and cGE have presence of nucleosomes with marked increase in one dog with GI-lymphoma. Nucleosomes might be linked to haemostatic alterations in dogs with inflammatory and neoplastic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K H Krogh
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - J G Lyngby
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C R Bjørnvad
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - L N Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Liu SQ, Xie Y, Gao X, Wang Q, Zhu WY. Inflammatory response and MAPK and NF-κB pathway activation induced by natural street rabies virus infection in the brain tissues of dogs and humans. Virol J 2020; 17:157. [PMID: 33081802 PMCID: PMC7576862 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01429-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Street rabies virus (RABV) usually infects hosts at peripheral sites and migrates from motor or sensory nerves to the central nervous system. Several studies have found that inflammation is mild in a mouse model of street RABV infection. However, the pathogenetic mechanisms of street RABV in naturally infected dogs or humans are not well understood. METHODS Brain tissues collected from 3 dogs and 3 humans were used; these tissue samples were collected under the natural condition of rabies-induced death. The inflammatory response and pathway activation in the brain tissue samples of dogs and humans were evaluated by HE, IHC, ARY006, WB and ELISA. The clinical isolate street RABV strains CGS-17 and CXZ-15 from 30 six-week-old ICR mice were used to construct the mouse infection model presented here. RESULTS Neuronal degeneration and increased lymphocyte infiltration in the cerebral cortex, especially marked activation of microglia, formation of glial nodules, and neuronophagy, were observed in the dogs and humans infected with the street RABV strains. The various levels of proinflammatory chemokines, particularly CXCL1, CXCL12, CCL2, and CCL5, were increased significantly in the context of infection with street RABV strains in dogs and humans in relation to healthy controls, and the levels of MAPK and NF-κB phosphorylation were also increased in dogs and humans with natural infection. We also found that the degrees of pathological change, inflammatory response, MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathway activation were obviously increased during natural infection in dogs and humans compared with artificial model infection in mice. CONCLUSION The data obtained here provide direct evidence for the RABV-induced activation of the inflammatory response in a dog infection model, which is a relatively accurate reflection of the pathogenic mechanism of human street RABV infection. These observations provide insight into the precise roles of underlying mechanisms in fatal natural RABV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Qing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206 People’s Republic of China
- College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Gao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206 People’s Republic of China
- Pathogenic Microbiology Institute, Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, 300011 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wu Yang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206 People’s Republic of China
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11
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Dow S. A Role for Dogs in Advancing Cancer Immunotherapy Research. Front Immunol 2020; 10:2935. [PMID: 32010120 PMCID: PMC6979257 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
While rodent cancer models are essential for early proof-of-concept and mechanistic studies for immune therapies, these models have limitations with regards to predicting the ultimate effectiveness of new immunotherapies in humans. As a unique spontaneous, large animal model of cancer, the value of conducting studies in pet dogs with cancer has been increasingly recognized by the research community. This review will therefore summarize key aspects of the dog cancer immunotherapy model and the role that these studies may play in the overall immunotherapy drug research effort. We will focus on cancer types and settings in which the dog model is most likely to impact clinical immuno-oncology research and drug development. Immunological reagent availability is discussed, along with some unique opportunities and challenges associated with the dog immunotherapy model. Overall it is hoped that this review will increase awareness of the dog cancer immunotherapy model and stimulate additional collaborative studies to benefit both man and man's best friend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Dow
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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12
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Thamm DH. Canine Cancer: Strategies in Experimental Therapeutics. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1257. [PMID: 31803625 PMCID: PMC6873901 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the most common cause of death in adult dogs. Many features of spontaneously developing tumors in pet dogs contribute to their potential utility as a human disease model. These include similar environmental exposures, similar clonal evolution as it applies to important factors such as immune avoidance, a favorable body size for imaging and serial biopsy, and a relatively contracted time course of disease progression, which makes evaluation of temporal endpoints such as progression free or overall survival feasible in a comparatively short time frame. These criteria have been leveraged to evaluate novel local therapies, demonstrate proof of tumor target inhibition or tumor localization, evaluate potential antimetastatic approaches, and assess the efficacy, safety and immune effects of a variety of immune-based therapeutics. Some of these canine proof of concept studies have been instrumental in informing subsequent human clinical trials. This review will cover key aspects of clinical trials in dogs with spontaneous neoplasia, with examples of how these studies have contributed to human cancer therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas H Thamm
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States.,Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States.,University of Colorado Cancer Center, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
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13
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Tagawa M, Shimbo G, Inokuma H, Miyahara K. Quantification of plasma cell-free DNA levels in dogs with various tumors. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019; 31:836-843. [PMID: 31585514 DOI: 10.1177/1040638719880245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) is extracellular DNA released into the bloodstream by apoptotic or necrotic tumor cells, with cfDNA determination proposed as a noninvasive, sensitive marker for the diagnosis of human cancer. We evaluated cfDNA quantification as a diagnostic and prognostic tool in dogs with various tumors. We quantified plasma cfDNA concentration by absolute real-time PCR of long interspersed nuclear elements in 50 dogs with malignant tumors, 13 dogs with benign tumors or nodules, and 11 healthy controls. Six patients with malignant tumors were followed-up, and plasma cfDNA was quantified throughout disease progression. We found that plasma cfDNA concentrations were significantly elevated in dogs with malignant tumors compared with dogs with benign nodules or healthy controls. The DNA integrity index (the ratio between long and short cfDNA fragments) was significantly lower in dogs with malignant tumors compared to healthy controls. Significantly higher cfDNA levels and a lower DNA integrity index were observed in dogs with lymphoma or leukemia, hemangiosarcoma, and distant metastasis; cfDNA levels correlated well with clinical stage and tended to increase during or before periods of disease progression, suggesting potential efficacy of cfDNA for the detection of distant metastasis and to monitor the clinical stage of neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihito Tagawa
- Veterinary Medical Center (Tagawa, Shimbo, Miyahara), Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan.,Department of Clinical Veterinary Science (Inokuma), Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Genya Shimbo
- Veterinary Medical Center (Tagawa, Shimbo, Miyahara), Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan.,Department of Clinical Veterinary Science (Inokuma), Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hisashi Inokuma
- Veterinary Medical Center (Tagawa, Shimbo, Miyahara), Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan.,Department of Clinical Veterinary Science (Inokuma), Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kazuro Miyahara
- Veterinary Medical Center (Tagawa, Shimbo, Miyahara), Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan.,Department of Clinical Veterinary Science (Inokuma), Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
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14
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Withers SS, York D, Choi JW, Woolard KD, Laufer-Amorim R, Sparger EE, Burton JH, McSorley SJ, Monjazeb AM, Murphy WJ, Canter RJ, Rebhun RB. Metastatic immune infiltrates correlate with those of the primary tumour in canine osteosarcoma. Vet Comp Oncol 2019; 17:242-252. [PMID: 30684301 PMCID: PMC6658355 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Our lack of understanding of the immune microenvironment in canine osteosarcoma (cOSA) has limited the identification of potential immunotherapeutic targets. In particular, our ability to utilize readily available tissue from a dog's primary tumour to predict the type and extent of immune response in their pulmonary metastatic lesions is unknown. We, therefore, collected 21 matched pairs of primary tumours and pulmonary metastatic lesions from dogs with OSA and performed immunohistochemistry to quantify T-lymphocyte (CD3), FOXP3+ cell, B-lymphocyte (Pax-5), and CD204+ macrophage infiltration. We found that T-lymphocytes and FOXP3+ infiltrates in primary tumours positively correlated with that of metastatic lesions (ρ = 0.512, P = 0.038 and ρ = 0.698, P = 0.007, respectively), while a strong trend existed for CD204+ infiltrates (ρ = 0.404, P = 0.087). We also observed T- and B-lymphocytes, and CD204+ macrophages to be significantly higher in a dog's pulmonary metastasis compared to their primary tumour (P = 0.018, P = 0.018, P = 0.016, respectively), while FOXP3+ cells were only significantly higher in metastases when all primary tumour and metastasis lesions were compared without pairing (P = 0.036). Together, these findings suggest that the metastatic immune microenvironment may be influenced by that of the primary cOSA, and that primary tumour immune biomarkers could potentially be applied to predict immunotherapeutic responses in gross metastatic disease. We, therefore, provide a rationale for the treatment of cOSA pulmonary metastases with immunotherapeutics that enhance the anti-tumour activity of these immune cells, particularly in dogs with moderate to high immune cell infiltration in their primary tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sita S Withers
- The Comparative Oncology Laboratory and Center for Companion Animal Health, Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Daniel York
- The Comparative Oncology Laboratory and Center for Companion Animal Health, Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Jin W Choi
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Kevin D Woolard
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Renee Laufer-Amorim
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Ellen E Sparger
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Jenna H Burton
- The Comparative Oncology Laboratory and Center for Companion Animal Health, Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Stephen J McSorley
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Arta M Monjazeb
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - William J Murphy
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Robert J Canter
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Robert B Rebhun
- The Comparative Oncology Laboratory and Center for Companion Animal Health, Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
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15
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Withers SS, Skorupski KA, York D, Choi JW, Woolard KD, Laufer-Amorim R, Sparger EE, Rodriguez CO, McSorley SJ, Monjazeb AM, Murphy WJ, Canter RJ, Rebhun RB. Association of macrophage and lymphocyte infiltration with outcome in canine osteosarcoma. Vet Comp Oncol 2018; 17:49-60. [PMID: 30156029 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapeutic strategies have shown promise for the treatment of canine osteosarcoma (cOSA). Very little is known about the immune microenvironment within cOSA, however, limiting our ability to identify potential immune targets and biomarkers of therapeutic response. We therefore prospectively assessed the disease-free interval (DFI) and overall survival time (ST) of 30 dogs with cOSA treated with amputation and six doses of adjuvant carboplatin. We then quantified lymphocytic (CD3+, FOXP3+) and macrophage (CD204+) infiltrates within the primary tumours of this cohort using immunohistochemistry, and evaluated their association with outcome. Overall, the median DFI and ST were 392 and 455 days, respectively. The median number of CD3+ and FOXP3+ infiltrates were 45.8 cells/mm2 (4.6-607.6 cells/mm2 ) and 8.5 mm2 (0-163.1 cells/mm2 ), respectively. The median area of CD204+ macrophages was 4.7% (1.3%-23.3%), and dogs with tumours containing greater than 4.7% CD204+ macrophages experienced a significantly longer DFI (P = 0.016). Interestingly, a significantly lower percentage of CD204+ macrophages was detected in cOSA arising from the proximal humerus compared to other appendicular bone locations (P = 0.016). Lymphocytic infiltrates did not appear to correlate with outcome in cOSA. Overall, our findings suggest that macrophages may play a role in inhibiting cOSA progression, as has been suggested in human osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sita S Withers
- The Comparative Oncology Laboratory and Center for Companion Animal Health, Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Katherine A Skorupski
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Daniel York
- The Comparative Oncology Laboratory and Center for Companion Animal Health, Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Jin W Choi
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Kevin D Woolard
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Renee Laufer-Amorim
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Ellen E Sparger
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | | | - Stephen J McSorley
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Arta M Monjazeb
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - William J Murphy
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Robert J Canter
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Robert B Rebhun
- The Comparative Oncology Laboratory and Center for Companion Animal Health, Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
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