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Çıldır ÖŞ, Özmen Ö, Kul S, Rişvanlı A, Özalp G, Sabuncu A, Kul O. Genetic analysis of PALB2 gene WD40 domain in canine mammary tumour patients. Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e1366. [PMID: 38527110 PMCID: PMC10962921 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA repair mechanisms are essential for tumorigenesis and disruption of HR mechanism is an important predisposing factor of human breast cancers (BC). PALB2 is an important part of the HR. There are similarities between canine mammary tumours (CMT) and BCs. As its human counterpart, PALB2 mutations could be a predisposing factor of CMT. OBJECTIVES In this study, we aimed to investigate the impacts of PALB2 variants on tumorigenesis and canine mammary tumor (CMT) malignancy. METHODS We performed Sanger sequencing to detect germline mutations in the WD40 domain of the canine PALB2 gene in CMT patients. We conducted in silico analysis to investigate the variants, and compared the germline PALB2 mutations in humans that cause breast cancer (BC) with the variants detected in dogs with CMT. RESULTS We identified an intronic (c.3096+8C>G) variant, two exonic (p.A1050V and p.R1354R) variants, and a 3' UTR variant (c.4071T>C). Of these, p.R1354R and c.4071T>C novel variants were identified for the first time in this study. We found that the p.A1050V mutation had a significant effect. However, we could not determine sufficient similarity due to the differences in nucleotide/amino acid sequences between two species. Nonetheless, possible variants of human sequences in the exact location as their dog counterparts are associated with several cancer types, implying that the variants could be crucial for tumorigenesis in dogs. Our results did not show any effect of the variants on tumor malignancy. CONCLUSIONS The current project is the first study investigating the relationship between the PALB2 gene WD40 domain and CMTs. Our findings will contribute to a better understanding of the pathogenic mechanism of the PALB2 gene in CMTs. In humans, variant positions in canines have been linked to cancer-related phenotypes such as familial BC, endometrial tumor, and hereditary cancer predisposition syndrome. The results of bioinformatics analyses should be investigated through functional tests or case-control studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özge Şebnem Çıldır
- Department of GeneticsFaculty of Veterinary MedicineKafkas UniversityKarsTürkiye
- Department of GeneticsFaculty of Veterinary MedicineAnkara UniversityAnkaraTürkiye
| | - Özge Özmen
- Department of GeneticsFaculty of Veterinary MedicineAnkara UniversityAnkaraTürkiye
| | - Selim Kul
- Department of Animal BreedingFaculty of Veterinary MedicineYozgat Bozok UniversityYozgatTürkiye
| | - Ali Rişvanlı
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineFırat UniversityElazığTürkiye
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineKyrgyz‐Turkish Manas UniversityBishkekKyrgyzstan
| | - Gözde Özalp
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineBursa Uludağ UniversityBursaTürkiye
| | - Ahmet Sabuncu
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyFaculty of Veterinary Medicineİstanbul UniversityİstanbulTürkiye
| | - Oğuz Kul
- Department of PathologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineKırıkkale UniversityKırıkkaleTürkiye
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Mucha A, Nowak B, Dzimira S, Liszka B, Zatoń-Dobrowolska M. Identification of SNP markers for canine mammary gland tumours in females based on a genome-wide association study - preliminary results. J Vet Res 2023; 67:427-436. [PMID: 37786854 PMCID: PMC10541661 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2023-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The development of genetic research over recent decades has enabled the discovery of new genetic markers, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). This, as well as the full sequencing of the dog genome, has enabled genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to be used in the search for genetic causes of canine mammary tumours (CMTs). Material and Methods Genotypic data containing 175,000 SNPs, which had been obtained using the Illumina CanineHD BeadChip microarray technique, were available for analysis in this study. The data concerned 118 bitches, including 36 animals with CMT, representing various breeds and age groups. Statistical analysis was performed in two steps: quality control of genotyping data and genome-wide association analysis based on dominant, recessive, overdominant, codominant, and log-additive models with the single SNP effects. Results A total of 40 different SNPs significantly associated with CMT appearance were detected. Moreover, twelve SNPs showed statistical significance in more than one model. Of all the significant SNPs, two, namely BICF2G630136001 in the overdominant model and TIGRP2P107898_rs9044787 in the log-additive model, reached the 5-8 significance level. The other SNPs were significant to a 1-5 level. Conclusion In the group of SNPs indicated as significant in the GWAS analysis, several transpired to be localised within genes that may play an important role in CMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mucha
- Department of Genetics, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-631Wrocław, Poland
| | - Błażej Nowak
- Department of Genetics, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-631Wrocław, Poland
| | - Stanisław Dzimira
- Department of Pathology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences; 50-375Wrocław, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Liszka
- Department and Clinic of Surgery, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences; 50-366Wrocław, Poland
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Zhu Z, Kitano T, Morimatsu M, Ochiai K, Ishiguro-Oonuma T, Oosumi K, Lin X, Orino K, Yoshikawa Y. A Highly Conserved Region in BRCA2 Suppresses the RAD51-Interaction Activity of BRC Repeats. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10020145. [PMID: 36851449 PMCID: PMC9959916 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10020145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammary tumors are the most prevalent type of tumors in female dogs. Breast cancer 2, early onset (BRCA2) malignant mutations are associated with tumorigenesis in humans and dogs. BRCA2 plays a pivotal role in homologous recombination repair by recruiting RAD51 recombinase to DNA damage sites to maintain genome stability. To recruit RAD51, BRCA2 must interact with RAD51 via BRC repeats, but the regulation of this interaction has been unclear. In this study, we focused on a highly conserved region (HCR) near BRC repeats. Using co-immunoprecipitation and mammalian two-hybrid assay, we found that HCR suppressed the RAD51-interaction activity of BRC repeats and that substitutions of HCR phosphorylation sites affected it. In canine tumor samples, we found ten mutations, including a novel HCR mutation (I1110M) from canine tumor samples. The effect of four HCR mutations, including I1110M, on the RAD51-interaction activity of BRC repeats was tested. One of the HCR mutations found in canine mammary tumors increased the interaction, but the two mutations found in human breast cancers decreased it. This study suggested that the HCR regulated the RAD51-interacting activity of BRC repeats through HCR phosphorylation and that mutations in HCR may be related to tumorigenesis in both dogs and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zida Zhu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada 034-8628, Japan
| | - Taisuke Kitano
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada 034-8628, Japan
| | - Masami Morimatsu
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ochiai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Hygiene, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Toshina Ishiguro-Oonuma
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka 020-8550, Japan
| | - Kosuke Oosumi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada 034-8628, Japan
| | - Xianghui Lin
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada 034-8628, Japan
| | - Koichi Orino
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada 034-8628, Japan
| | - Yasunaga Yoshikawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada 034-8628, Japan
- Correspondence:
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Shimakawa K, Ochiai K, Hirose S, Tanabe E, Michishita M, Sakaue M, Yoshikawa Y, Morimatsu M, Tajima T, Watanabe M, Tanaka Y. Canine Mammary Tumor Cell Lines Derived from Metastatic Foci Show Increased RAD51 Expression but Diminished Radioresistance via p21 Inhibition. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9120703. [PMID: 36548864 PMCID: PMC9784702 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9120703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the high incidence of mammary tumors in dogs, it is important to elucidate the pathogenesis of these tumors in veterinary medicine. Radiation therapy is often used to treat mammary tumors that target DNA lesions. RAD51 is a key molecule that repairs DNA damage via homologous recombination. We examined the relationship between RAD51 expression and radiosensitivity in mammary tumor cell lines. CHMp and CHMm from the same individual were selected based on the differences in RAD51 expression. The radiosensitivity of both cell lines was examined using MTT and scratch assays; CHMm, which has high RAD51 expression, showed higher sensitivity to radiation than CHMp. However, the nuclear focus of RAD51 during DNA repair was formed normally in CHMp, but not in most of CHMm. Since irradiation resulted in the suppression of cell cycle progression in CHMp, the expression of p21, a cell cycle regulatory factor, was detected in CHMp after 15 Gy irradiation but not in CHMm. These results indicate that functional expression is more important than the quantitative expression of RAD51 in canine mammary tumor cells in response to DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Shimakawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Hygiene, School of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ochiai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Hygiene, School of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
- Research Center for Animal Life Science, School of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-422-31-4151
| | - Sachi Hirose
- Laboratory of Veterinary Hygiene, School of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Eri Tanabe
- Laboratory of Veterinary Hygiene, School of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Masaki Michishita
- Research Center for Animal Life Science, School of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Motoharu Sakaue
- Laboratory of Anatomy II, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara 252-5201, Japan
| | - Yasunaga Yoshikawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Masami Morimatsu
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Tajima
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Masami Watanabe
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Tanaka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Hygiene, School of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
- Research Center for Animal Life Science, School of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
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Kaszak I, Witkowska-Piłaszewicz O, Domrazek K, Jurka P. The Novel Diagnostic Techniques and Biomarkers of Canine Mammary Tumors. Vet Sci 2022; 9:526. [PMID: 36288138 PMCID: PMC9610006 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9100526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine mammary tumors (CMTs) are considered a serious clinical problem in older bitches. Due to the high malignancy rate and poor prognosis, an early diagnosis is essential. This article is a summary of novel diagnostic techniques as well as the main biomarkers of CMTs. So far, CMTs are detected only when changes in mammary glands are clinically visible and surgical removal of the mass is the only recommended treatment. Proper diagnostics of CMT is especially important as they represent a very diverse group of tumors and therefore different treatment approaches may be required. Recently, new diagnostic options appeared, like a new cytological grading system of CMTs or B-mode ultrasound, the Doppler technique, contrast-enhanced ultrasound, and real-time elastography, which may be useful in pre-surgical evaluation. However, in order to detect malignancies before macroscopic changes are visible, evaluation of serum and tissue biomarkers should be considered. Among them, we distinguish markers of the cell cycle, proliferation, apoptosis, metastatic potential and prognosis, hormone receptors, inflammatory and more recent: metabolomic, gene expression, miRNA, and transcriptome sequencing markers. The use of a couple of the above-mentioned markers together seems to be the most useful for the early diagnosis of neoplastic diseases as well as to evaluate response to treatment, presence of tumor progression, or further prognosis. Molecular aspects of tumors seem to be crucial for proper understanding of tumorigenesis and the application of individual treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Kaszak
- Laboratory of Small Animal Reproduction, Department of Small Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Olga Witkowska-Piłaszewicz
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kinga Domrazek
- Laboratory of Small Animal Reproduction, Department of Small Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Jurka
- Laboratory of Small Animal Reproduction, Department of Small Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
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Di Giacomo D, Di Domenico M, Defourny SVP, Malatesta D, Di Teodoro G, Martino M, Viola A, D’Alterio N, Cammà C, Modesto P, Petrini A. Validation of AmpliSeq NGS Panel for BRCA1 and BRCA2 Variant Detection in Canine Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Mammary Tumors. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12060851. [PMID: 35743882 PMCID: PMC9225004 DOI: 10.3390/life12060851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammary carcinomas are the most common neoplasms observed in women and in female dogs. Canine mammary tumors show epidemiological, clinical, genetic, and prognostic characteristics comparable to human breast cancers. The recent introduction of next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies has greatly improved research and diagnostics for humans, while these new tools still need to be implemented in animal models. In this study we developed and validated an AmpliSeq Panel assay for the identification of BRCA variants in twenty-two different dogs. The amplicon mean coverage was 5499× and uniformity was higher than 98% in all samples. The results of germline single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and insertions/deletions (INDELs) were fully concordant regardless of the types of samples considered (blood, fresh and FFPE tissues). Moreover, despite the high DNA degradation observed in older FFPE blocks (>5 years), the assay allowed full coverage of all amplicons for downstream analyses. We consider the NGS panel developed in this study as a useful tool for expanding information on BRCA genes in the veterinary field and for human health from a comparative oncology perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Di Giacomo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (M.D.D.); (S.V.P.D.); (D.M.); (G.D.T.); (M.M.); (N.D.); (C.C.); (A.P.)
- National Reference Center for Whole Genome Sequencing of Microbial Pathogens: Database and Bioinformatic Analysis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Marco Di Domenico
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (M.D.D.); (S.V.P.D.); (D.M.); (G.D.T.); (M.M.); (N.D.); (C.C.); (A.P.)
- National Reference Center for Whole Genome Sequencing of Microbial Pathogens: Database and Bioinformatic Analysis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Sabrina Vanessa Patrizia Defourny
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (M.D.D.); (S.V.P.D.); (D.M.); (G.D.T.); (M.M.); (N.D.); (C.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Daniela Malatesta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (M.D.D.); (S.V.P.D.); (D.M.); (G.D.T.); (M.M.); (N.D.); (C.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Giovanni Di Teodoro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (M.D.D.); (S.V.P.D.); (D.M.); (G.D.T.); (M.M.); (N.D.); (C.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Michele Martino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (M.D.D.); (S.V.P.D.); (D.M.); (G.D.T.); (M.M.); (N.D.); (C.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Antonello Viola
- Veterinary Practitioner, Centro Veterinario Nova Julia, Via Galileo Galilei 177, 64021 Giulianova, Italy;
| | - Nicola D’Alterio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (M.D.D.); (S.V.P.D.); (D.M.); (G.D.T.); (M.M.); (N.D.); (C.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Cesare Cammà
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (M.D.D.); (S.V.P.D.); (D.M.); (G.D.T.); (M.M.); (N.D.); (C.C.); (A.P.)
- National Reference Center for Whole Genome Sequencing of Microbial Pathogens: Database and Bioinformatic Analysis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Paola Modesto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy;
| | - Antonio Petrini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (M.D.D.); (S.V.P.D.); (D.M.); (G.D.T.); (M.M.); (N.D.); (C.C.); (A.P.)
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Hernández-Suárez B, Gillespie DA, Pawlak A. DNA Damage Response (DDR) proteins in canine cancer as potential research targets in comparative oncology. Vet Comp Oncol 2021; 20:347-361. [PMID: 34923737 PMCID: PMC9304296 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) is a complex signal transduction network that is activated when endogenous or exogenous genotoxins damage or interfere with the replication of genomic DNA. Under such conditions, the DDR promotes DNA repair and ensures accurate replication and division of the genome. High levels of genomic instability are frequently observed in cancers and can stem from germline loss‐of‐function mutations in certain DDR genes, such as BRCA1, BRCA2, and p53, that form the basis of human cancer predisposition syndromes. In addition, mutation and/or aberrant expression of multiple DDR genes are frequently observed in sporadic human cancers. As a result, the DDR is considered to represent a viable target for cancer therapy in humans and a variety of strategies are under investigation. Cancer is also a significant cause of mortality in dogs, a species that offers certain advantages for experimental oncology. Domestic dogs present numerous inbred lines, many of which display predisposition to specific forms of cancer and the study of which may provide insight into the biological basis of this susceptibility. In addition, clinical trials are possible in dogs and may lead to therapeutic insights that could ultimately be extended to humans. Here we review what is known specifically about the DDR in dogs and discuss how this knowledge could be extended and exploited to advance experimental oncology in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Hernández-Suárez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Poland
| | - David A Gillespie
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Campus Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna 38071, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Aleksandra Pawlak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Poland
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de Oliveira JR, Colombo J, Gonçalves FM, de Carvalho LAL, Costa DS, Henrique T, Novais AA, Moscheta-Pinheiro MG, de Almeida Chuffa LG, Coutinho LL, Santana ÁE, de Campos Zuccari DAP. Liquid Biopsy Can Detect Brca2 Gene Variants In Female Dogs With Mammary Neoplasia. Vet Comp Oncol 2021; 20:164-171. [PMID: 34328705 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mammary tumors (MT) is one of the most prevalent malignancies in female dogs and women. Currently, molecular analyzes have shown that each tumor type presents its own genetic signature. In this context, liquid biopsy allows a comprehensive genetic characterization of the tumor, enabling early diagnosis and personalized treatment of patients. In women, deleterious mutations inherited in BRCA2 gene are associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, resistance to therapies, and worse prognosis. In female dogs, there are many divergent data on the involvement of BRCA2 gene with mammary carcinogenesis and what its pathogenic potential is. Therefore, the objective was to identify BRCA2 gene variants in 20 plasma DNA samples, from 10 newly diagnosed dogs with mammary cancer (RD), five control (CTR), and five mastectomized (MAST) patients. Eleven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected, most of them in the exon 11, and two indels (deletion / insertion) in the BRCA2 gene. However, there was no statistically significant difference in the SNPs/indels detected between the groups. In addition, only one SNP (p.T1425P) and one deletion (p.L2307del) were considered deleterious using in silico computational models. Interestingly, most common variants were present in the plasma of all groups, except for the Ile2614Thr, Ile2614Val, Thr1425Pro, and p.L2307del variants. Thus, we observed that SNPs are common in the BRCA2 gene of female dogs with mammary tumors, with a similar condition identified in women with breast cancer. Liquid biopsy approach in dogs with MT is useful for genetic and therapeutic proposals. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Rodrigues de Oliveira
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Univ. Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jucimara Colombo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cancer Molecular Research Laboratory (LIMC), FAMERP, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Francine Moraes Gonçalves
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cancer Molecular Research Laboratory (LIMC), FAMERP, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Lucas Amoroso Lopes de Carvalho
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Univ. Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Douglas Santos Costa
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cancer Molecular Research Laboratory (LIMC), FAMERP, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Tiago Henrique
- Department of Molecular Biology, Molecular Markers and Bioinformatics Laboratory, FAMERP, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriana Alonso Novais
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cancer Molecular Research Laboratory (LIMC), FAMERP, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz Gustavo de Almeida Chuffa
- Department of Anatomy-IBB/UNESP, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Univ. Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Lehmann Coutinho
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Áureo Evangelista Santana
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Univ. Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Debora Aparecida Pires de Campos Zuccari
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cancer Molecular Research Laboratory (LIMC), FAMERP, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil.,Department of Molecular Biology - FAMERP and Collaborator Professor in Program of Post-Graduate in Genetics - UNESP/IBILCE, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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9
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Yoshikawa Y, Morimatsu M, Ochiai K, Ishiguro-Oonuma T, Morioka R, Okuda K, Orino K. Identification of the core motif of the BRCA2 C-terminal RAD51-binding domain by comparing canine and human BRCA2. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:759-766. [PMID: 33731496 PMCID: PMC8182314 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammary tumors are the most common tumors in women and non-spayed female dogs. One of the reasons for mammary tumors is mutations of the tumor suppressor gene, BRCA2. BRCA2 participates in homologous recombination repair by interacting with the RAD51 recombinase. BRCA2 has two RAD51-binding domains, consisting of BRC repeats and the C-terminal RAD51-binding domain, respectively. Although several studies have addressed the function of the C-terminal RAD51-binding domain of human BRCA2, the amino acid sequences required for the RAD51-interaction activity remain unclear. In this study, the C-terminal RAD51-binding domains of canine and human BRCA2 were compared; the canine domain displayed a weaker interaction with RAD51. This difference was attributed to the C-terminal portion of the domain via a comparison between canine and human domains. Furthermore, peptides shorter than those previously reported displayed RAD51-interacting activity, and a core motif of this domain consisting of 25 amino acids was identified. Since a mutation (S3323N) was reported in the core motif of this domain, the effect of this mutation was evaluated. The mutant exhibited similar RAD51-binding activity as that of the wild-type protein, suggesting that the mutation was functionally neutral. These data suggested that the C-terminal portion of the BRCA2 C-terminal RAD51-binding domain influenced its RAD51-interaction activity, and a minimum core motif of 25 amino acids was identified in this domain. These data may help clarify BRCA2 function, as well as the tumorigenic effects of BRCA2 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunaga Yoshikawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Masami Morimatsu
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ochiai
- Department of Basic Science, School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Toshina Ishiguro-Oonuma
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Ryo Morioka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Kento Okuda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Koichi Orino
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
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10
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Thumser-Henner P, Nytko KJ, Rohrer Bley C. Mutations of BRCA2 in canine mammary tumors and their targeting potential in clinical therapy. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:30. [PMID: 32005245 PMCID: PMC6995156 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-2247-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dogs develop cancer spontaneously with age, with breed-specific risk underlying differences in genetics. Mammary tumors are reported as the most frequent neoplasia in intact female dogs. Their high prevalence in certain breeds suggests a genetic component, as it is the case in human familial breast cancer, distinctly in BRCA2-associated cancers. However, the molecular genetics of BRCA2 in the pathogenesis of canine cancer are still under investigation.Genetic variations of canine BRCA2 comprised single nucleotide polymorphisms, insertions and deletions. The BRCA2 level has been shown to be reduced in tumor gland samples, suggesting that low expression of BRCA2 is contributing to mammary tumor development in dogs. Additionally, specific variations of the BRCA2 gene affect RAD51 binding strength, critically damage the BRCA2-RAD51 binding and further provoke a defective repair. In humans, preclinical and clinical data revealed a synthetic lethality interaction between BRCA2 mutations and PARP inhibition. PARP inhibitors are successfully used to increase chemo- and radiotherapy sensitivity, although they are also associated with numerous side effects and acquired resistance. Cancer treatment of canine patients could benefit from increased chemo- and radiosensitivity, as their cancer therapy protocols usually include only low doses of drugs or radiation. Early investigations show tolerability of iniparib in dogs. PARP inhibitors also imply higher therapy costs and consequently are less likely to be accepted by pet owners.We summarized the current evidence of canine BRCA2 gene alterations and their association with mammary tumors. Mutations in the canine BRCA2 gene have the potential to be exploited in clinical therapy through the usage of PARP inhibitors. However, further investigations are needed before introducing PARP inhibitors in veterinary clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Thumser-Henner
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Katarzyna J Nytko
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carla Rohrer Bley
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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11
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Uemura M, Ochiai K, Morimatsu M, Michishita M, Onozawa E, Azakami D, Uno Y, Yoshikawa Y, Sasaki T, Watanabe M, Omi T. The canine RAD51 mutation leads to the attenuation of interaction with PALB2. Vet Comp Oncol 2019; 18:247-255. [PMID: 31518051 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
RAD51 forms a complex with BRCA2 and plays a central role in the DNA damage response pathway that is associated with homologous recombination. The structures of RAD51 and its homologues are highly conserved from prokaryotes to higher eukaryotes. Although a large number of BRCA2 mutations have been reported, there are only a few reports on the mutations of RAD51, which have been shown in humans and dogs. However, several mutations of canine RAD51 were identified from mammary gland tumour tissues in a recent study. Some of these mutations seem to have an influence on the homo-oligomerization or interaction with "Partner and localizer of BRCA2" (PALB2). In this study, we cloned the canine PALB2 homologue and investigated the effect on its interaction with the RAD51 mutants to evaluate the alteration in the function of RAD51 mutants. The A209S and T225S mutants of RAD51 show an attenuation of the interaction between RAD51 and PALB2. These results indicate that the canine RAD51 mutations can potentially alter the homologous recombination pathways in response to DNA damage in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuki Uemura
- School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ochiai
- School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masami Morimatsu
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masaki Michishita
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eri Onozawa
- School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daigo Azakami
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumiko Uno
- School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasunaga Yoshikawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Aomori, Japan
| | - Takanori Sasaki
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masami Watanabe
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toshinori Omi
- School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Canadas A, Santos M, Nogueira A, Assis J, Gomes M, Lemos C, Medeiros R, Dias-Pereira P. Canine mammary tumor risk is associated with polymorphisms in RAD51 and STK11 genes. J Vet Diagn Invest 2018; 30:733-738. [PMID: 30027822 DOI: 10.1177/1040638718789231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a complex disease involving genetic and phenotypic changes. Several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been associated with the risk of breast cancer development in women; however, little is known regarding their influence on canine mammary tumor risk. We assessed the influence of SNPs in genes related to human breast cancer susceptibility, with respect to the risk of development of mammary tumors in dogs. Sixty-seven canine SNPs in proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, genes involved in DNA repair, and in hormonal metabolism were evaluated in 212 bitches with mammary tumors and in 161 bitches free of mammary neoplasia. A significant association with mammary neoplasia risk was identified for 2 SNPs in RAD51 ( rs23623251 and rs23642734) and one SNP in the STK11 gene ( rs22928814). None of the other SNPs were related to the risk of mammary tumor development. The identification of genetic profiles associated with risk of mammary neoplasia is of great importance, supporting the implementation of specific clinical management strategies in high-risk animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Canadas
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar-Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), Porto, Portugal (Canadas, Santos, Lemos, Dias-Pereira).,Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO Porto) Research Center (CI-IPOP), Porto, Portugal (Nogueira, Assis, Gomes, Medeiros).,i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal (Lemos).,UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Porto, Portugal (Lemos).,CEBIMED, Faculty of Health Sciences of Fernando Pessoa University, Porto, Portugal (Medeiros).,FMUP, Faculty of Medicine of Porto, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal (Medeiros).,Research Department, Portuguese League Against Cancer (LPCC-NRNorte), Porto, Portugal (Medeiros)
| | - Marta Santos
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar-Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), Porto, Portugal (Canadas, Santos, Lemos, Dias-Pereira).,Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO Porto) Research Center (CI-IPOP), Porto, Portugal (Nogueira, Assis, Gomes, Medeiros).,i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal (Lemos).,UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Porto, Portugal (Lemos).,CEBIMED, Faculty of Health Sciences of Fernando Pessoa University, Porto, Portugal (Medeiros).,FMUP, Faculty of Medicine of Porto, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal (Medeiros).,Research Department, Portuguese League Against Cancer (LPCC-NRNorte), Porto, Portugal (Medeiros)
| | - Augusto Nogueira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar-Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), Porto, Portugal (Canadas, Santos, Lemos, Dias-Pereira).,Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO Porto) Research Center (CI-IPOP), Porto, Portugal (Nogueira, Assis, Gomes, Medeiros).,i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal (Lemos).,UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Porto, Portugal (Lemos).,CEBIMED, Faculty of Health Sciences of Fernando Pessoa University, Porto, Portugal (Medeiros).,FMUP, Faculty of Medicine of Porto, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal (Medeiros).,Research Department, Portuguese League Against Cancer (LPCC-NRNorte), Porto, Portugal (Medeiros)
| | - Joana Assis
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar-Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), Porto, Portugal (Canadas, Santos, Lemos, Dias-Pereira).,Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO Porto) Research Center (CI-IPOP), Porto, Portugal (Nogueira, Assis, Gomes, Medeiros).,i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal (Lemos).,UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Porto, Portugal (Lemos).,CEBIMED, Faculty of Health Sciences of Fernando Pessoa University, Porto, Portugal (Medeiros).,FMUP, Faculty of Medicine of Porto, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal (Medeiros).,Research Department, Portuguese League Against Cancer (LPCC-NRNorte), Porto, Portugal (Medeiros)
| | - Mónica Gomes
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar-Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), Porto, Portugal (Canadas, Santos, Lemos, Dias-Pereira).,Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO Porto) Research Center (CI-IPOP), Porto, Portugal (Nogueira, Assis, Gomes, Medeiros).,i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal (Lemos).,UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Porto, Portugal (Lemos).,CEBIMED, Faculty of Health Sciences of Fernando Pessoa University, Porto, Portugal (Medeiros).,FMUP, Faculty of Medicine of Porto, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal (Medeiros).,Research Department, Portuguese League Against Cancer (LPCC-NRNorte), Porto, Portugal (Medeiros)
| | - Carolina Lemos
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar-Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), Porto, Portugal (Canadas, Santos, Lemos, Dias-Pereira).,Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO Porto) Research Center (CI-IPOP), Porto, Portugal (Nogueira, Assis, Gomes, Medeiros).,i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal (Lemos).,UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Porto, Portugal (Lemos).,CEBIMED, Faculty of Health Sciences of Fernando Pessoa University, Porto, Portugal (Medeiros).,FMUP, Faculty of Medicine of Porto, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal (Medeiros).,Research Department, Portuguese League Against Cancer (LPCC-NRNorte), Porto, Portugal (Medeiros)
| | - Rui Medeiros
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar-Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), Porto, Portugal (Canadas, Santos, Lemos, Dias-Pereira).,Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO Porto) Research Center (CI-IPOP), Porto, Portugal (Nogueira, Assis, Gomes, Medeiros).,i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal (Lemos).,UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Porto, Portugal (Lemos).,CEBIMED, Faculty of Health Sciences of Fernando Pessoa University, Porto, Portugal (Medeiros).,FMUP, Faculty of Medicine of Porto, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal (Medeiros).,Research Department, Portuguese League Against Cancer (LPCC-NRNorte), Porto, Portugal (Medeiros)
| | - Patrícia Dias-Pereira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar-Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), Porto, Portugal (Canadas, Santos, Lemos, Dias-Pereira).,Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO Porto) Research Center (CI-IPOP), Porto, Portugal (Nogueira, Assis, Gomes, Medeiros).,i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal (Lemos).,UnIGENe, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Porto, Portugal (Lemos).,CEBIMED, Faculty of Health Sciences of Fernando Pessoa University, Porto, Portugal (Medeiros).,FMUP, Faculty of Medicine of Porto, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal (Medeiros).,Research Department, Portuguese League Against Cancer (LPCC-NRNorte), Porto, Portugal (Medeiros)
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13
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Maués T, El-Jaick KB, Costa FB, Araujo GEF, Soares MVG, Moreira AS, Ferreira MLG, Ferreira AMR. Common germline haplotypes and genotypes identified in BRCA2
exon 11 of dogs with mammary tumours and histopathological analyses. Vet Comp Oncol 2018; 16:379-384. [DOI: 10.1111/vco.12389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Maués
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary; Universidade Federal Fluminense; Niterói Brazil
| | - K. B. El-Jaick
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology; Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - F. B. Costa
- Department of Animal Pathology, Veterinary School; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - G. E. F. Araujo
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology; Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - M. V. G. Soares
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology; Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - A. S. Moreira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics; RPT01A DNA Sequencing Platforms; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - M. L. G. Ferreira
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary; Universidade Federal Fluminense; Niterói Brazil
| | - A. M. R. Ferreira
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary; Universidade Federal Fluminense; Niterói Brazil
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