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White SJ, Couetil L, Richard EA, Marti E, Wilson PB. Microarray molecular mapping of horses with severe asthma. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:477-484. [PMID: 38071496 PMCID: PMC10800233 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe asthma (SA) in horses, resembling human asthma, is a prevalent, debilitating allergic respiratory condition marked by elevated allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) against environmental proteins; however, research exploring the exposome's influence on IgE profiles is currently limited but holds paramount significance for diagnostic and therapeutic developments. ANIMALS Thirty-five sports horses were analyzed, consisting of environmentally matched samples from France (5 SA; 6 control), the United States (6 SA; 6 control), and Canada (6 SEA; 6 control). METHODS This intentional cross-sectional study investigated the sensitization profiles of SA-affected and healthy horses via serological antigen microarray profiling. Partial least square-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was used to identify and rank the importance of allergens for class separation (ie, affected/non-affected) as variable influence of projection (VIP), and allergen with commonality internationally established via frequency analysis. RESULTS PLS-DA models showed high discriminatory power in predicting SA in horses from Canada (area under the curve [AUC] 0.995) and France (AUC 0.867) but poor discriminatory power in horses from the United States (AUC 0.38). Hev b 5.0101, Cyn D, Der p 2, and Rum cr were the only shared allergens across all geographical groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Microarray profiling can identify specific allergenic components associated with SA in horses, while mathematical modeling of this data can be used for disease classification, highlighting the variability of sensitization profiles between geographical locations and emphasizing the importance of local exposure to the prevalence of different allergens. Frequency scoring analysis can identify important variables that contribute to the classification of SA across different geographical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurent Couetil
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicinePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Eric A. Richard
- LABÉO Frank DuncombeCaen CedexFrance
- Normandie Univ, UniCaen, BIOTARGENSaint‐ContestFrance
| | - Eliane Marti
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public HealthUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
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Simões J, Tilley P. Decision Making in Severe Equine Asthma-Diagnosis and Monitoring. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3872. [PMID: 38136909 PMCID: PMC10740644 DOI: 10.3390/ani13243872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Decision making consists of gathering quality data in order to correctly assess a situation and determine the best course of action. This process is a fundamental part of medicine and is what enables practitioners to accurately diagnose diseases and select appropriate treatment protocols. Despite severe equine asthma (SEA) being a highly prevalent lower respiratory disease amongst equids, clinicians still struggle with the optimization of routine diagnostic procedures. The use of several ancillary diagnostic tests has been reported for disease identification and monitoring, but many are only suitable for research purposes or lack practicality for everyday use. The aim of this paper is to assist the equine veterinarian in the process of decision making associated with managing SEA-affected patients. This review will focus on disease diagnosis and monitoring, while also presenting a flow-chart which includes the basic data that the clinician must obtain in order to accurately identify severely asthmatic horses in their everyday routine practice. It is important to note that European and American board-certified specialists on equine internal medicine can provide assistance in the diagnosis and treatment plan of SEA-affected horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Simões
- Equine Health and Welfare Academic Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal
- CIISA-Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal;
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4Animals), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paula Tilley
- CIISA-Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal;
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4Animals), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
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Schnabel CL, Jentsch MC, Lübke S, Kaiser-Thom S, Gerber V, Vrtala S, Huang HJ, Rhyner C, Wagner B, Hoffmann R, Volke D. Immunoproteomics reveal increased serum IgG3/5 binding to Dermatophagoides and yeast protein antigens in severe equine asthma in a preliminary study. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1293684. [PMID: 38162673 PMCID: PMC10754955 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1293684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Severe equine asthma (SEA) is a common, chronic respiratory disease of horses characterized by hyperreactivity to hay dust which has many similarities to severe neutrophilic asthma in humans. SEA-provoking antigens have not been comprehensively characterized, but molds and mites have been suggested as relevant sources. Here, we identified relevant antigen candidates using immunoproteomics with IgG isotype-binding analyses. Methods Proteins from Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p) were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by immunoblotting (2D immunoblots) resulting in a characteristic pattern of 440 spots. After serum incubation, antibody (Ig)-binding of all Ig (Pan-Ig) and IgG isotypes (type-2-associated IgG3/5, type-1-associated IgG4/7) was quantified per each spot and compared between asthmatic and healthy horses' sera (n=5 per group). Results Ig binding differences were detected in 30 spots. Pan-Ig binding was higher with asthmatics compared to healthy horses' sera on four spots, and IgG3/5 binding was higher on 18 spots. Small IgG4/7 binding differences were detected on 10 spots with higher binding with asthmatics' sera on four but higher binding with healthy horses' sera on six spots. Proteins from the spots with group differences including mite and yeast proteins were identified by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. The latter likely originated from the feeding substrate of the Der p culture. Prioritized antigen candidates amongst the proteins identified were Der p 1, Der p 11, group 15 allergens, myosin heavy chain, and uncharacterized Der p proteins. Additionally, yeast enolases, alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and heat shock proteins were prioritized. Eleven antigen candidates were tested for confirmation by ELISAs using the respective proteins separately. Differences in asthmatics vs. healthy horses' serum Ig binding to Der p 1, Der p 18, and three yeast enzymes (enolase, ADH, and PGK) confirmed these as promising antigens of immune responses in SEA. Discussion Antigens with relevance in SEA were newly identified by immunoproteomics, and yeast antigens were considered for SEA for the first time. Serum IgG3/5 binding to relevant antigens was increased in SEA and is a novel feature that points to increased type-2 responses in SEA but requires confirmation of the corresponding cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane L. Schnabel
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, and Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maria-Christin Jentsch
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, and Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sabrina Lübke
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, and Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sarah Kaiser-Thom
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine (ISME), Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vinzenz Gerber
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine (ISME), Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Vrtala
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Huey-Jy Huang
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudio Rhyner
- Christine Kühne Center for Allergy, Research, and Education (CK-CARE), Davos, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), Davos, Switzerland
| | - Bettina Wagner
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Ralf Hoffmann
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy and Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniela Volke
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy and Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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The Immune Mechanisms of Severe Equine Asthma-Current Understanding and What Is Missing. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12060744. [PMID: 35327141 PMCID: PMC8944511 DOI: 10.3390/ani12060744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe equine asthma is a chronic respiratory disease of adult horses, occurring when genetically susceptible individuals are exposed to environmental aeroallergens. This results in airway inflammation, mucus accumulation and bronchial constriction. Although several studies aimed at evaluating the genetic and immune pathways associated with the disease, the results reported are inconsistent. Furthermore, the complexity and heterogeneity of this disease bears great similarity to what is described for human asthma. Currently available studies identified two chromosome regions (ECA13 and ECA15) and several genes associated with the disease. The inflammatory response appears to be mediated by T helper cells (Th1, Th2, Th17) and neutrophilic inflammation significantly contributes to the persistence of airway inflammatory status. This review evaluates the reported findings pertaining to the genetical and immunological background of severe equine asthma and reflects on their implications in the pathophysiology of the disease whilst discussing further areas of research interest aiming at advancing treatment and prognosis of affected individuals.
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Lo Feudo CM, Stucchi L, Alberti E, Conturba B, Zucca E, Ferrucci F. Intradermal Testing Results in Horses Affected by Mild-Moderate and Severe Equine Asthma. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11072086. [PMID: 34359214 PMCID: PMC8300230 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Equine asthma is a respiratory syndrome sharing several similarities with human asthma and represents the most common cause of chronic coughing in horses. Based on the severity and recurrence of the conditions, it is classified as mild-moderate or severe equine asthma. Although a precise pathogenetic mechanism has not yet been identified, it is generally agreed that environmental allergens behave as triggers of a hypersensitivity response (HR), culminating in asthmatic exacerbations. In human medicine, the skin prick test is considered the gold standard of allergy testing; similarly, in equine medicine, intradermal testing is used to identify hypersensitivities to specific allergens. The present study describes and compares the results of intradermal testing in horses affected by either mild-moderate or severe equine asthma to evaluate the responsiveness of asthmatic horses and to identify the most frequently involved allergens. Type-I HR was shown to play a major role in the pathogenesis of severe equine asthma, while type-IV HR seems to be involved mostly in milder forms. Insects represented the antigens inducing the most frequent and strongest reactions among asthmatic horses, followed by Dermatophagoides spp. and dog epithelium; these allergens should therefore be considered for avoidance strategies and the future development of desensitizing allergen-specific immunotherapy. Abstract Equine asthma is an inflammatory respiratory disorder, classified as mild-moderate (MEA) and severe (SEA). SEA is characterized by recurrent exacerbations, consisting of dyspnea, coughing and exercise intolerance; MEA causes poor performance, occasional cough and mucus hypersecretion. Although a precise pathogenesis is not completely understood, allergic mechanisms are considered an important pathophysiological feature of equine asthma. In equine medicine, intradermal testing (IDT) is effective in identifying hypersensitivity to specific allergens. However, to date, the studies about IDT in asthmatic horses obtained contradictory results. This study aims to evaluate IDT responses in MEA and SEA horses and to identify the most significant allergens. Thirty-eight asthmatic horses were enrolled and underwent IDT using 50 allergens; reactions were evaluated at 30 min, 4, 24 and 48 h and were assigned a score from 0 to 4. In SEA horses, the most frequent and strongest reactions were observed at 30 min and 4 h, suggesting the involvement of type I hypersensitivity; in MEA horses, also type IV hypersensitivity seemed to play a major role. Insects, Dermatophagoides spp. and dog epithelium induced in MEA and SEA horses the most significant hypersensitivity responses and could therefore be considered as the main allergenic antigens in our geographic area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Maria Lo Feudo
- Equine Sports Medicine Laboratory “Franco Tradati”, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (C.M.L.F.); (E.A.); (E.Z.)
| | - Luca Stucchi
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.S.); (B.C.)
| | - Elena Alberti
- Equine Sports Medicine Laboratory “Franco Tradati”, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (C.M.L.F.); (E.A.); (E.Z.)
| | - Bianca Conturba
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.S.); (B.C.)
| | - Enrica Zucca
- Equine Sports Medicine Laboratory “Franco Tradati”, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (C.M.L.F.); (E.A.); (E.Z.)
| | - Francesco Ferrucci
- Equine Sports Medicine Laboratory “Franco Tradati”, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (C.M.L.F.); (E.A.); (E.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-025-033-4146
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Wilkołek P, Szczepanik M, Rodzik B, Sitkowski W, Pluta M, Taszkun I, Gołyński M. A Comparison of Multiple Allergen Simultaneous Tests Using Allergen-Specific IgE Concentration and Intradermal Skin Tests in Atopic Horses With Pollen Allergy. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 90:102992. [PMID: 32534770 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.102992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Intradermal tests (IDTs) and measurement of specific immunoglobulin E class (sIgE) levels in sera are the most common and reliable methods used in allergological clinical practice. The purpose of this study was to explore the sensitization of pollen allergy in atopic horses with pollinosis and to assess the diagnostic value of the multiple allergen simultaneous tests (MASTs) compared with that of the IDT. Twenty-one Malopolski horses with typical skin hypersensitivity symptoms during pollen seasons were enrolled. Intradermal tests were performed, and allergen-specific IgE concentrations in sera were measured using a monoclonal anti-IgE antibody to pollens of grass, weeds, trees, and cultivated plants. The highest sensitization rate was for Secale cereale (IDT, 76%; MAST, 66.7%), grass (IDT, 71%; MAST, 57%), and Brassica napus (IDT, 52.4%; MAST, 57%). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and the area under the ROC curve (AUC) showed that Betula spp., Alnus spp., and Corylus spp. had the highest AUC at 0.854, followed by Secale cereale (AUC = 0.796), Plantago lanceolata (AUC = 0.726), Brassica napus (AUC = 0.704), and a grass allergen mixture (AUC = 0.695). The mean AUC for all allergens was 0.712 (0.604-0.867). The overall sensitivity of the sIgE plant horse panel was 78% (range, 68%-90%), the specificity was 86.3% (range, 64%-100%), and the accuracy was 79% (range, 64%-87%). Statistical kappa (κ) agreement between the MAST and IDT was reached for tree (κ = 0.767), rye (κ = 0.687), colza (κ = 0.671), and grass (κ = 0.664) pollen. The MAST showed a favorable agreement with the IDT and can be used for the detection of sIgE in atopic horses with pollinosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Wilkołek
- Sub-Department of Diagnostics and Veterinary Dermatology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Głęboka 30, 20-612 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Marcin Szczepanik
- Sub-Department of Diagnostics and Veterinary Dermatology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Głęboka 30, 20-612 Lublin, Poland
| | - Beata Rodzik
- Institute of Mathematics, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Wiesław Sitkowski
- Sub-Department of Diagnostics and Veterinary Dermatology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Głęboka 30, 20-612 Lublin, Poland
| | - Michał Pluta
- Equine Breeding and Management Unit, Department of Biology and Animal Breeding,University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Iwona Taszkun
- Sub-Department of Diagnostics and Veterinary Dermatology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Głęboka 30, 20-612 Lublin, Poland
| | - Marcin Gołyński
- Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Torun, Poland
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Hansen S, Otten ND, Birch K, Skovgaard K, Hopster-Iversen C, Fjeldborg J. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytokine, cytology and IgE allergen in horses with equine asthma. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 220:109976. [PMID: 31786444 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.109976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of equine asthma (EA) is still not fully described, but the involvement of an allergic reaction is strongly suspected. This theory has led to the use of allergen-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)E tests to support a diagnosis of asthma. The objective of this descriptive study was to evaluate the correlation between four subgroups of EA (mastocytic mild equine asthma [MEA], neutrophilic MEA, mixed MEA, and severe equine asthma [SEA]), allergen specific IgE (measured in both serum and BALF) and mRNA expression of selected genes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Serum and BALF were collected from 64 horses with a history of lower airway problems with or without poor performance. Differential cell counts from BALF were used to assign horses to one of four groups (mastocytic MEA; neutrophilic MEA, mixed MEA, and SEA). The expression of messenger RNA (mRNA) coding for IL4, IL5, IL8, IL10, TGFB, TNFA, toll-like receptor (TLR)4, IL1RA, IL1B, matrix metalloproteinase 8 (MMP8), TLR9, chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) and cluster of differentiation (CD)14 in BALF were measured using reverse transcriptase (RT) quantitative PCR (qPCR). Allergen-specific IgE was measured in serum and BALF using an allergen-specific IgE ELISA test with the screening panel: house mites, storage mites, mould and pollen. As expected, the BALF neutrophil differential count correlated with mRNA expression of MMP-8 (r = 0.611, p < 0.001), TLR-4 (r = 0.540, p < 0.001), IL-1RA (r = 0.490, p < 0.001), IL-1β (r = 0.463, p < 0.001) and IL-8 (r = 0.302, p = 0.015). Cytokine expression of IL-1β (p = 0.014), MMP8 (p = 0.028) and IL-1RA (p = 0.037) was significantly higher in the SEA group compared to the MEA subgroups. The BALF mast cell count was correlated with allergen-specific IgE for insects (r = 0.370, p = 0.002) and pollen (r = 0.313, p = 0.011). Eosinophils in BALF were correlated with BALF mRNA expression of IL-4 (r = 0.340, p = 0.006) together with a significant correlation between BALF eosinophils and allergen-specific IgE for mites (r = 0.930, p < 0.001) and pollen in BALF (r = 0.837, p < 0.001). No correlation was found between allergen-specific IgE in serum and BALF for any of the allergen in the screening panel. Based on these results from allergen-specific IgE in horses with EA is not found in systemic circulation, and only the mastocytic and mixed subgroups of horses with EA had allergen-specific IgE in BALF. Further studies are needed to clarify the relationships identified here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanni Hansen
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Large Animal Sciences, Hoejbakkegaard Allé 5, DK-2630, Taastrup, Denmark.
| | - Nina D Otten
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Karin Birch
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Large Animal Sciences, Hoejbakkegaard Allé 5, DK-2630, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Kerstin Skovgaard
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Hopster-Iversen
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Large Animal Sciences, Hoejbakkegaard Allé 5, DK-2630, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Julie Fjeldborg
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Large Animal Sciences, Hoejbakkegaard Allé 5, DK-2630, Taastrup, Denmark
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White SJ, Moore-Colyer M, Marti E, Hannant D, Gerber V, Coüetil L, Richard EA, Alcocer M. Antigen array for serological diagnosis and novel allergen identification in severe equine asthma. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15170. [PMID: 31645629 PMCID: PMC6811683 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51820-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe equine asthma (sEA), which closely resembles human asthma, is a debilitating and performance-limiting allergic respiratory disorder which affects 14% of horses in the Northern Hemisphere and is associated with increased allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) against a range of environmental proteins. A comprehensive microarray platform was developed to enable the simultaneous detection of allergen-specific equine IgE in serum against a wide range of putative allergenic proteins. The microarray revealed a plethora of novel pollen, bacteria, mould and arthropod proteins significant in the aetiology of sEA. Moreover, the analyses revealed an association between sEA-affected horses and IgE antibodies specific for proteins derived from latex, which has traditionally been ubiquitous to the horse’s environment in the form of riding surfaces and race tracks. Further work is required to establish the involvement of latex proteins in sEA as a potential risk factor. This work demonstrates a novel and rapid approach to sEA diagnosis, providing a platform for tailored management and the development of allergen-specific immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J White
- Royal Agricultural University, Cirencester, Gloucestershire, GL7 6JS, UK. .,School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK. .,Nottingham Trent University, Brackenhurst Campus, Southwell, Nottinghamshire, NG25 0QF, UK.
| | - M Moore-Colyer
- Royal Agricultural University, Cirencester, Gloucestershire, GL7 6JS, UK
| | - E Marti
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, University of Bern, Bremgartenstr, Postfach, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - D Hannant
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - V Gerber
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, University of Bern, Bremgartenstr, Postfach, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - L Coüetil
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - E A Richard
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 1 route de Rosel, 14053, Caen, Cedex 4, France.,Normandie Univ, UniCaen, BIOTARGEN, 3 rue Nelson Mandela, 14280, Saint-Contest, France
| | - M Alcocer
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Farmers are routinely exposed to organic dusts and aeroallergens that can have adverse respiratory health effects including asthma. Horses are farm-reared large animals with similar exposures and can develop equine asthma syndrome (EAS). This review aims to compare the etiology, pathophysiology, and immunology of asthma in horses compared to farmers and highlights the horse as a potential translational animal model for organic dust-induced asthma in humans. RECENT FINDINGS Severe EAS shares many clinical and pathological features with various phenotypes of human asthma including allergic, non-allergic, late onset, and severe asthma. EAS disease features include variable airflow obstruction, cough, airway hyperresponsiveness, airway inflammation/remodeling, neutrophilic infiltrates, excess mucus production, and chronic innate immune activation. Severe EAS is a naturally occurring and biologically relevant, translational animal disease model that could contribute to a more thorough understanding of the environmental and immunologic factors contributing to organic dust-induced asthma in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Katie Sheats
- Comparative Medicine Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Kaori U. Davis
- Comparative Medicine Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Jill A. Poole
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985990 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5990, USA
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White S, Moore‐Colyer M, Marti E, Coüetil L, Hannant D, Richard EA, Alcocer M. Development of a comprehensive protein microarray for immunoglobulin E profiling in horses with severe asthma. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:2327-2335. [PMID: 31429513 PMCID: PMC6766494 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe asthma in horses, known as severe equine asthma (SEA), is a prevalent, performance-limiting disease associated with increased allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) against a range of environmental aeroallergens. OBJECTIVE To develop a protein microarray platform to profile IgE against a range of proven and novel environmental proteins in SEA-affected horses. ANIMALS Six SEA-affected and 6 clinically healthy Warmblood performance horses. METHODS Developed a protein microarray (n = 384) using protein extracts and purified proteins from a large number of families including pollen, bacteria, fungi, and arthropods associated with the horses, environment. Conditions were optimized and assessed for printing, incubation, immunolabeling, biological fluid source, concentration techniques, reproducibility, and specificity. RESULTS This method identified a number of novel allergens, while also identifying an association between SEA and pollen sensitization. Immunolabeling methods confirmed the accuracy of a commercially available mouse anti-horse IgE 3H10 source (R2 = 0.91). Biological fluid source evaluation indicated that sera and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) yielded the same specific IgE profile (average R2 = 0.75). Amicon centrifugal filters were found to be the most efficient technique for concentrating BALF for IgE analysis at 40-fold. Overnight incubation maintained the same sensitization profile while increasing sensitivity. Reproducibility was demonstrated (R2 = 0.97), as was specificity using protein inhibition assays. Arthropods, fungi, and pollens showed the greatest discrimination for SEA. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE We have established that protein microarrays can be used for large-scale IgE mapping of allergens associated with the environment of horses. This technology provides a sound platform for specific diagnosis, management, and treatment of SEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel White
- School of Equine Management and Science, Royal Agricultural UniversityGloucestershireUnited Kingdom
- School of Biosciences, University of NottinghamLoughboroughUnited Kingdom
- Animal and Equine ScienceNottingham Trent UniversityNottinghamshireUnited Kingdom
| | - Meriel Moore‐Colyer
- School of Equine Management and Science, Royal Agricultural UniversityGloucestershireUnited Kingdom
| | - Eliane Marti
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public HealthUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Laurent Coüetil
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndiana, USA
| | - Duncan Hannant
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of NottinghamLoughboroughUnited Kingdom
| | - Eric A. Richard
- LABÉO Frank DuncombeCaen CedexFrance
- Normandie University, UniCaen, BIOTARGENSaint‐ContestFrance
| | - Marcos Alcocer
- School of Biosciences, University of NottinghamLoughboroughUnited Kingdom
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Marteles D, Odriozola L, Verde MT, Conde T, Fernández A. Assessment of serum allergen-specific IgE levels in horses with seasonal allergic dermatitis and recurrent airway obstruction in Spain. Acta Vet Hung 2019; 67:11-21. [PMID: 30922098 DOI: 10.1556/004.2019.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Allergic conditions are prevalent equine diseases that can be diagnosed by clinical examination alone, but definitive diagnosis is more likely with laboratory testing. The ELISA Allercept© test was used to analyse the serum samples of 73 horses with allergic diseases. Sixty-one horses (83.5%) had allergen-specific IgE levels ≥ 150 ELISA Units (EU), the cut-off defined by the assay. Fifty-four horses had allergic dermatitis (AD) with high IgE levels to Tyrophagus putrescentiae (51.9%), Rumex crispus (48.1%), Tabanus (46.3%) and Dermatophagoides farinae/ D. pteronyssinus (40.7%). Seven horses with recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) had a high prevalence of T. putrescentiae (85.7%), followed by that of Acarus siro (57.1%) and D. farinae/D. pteronyssinus (57.1%). Horses affected with RAO had more positive reactions to mites (2.22 ± 0.84) than did horses with AD (1.51 ± 0.61, P < 0.05). A strong correlation of serum allergen-specific IgE level was found between Culex tarsalis and Stomoxys (r = 0.943) and between Dactylis glomerata and both Secale cereale (r = 0.79) and R. crispus (r = 0.696). These results indicate that among horses with allergic diseases in Spain, ELISA tests demonstrated a high prevalence of serum allergen-specific IgE in response to mites. Our study emphasises the importance of laboratory testing and updating allergy panels to improve the likelihood of a definitive diagnosis and the identification of allergens that should be included in allergic disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Marteles
- Animal Pathology Department, Veterinary Faculty, Zaragoza University, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Laura Odriozola
- Animal Pathology Department, Veterinary Faculty, Zaragoza University, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María Teresa Verde
- Animal Pathology Department, Veterinary Faculty, Zaragoza University, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Tomás Conde
- Animal Pathology Department, Veterinary Faculty, Zaragoza University, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Antonio Fernández
- Animal Pathology Department, Veterinary Faculty, Zaragoza University, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
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12
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Verdon M, Lanz S, Rhyner C, Gerber V, Marti E. Allergen-specific immunoglobulin E in sera of horses affected with insect bite hypersensitivity, severe equine asthma or both conditions. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 33:266-274. [PMID: 30520523 PMCID: PMC6335542 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genetic, epidemiologic, and clinical evidence suggests that, in horses, there are manifestations of hypersensitivity that can occur together. Objectives To investigate whether concurrent insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH) and severe equine asthma (EA) is associated with higher allergen‐specific and total serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) concentrations than only EA or IBH. Animals Healthy control horses (C, n = 40), horses with IBH (IBH, n = 24), severe EA (EA, n = 18), and both conditions (IBH/EA, n = 23) were included. Methods In our retrospective comparative study, sera from horses with signs of severe EA, IBH, and control animals were used. IgE specific for 15 recombinant (r) allergens as well as total serum IgE concentrations were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Results Group IBH (median sum r‐Culicoides IgE: optical density at 405 nm [OD405] = 3.54 [0.48‐15.07]) and group IBH/EA (OD405 = 4.55 [0.46‐17.15]) had significantly (P < .001) higher IgE against Culicoides r‐allergens than groups C (OD405 = 0.44 [0.21‐2.05]) and EA (OD405 = 0.6 [0.2‐2.9]). There were no significant (P > .05) differences between group IBH and group IBH/EA. No significant differences among the groups were found for the other r‐allergens or total serum IgE concentration. Compared to controls, horses with severe IBH had significantly increased IgE concentration to 5 Culicoides r‐allergens (P < .05), whereas horses with moderate IBH had significantly increased IgE concentration to only 3 Culicoides r‐allergens (P < .05). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Susceptibility of IBH‐affected horses to develop EA is likely not associated with IgE‐mediated immune reactions but with other immunopathological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maëva Verdon
- Equine clinic, Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, University of Bern and Agroscope, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Simone Lanz
- Equine clinic, Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, University of Bern and Agroscope, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Claudio Rhyner
- Department of Vaccine Development, Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Vinzenz Gerber
- Equine clinic, Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, University of Bern and Agroscope, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Eliane Marti
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Berne, Switzerland
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