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Brune JE, Chen AV, Coffey T. Determination of the effect of iatrogenic blood contamination on lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase activity in canine cerebrospinal fluid. Vet Clin Pathol 2023; 52:64-70. [PMID: 36336843 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) have differential tissue activity and isoenzyme profiles. LDH and CK exist as 5 and 3 isoenzymes, respectively, in both serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Studies have demonstrated that measuring LDH, CK, and their isoenzymes in CSF has diagnostic and prognostic values for dogs and people with neurologic disorders. OBJECTIVES Iatrogenic blood contamination can distort the results of CSF analysis. The purpose of this study was to determine allowable thresholds of blood contamination (RBC/μL) for accurate measurement of LDH, CK, and their isoenzymes in canine CSF. METHODS Venous blood and CSF were collected from healthy dogs. Total LDH and CK activity were measured spectrophotometrically. Isoenzyme profiles were determined using gel electrophoresis and densitometric scanning. All samples were analyzed within 6 hours of collection. A nonlinear mixed effects regression model was used to estimate the allowable thresholds of blood contamination for accurate measurement of LDH, CK, and their isoenzymes in canine CSF. RESULTS The threshold of iatrogenic blood contamination for total LDH and total CK in healthy dogs are 6696 RBC/μL (95% CI 3879-11 187) and 5961 RBC/μL (95% CI 2939-12 085), respectively. LDH-1 is the most sensitive isoenzyme to iatrogenic blood contamination, while LDH-4 is the least sensitive. CONCLUSIONS These results are important for the interpretation of LDH, CK, and their isoenzymes in canine CSF. Additionally, our methodology is translatable for determining thresholds of acceptable iatrogenic blood contamination in CSF for other diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of neurologic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jourdan E Brune
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Annie V Chen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Todd Coffey
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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2
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Mon Hla H, Hunprasit V, Siripoonsup J, Rungsipipat A, Radtanakatikanon A. Diagnostic utility of LDH measurement for determining the etiology of modified transudate pleural effusion in cats. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1044192. [PMID: 36406069 PMCID: PMC9669425 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1044192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluid analysis is an initial approach for determining the underlying causes of body cavity effusions. Modified transudate is commonly diagnosed in pleural effusion in cats, however, it provides limited diagnostic information. Aims of this study were to investigate common etiologies causing different pleural fluid types and to evaluate the usefulness of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) for differentiating the etiology in modified transudates in cats. Pleural effusion samples from 122 cats were analyzed and classified into three types: transudate, modified transudate, and exudate. Causes of pleural effusion were classified into four conditions: cardiac disease, neoplasia, feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), and pyothorax. The relationship of underlying etiology and fluid types was described. The LDH levels in pleural fluid and plasma were compared between the causes in the samples classified as modified transudate. The fluid analysis of pleural effusion showed that modified transudate was the most common fluid type (44.2%). Neoplasia was predominantly diagnosed (38.5%) as the etiology of pleural effusion. There was no significant correlation between pleural fluid and plasma LDH level in any type of pleural fluid, suggesting that pleural fluid LDH does not appear to be affected by plasma LDH. The occurrence of modified transudate was not associated to its etiologies, however, the LDH level in modified transudates showed significant differences between etiologic groups. The LDH level in modified transudate was excellent in separating cardiac from non-cardiac diseases with a cut-off value of <535 U/L and separating FIP from non-FIP diseases with a cut-off value of >641 U/L. Based on the current findings, pleural fluid LDH can be a useful adjunctive marker for differentiating some causes of modified transudate pleural effusion and should be added in the routine diagnostic work-up of feline patients with pleural effusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsu Mon Hla
- The International Graduate Program of Veterinary Science and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Vachira Hunprasit
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jedsada Siripoonsup
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anudep Rungsipipat
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Companion Animal Cancer, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Araya Radtanakatikanon
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Companion Animal Cancer, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Araya Radtanakatikanon
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Romanelli P, Paltrinieri S, Bonfanti U, Castaman MG, Monza E, Bertazzolo W. Utility of the Ratio between Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Activity and Total Nucleated Cell Counts in Effusions (LDH/TNCC Ratio) for the Diagnosis of Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12172262. [PMID: 36077981 PMCID: PMC9454717 DOI: 10.3390/ani12172262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We tested the hypothesis that the ratio between lactate dehydrogenase activity (LDH) and total nucleated cell counts (TNCC) in effusions may be useful to diagnose feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). Methods: LDH/TNCC ratio was retrospectively evaluated in 648 effusions grouped based on cytology and physicochemical analysis (step 1), on the probability of FIP estimated by additional tests on fluids (step 2) or on other biological samples (step 3, n = 471). Results of different steps were statistically compared. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves were designed to assess whether the ratio identify the samples with FIP “probable/almost confirmed”. The cut-offs with the highest positive likelihood ratio (LR+) or Youden Index (YI) or with equal sensitivity and specificity were determined. Results: A high median LDH/TNCC ratio was found in FIP effusions (step1: 2.01) and with probable or almost confirmed FIP (step 2: 1.99; 2.20 respectively; step 3: 1.26; 2.30 respectively). The optimal cut-offs were 7.54 (LR+ 6.58), 0.62 (IY 0.67, sensitivity: 89.1%; specificity 77.7%), 0.72 (sensitivity and specificity: 79.2%) in step 2 and 2.27 (LR+ 10.39), 0.62 (IY 0.65, sensitivity: 82.1%; specificity 83.0%), 0.54 (sensitivity: 82.1%; specificity 81.9%) in step 3. Conclusions: a high LDH/TNCC ratio support a FIP diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierpaolo Romanelli
- MYLAV Veterinary Laboratory La Vallonea, 20017 Passirana di Rho, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Saverio Paltrinieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Ugo Bonfanti
- MYLAV Veterinary Laboratory La Vallonea, 20017 Passirana di Rho, Italy
| | | | - Elisa Monza
- MYLAV Veterinary Laboratory La Vallonea, 20017 Passirana di Rho, Italy
| | - Walter Bertazzolo
- MYLAV Veterinary Laboratory La Vallonea, 20017 Passirana di Rho, Italy
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Fitz FR, Reese M. Association between cerebrospinal fluid lactate concentration and central nervous system disease in dogs. Vet Clin Pathol 2020; 49:583-589. [PMID: 33336823 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis is a sensitive tool for evaluating patients with neurologic diseases but is rarely specific. Biomarkers can be measured from any bodily fluid and can be useful indicators for the presence, severity, and prognosis of diseases. OBJECTIVES This study was designed to evaluate if CSF lactate can be used as a biomarker in dogs with central nervous system disease. METHODS Peripheral venous blood and CSF were collected from 49 dogs with various intracranial diseases to evaluate correlations between blood and CSF lactate levels. Total nucleated cell count (TNCC) and CSF protein concentrations were also evaluated. All samples obtained were divided into normal (NG) and abnormal (AG) dogs based on a TNCC of ≤5 and >5 cells/μL and a protein concentration of ≤25 and >25 mg/dL, respectively. The AG dogs were further subdivided into those having <100 TNCCs/µL (AGL) and those having >100 TNCCs/µL (AGH). They were also subdivided into groups based on seizure activity (AGS), and inflammatory (AGI), or neoplastic diseases (AGN), and the respective lactate concentrations were then compared. RESULTS Lactate concentrations were significantly increased in CSF and venous blood samples in the AG compared with the NG dogs, but no differences were found among the individual disease processes. In all dogs, CSF lactate concentrations were higher than venous blood lactate levels; however, no direct correlation between CSF and blood lactate concentrations was identified. CONCLUSIONS Cerebrospinal fluid lactate can be used as a biomarker in clinical settings as it can be measured via a commercially available lactometer immediately after collection without the need for special instrumentation or laboratory personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Reese
- Southeast Veterinary Neurology, Boynton Beach, FL, USA
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Fayter A, Huband S, Gibson MI. X-ray diffraction to probe the kinetics of ice recrystallization inhibition. Analyst 2020; 145:3666-3677. [PMID: 32266881 DOI: 10.1039/c9an02141h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the nucleation and growth of ice is crucial in fields ranging from infrastructure maintenance, to the environment, and to preserving biologics in the cold chain. Ice binding and antifreeze proteins are potent ice recrystallization inhibitors (IRI), and synthetic materials that mimic this function have emerged, which may find use in biotechnology. To evaluate IRI activity, optical microscopy tools are typically used to monitor ice grain size either by end-point measurements or as a function of time. However, these methods provide 2-dimensional information and image analysis is required to extract the data. Here we explore using wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS/X-ray powder diffraction (XRD)) to interrogate 100's of ice crystals in 3-dimensions as a function of time. Due to the random organization of the ice crystals in the frozen sample, the number of orientations measured by XRD is proportional to the number of ice crystals, which can be measured as a function of time. This method was used to evaluate the activity for a panel of known IRI active compounds, and shows strong agreement with results obtained from cryo-microscopy, as well as being advantageous in that time-dependent ice growth is easily extracted. Diffraction analysis also confirmed, by comparing the obtained diffraction patterns of both ice binding and non-binding additives, that the observed hexagonal ice diffraction patterns obtained cannot be used to determine which crystal faces are being bound. This method may help in the discovery of new IRI active materials as well as enabling kinetic analysis of ice growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Fayter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Steven Huband
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Matthew I Gibson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, CV4 7AL, UK. and Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, CV4 7AL, UK
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Konishi M, Kobayashi S, Tokunaga T, Chiba Y, Tsutsui T, Arai S, Kameyama KI, Yamamoto T. Simultaneous evaluation of diagnostic marker utility for enzootic bovine leukosis. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:406. [PMID: 31706301 PMCID: PMC6842470 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2158-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) is a disease of cattle caused by bovine leukemia virus (BLV). More than 60% of BLV-infected cattle remain subclinical and are thus referred to as aleukemic (AL) cattle. Approximately 30% of infected cattle show a relatively stable increase in the number of B lymphocytes; these cattle are termed persistent lymphocytosis (PL) cattle. A small percentage of infected cattle develop BLV-induced B cell lymphoma (EBL) and are called EBL cattle. Due to the increase in the number of BLV-infected cattle, the number of EBL cattle has featured a corresponding increase over recent years in Japan. Several diagnostic criteria for EBL (e.g., enlarged superficial lymph nodes, protrusion of the eye, increased peripheral blood lymphocyte, etc.) are used for on-farm diagnosis and antemortem tests at slaughterhouses. Since the slaughter of EBL cattle for human consumption is not allowed, on-farm detection of EBL cattle is important for reducing the economic loss incurred by farms. Therefore, establishing new diagnostic markers to improve the efficiency and accuracy of the antemortem detection of EBL cattle is a critical, unmet need. To simultaneously evaluate the utility of candidate markers, this study measured the values of each marker using the blood samples of 687 cattle with various clinical statuses of BLV infection (EBL, PL, AL and non-infected cattle). RESULTS Sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) were highest for the serum thymidine kinase (TK) followed by the serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isozyme 2. The number of peripheral blood lymphocytes and proviral load in peripheral blood had the lowest Se and Sp. The values of all markers other than TK were influenced by the sex of the tested cattle. CONCLUSIONS Although tLDH and its isozymes (LDHs) may be influenced by the sex of the tested cattle, the high accuracy of TK and LDH2 as well as accessibility and simplicity of the protocol used to measure these enzymes recommend the utility of TK and LDHs for EBL cattle detection. Using these markers for screening followed by the application of existing diagnostic criteria may improve the efficiency and accuracy of EBL cattle detection on farms, thereby contributing to the reduction of economic losses in farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misako Konishi
- Epidemiology Unit, Division of Viral Disease and Epidemiology, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Sota Kobayashi
- Parasitic Disease Unit, Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Taeko Tokunaga
- Kumamoto Meat Inspection Office, 1341, Shichijomachisosaki, Kikuchi, Kumamoto, Kumamoto, 861-1344, Japan
| | - Yuzumi Chiba
- Iwate Prefecture Central Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 390-5 Sunagome, Takizawa, Iwate, 020-0605, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Tsutsui
- Director-General, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Shozo Arai
- Clinical Biochemistry Unit, Division of Pathology and Pathophysiology, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Kameyama
- National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Exotic Diseases Research Station Josuihoncho, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-0022, Japan
| | - Takehisa Yamamoto
- Epidemiology Unit, Division of Viral Disease and Epidemiology, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan.
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Kopanke JH, Chen AV, Brune JE, Brenna AC, Thomovsky SA. Reference intervals for the activity of lactate dehydrogenase and its isoenzymes in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of healthy canines. Vet Clin Pathol 2018; 47:267-274. [DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H. Kopanke
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine; Pullman WA USA
| | - Annie V. Chen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine; Pullman WA USA
| | - Jourdan E. Brune
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine; Pullman WA USA
| | - Amanda C. Brenna
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine; Pullman WA USA
| | - Stephanie A. Thomovsky
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine; Pullman WA USA
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