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Abstract
Many infectious diseases originating from, or carried by, wildlife affect wildlife conservation and biodiversity, livestock health, or human health. We provide an update on changes in the epidemiology of 25 selected infectious, wildlife-related diseases in Europe (from 2010-16) that had an impact, or may have a future impact, on the health of wildlife, livestock, and humans. These pathogens were selected based on their: 1) identification in recent Europe-wide projects as important surveillance targets, 2) inclusion in European Union legislation as pathogens requiring obligatory surveillance, 3) presence in recent literature on wildlife-related diseases in Europe since 2010, 4) inclusion in key pathogen lists released by the Office International des Epizooties, 5) identification in conference presentations and informal discussions on a group email list by a European network of wildlife disease scientists from the European Wildlife Disease Association, or 6) identification as pathogens with changes in their epidemiology during 2010-16. The wildlife pathogens or diseases included in this review are: avian influenza virus, seal influenza virus, lagoviruses, rabies virus, bat lyssaviruses, filoviruses, canine distemper virus, morbilliviruses in aquatic mammals, bluetongue virus, West Nile virus, hantaviruses, Schmallenberg virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, African swine fever virus, amphibian ranavirus, hepatitis E virus, bovine tuberculosis ( Mycobacterium bovis), tularemia ( Francisella tularensis), brucellosis ( Brucella spp.), salmonellosis ( Salmonella spp.), Coxiella burnetii, chytridiomycosis, Echinococcus multilocularis, Leishmania infantum, and chronic wasting disease. Further work is needed to identify all of the key drivers of disease change and emergence, as they appear to be influencing the incidence and spread of these pathogens in Europe. We present a summary of these recent changes during 2010-16 to discuss possible commonalities and drivers of disease change and to identify directions for future work on wildlife-related diseases in Europe. Many of the pathogens are entering Europe from other continents while others are expanding their ranges inside and beyond Europe. Surveillance for these wildlife-related diseases at a continental scale is therefore important for planet-wide assessment, awareness of, and preparedness for the risks they may pose to wildlife, domestic animal, and human health.
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Akdesir E, Origgi FC, Wimmershoff J, Frey J, Frey CF, Ryser-Degiorgis MP. Causes of mortality and morbidity in free-ranging mustelids in Switzerland: necropsy data from over 50 years of general health surveillance. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:195. [PMID: 29921290 PMCID: PMC6009050 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1494-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although mustelids occur worldwide and include a wide range of species, little is known about the diseases affecting them. Mustelids have regularly been submitted for post mortem investigation in the framework of the program for general wildlife health surveillance in Switzerland, which has been in place for nearly 60 years. We performed a retrospective analysis of the necropsy reports on mustelids submitted to the diagnostic service of the University of Bern. The aims of this study were to present an overview of the causes of mortality and morbidity observed in these carnivores, to assess differences among species, to assess changes in disease detection over the study period, and to describe the pathology of selected diseases. RESULTS Five hundred and sixty-six reports from 1958 to 2015 were analyzed. Most animals were stone martens (Martes foina, 46%) and badgers (Meles meles, 44%); the remaining species were polecats (Mustela putorius, 4.7%), pine martens (Martes martes, 2%), stoats (Mustela erminea, 1.4%), weasels (Mustela nivalis, 0.8%) and otters (Lutra lutra, 0.3%). Infectious diseases (n = 262) were frequent and were mostly bacterial or viral; non-infectious conditions (n = 169) were less common and were mostly traumatic or due to metabolic disorders. The most frequent diagnoses included distemper (75% were badgers), amyloidosis (96% were martens), bacterial respiratory infections (all mustelids), biting lice (badgers only) and pulmonary and gastro-intestinal helminths (all species). Less frequent diseases included histoplasmosis (badgers only), aspergillosis, toxoplasmosis, hepatozoonosis, and sarcoptic mange. Lesions due to infection with distemper virus were primarily appreciated in the respiratory tract and central nervous system; they presented species-specific characteristics such as necrosis in the ependyma in badgers and absence of syncytia in stone martens. Amyloidosis in martens was multisystemic in most cases and included both AA and AL amyloidosis; the main macroscopic change was severe splenomegaly. CONCLUSION Infectious diseases were the most frequent causes of morbidity and mortality of mustelids, with marked species-specific differences. Lung and skin were the most commonly affected organs. Contagious diseases such as canine distemper, sarcoptic mange and rabies in mustelids showed a similar temporal pattern as in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), suggesting pathogen spillovers from foxes to mustelids.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Akdesir
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health (FIWI), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, Postfach, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - F C Origgi
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health (FIWI), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, Postfach, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - J Wimmershoff
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health (FIWI), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, Postfach, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - J Frey
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, Postfach, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - C F Frey
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, Postfach, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - M-P Ryser-Degiorgis
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health (FIWI), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, Postfach, 3001, Bern, Switzerland.
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Zhang H, Shan F, Zhou X, Li B, Zhai JQ, Zou SZ, Wu MF, Chen W, Zhai SL, Luo ML. Outbreak and genotyping of canine distemper virus in captive Siberian tigers and red pandas. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8132. [PMID: 28811626 PMCID: PMC5557937 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08462-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, four canine distemper virus (CDV) strains were isolated from captive Siberian tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) and red pandas (Ailurus fulgens) during two separate CDV outbreaks in a zoo in Guangdong province, China. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analyses based on the full-length hemagglutinin (H) and fusion (F) genes showed that they were closely identical to genotype Asia-1. Prior to confirmation of CDV in Siberian tigers, to control spread of the disease, a live attenuated combination CDV vaccine was used among almost all carnivore animals except for red pandas in which another recombinant combination CDV vaccine was used. However, about two months later, CDV re-emerged and caused the death among red pandas. Based on the vaccination records, the live combination vaccine could be considered an ideal weapon against CDV in zoo carnivore animals. Although the recombinant combination CDV vaccine was safe for red pandas, its protection effectiveness remains to be further investigated. Moreover, according to the outbreak interval time and sequence characterization, we suspected that stray cats circulating in the zoo were the intermediate host, which contributed to CDV spread from stray dogs to zoo animals. This study revealed the importance of vaccination and biosecurity for zoo animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Fen Shan
- Guangzhou Zoo, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Xia Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Bing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jun-Qiong Zhai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shu-Zhan Zou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Meng-Fan Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wu Chen
- Guangzhou Zoo, Guangzhou, 510070, China.
| | - Shao-Lun Zhai
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Man-Lin Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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McInerney J, Papasouliotis K, Simpson K, English K, Cook S, Milne E, Gunn-Moore DA. Pulmonary cowpox in cats: five cases. J Feline Med Surg 2016; 18:518-25. [PMID: 25972246 PMCID: PMC11185238 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15583344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
CASE SERIES SUMMARY This case series documents five cases of pneumonia (with pleural effusion in three cases) caused by cowpox virus (CPxV) in domestic cats. Predisposition to pneumonia may have resulted from mixed infections in two cases (feline herpesvirus and Bordetella bronchiseptica in one cat, and Mycoplasma species in the other). RELEVANCE AND NOVEL INFORMATION As well as diagnostic confirmation by previously described methods of virus isolation from skin lesions, and demonstration of pox virions in skin samples using electron microscopy and inclusion bodies in histological preparations, this is the first report of diagnosis by virus isolation from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid or pleural fluid, and demonstration of inclusion bodies in cytological preparations. This is also the first series to report treatment with interferon omega (IFN-ω). Two cats survived, both of which had been treated with IFN-ω. As CPxV represents a serious zoonotic risk it is an important differential diagnosis of pneumonia in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kostas Papasouliotis
- University of Bristol, School of Veterinary Sciences, Langford Veterinary Services Diagnostic Laboratories, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Kate English
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, UK
| | - Simon Cook
- Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, UK
| | - Elspeth Milne
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, UK
| | - Danièlle A Gunn-Moore
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, UK
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Beineke A, Baumgärtner W, Wohlsein P. Cross-species transmission of canine distemper virus-an update. One Health 2015; 1:49-59. [PMID: 28616465 PMCID: PMC5462633 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a pantropic morbillivirus with a worldwide distribution, which causes fatal disease in dogs. Affected animals develop dyspnea, diarrhea, neurological signs and profound immunosuppression. Systemic CDV infection, resembling distemper in domestic dogs, can be found also in wild canids (e.g. wolves, foxes), procyonids (e.g. raccoons, kinkajous), ailurids (e.g. red pandas), ursids (e.g. black bears, giant pandas), mustelids (e.g. ferrets, minks), viverrids (e.g. civets, genets), hyaenids (e.g. spotted hyenas), and large felids (e.g. lions, tigers). Furthermore, besides infection with the closely related phocine distemper virus, seals can become infected by CDV. In some CDV outbreaks including the mass mortalities among Baikal and Caspian seals and large felids in the Serengeti Park, terrestrial carnivores including dogs and wolves have been suspected as vectors for the infectious agent. In addition, lethal infections have been described in non-carnivore species such as peccaries and non-human primates demonstrating the remarkable ability of the pathogen to cross species barriers. Mutations affecting the CDV H protein required for virus attachment to host-cell receptors are associated with virulence and disease emergence in novel host species. The broad and expanding host range of CDV and its maintenance within wildlife reservoir hosts considerably hampers disease eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Beineke
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, D-30559 Hanover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hanover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, D-30559 Hanover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hanover, Germany
| | - Peter Wohlsein
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, D-30559 Hanover, Germany
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Ludlow M, Rennick LJ, Nambulli S, de Swart RL, Duprex WP. Using the ferret model to study morbillivirus entry, spread, transmission and cross-species infection. Curr Opin Virol 2013; 4:15-23. [PMID: 24525290 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is an animal morbillivirus with a worldwide circulation that infects carnivores, including domestic dogs and an assortment of wildlife hosts. The development of reverse genetics systems for wild-type strains of CDV and the use of the resulting recombinant (r) viruses to infect ferrets by a natural route has shed new light on the temporal pathogenesis of distemper. Combining fluorescent protein expressing recombinant viruses and multimodal, macroscopic and microscopic imaging modalities has highlighted the differential role of the cellular receptors CD150 and PVRL4 in disease progression. This in turn has enabled pathways of viral spread, including multiple routes of entry into the central nervous system, to be mapped with unparalleled sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Ludlow
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Linda J Rennick
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Sham Nambulli
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Rik L de Swart
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W Paul Duprex
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA; School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK.
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