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Hart KA, Kimura S. Pharmacologic Interventions to Immunologic and Immune-Mediated Conditions in Horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2024; 40:307-339. [PMID: 38852015 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2024.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunomodulators can stimulate, suppress, or regulate one or many aspects of the immune response. Use of a variety of immunostimulants, immunosuppressors, and anti-inflammatory drugs are described in horses, but the evidence supporting their efficacy is variable. Corticosteroids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the best characterized immunomodulators in horses, but further study is needed to fully define their ideal dosing protocols and indications and to characterize the efficacy of other immunomodulators in equine medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey A Hart
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, 2200 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Shune Kimura
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, 2200 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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2
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Munday JS, Knight CG, Luff JA. Papillomaviral skin diseases of humans, dogs, cats and horses: A comparative review. Part 2: Pre-neoplastic and neoplastic diseases. Vet J 2022; 288:105898. [PMID: 36152994 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2022.105898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Papillomaviruses (PVs) are well recognized to cause pre-neoplastic and neoplastic diseases in humans. Similarly, there is increasing evidence that PVs play a significant role in the development of pre-neoplastic and neoplastic diseases of the haired skin of dogs and cats, and the mucosa of horses. As the mechanisms by which PVs cause neoplasia are well studied in humans, it is valuable to compare the PV-induced neoplasms of humans with similar PV-associated neoplasms in the companion animal species. In the second part of this comparative review, the pre-neoplastic and neoplastic diseases thought to be caused by PVs in humans, dogs, cats, and horses are described. This includes PV-induced cutaneous plaques, cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) and mucosal SCCs within the four species. The review concludes with a discussion about the potential use of vaccines to prevent PV-induced diseases of dogs, cats, and horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Munday
- Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Cameron G Knight
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jennifer A Luff
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Peters-Kennedy J, Lange CE, Ortved K. Progression of aural plaques to squamous cell carcinoma in a horse. Vet Dermatol 2020; 31:397-400. [PMID: 33463825 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aural plaques are associated with and thought to be caused by one or more Equus caballus papillomaviruses (EcPV). Aural plaques have not previously been reported to be associated with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To describe a horse with aural plaques and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) on the right pinna. ANIMALS A 28-year-old thoroughbred gelding presented for multiple plaques and a mass on the right pinna. METHODS AND MATERIALS Pinnal resection, histopathological investigation, multiple conventional PCRs for papillomavirus DNA and Sanger sequencing were performed. RESULTS Multiple, raised, pale tan, fronded plaques covered 60% of the concave surface of the right pinna. Focally these plaques coalesced into an exophytic ulcerated mass near the base of the pinna. Multiple aural plaques and a SCC were diagnosed histopathologically. EcPV4 was detected via PCR in a sample of the SCC. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE This report demonstrates the possibility of malignant transformation from aural plaques to SCC on the pinna of a horse. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of EcPV4 associated with SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanine Peters-Kennedy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Christian E Lange
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Metabiota, Inc, 1611 Bowen Road, Nanaimo, British Columbia, V9S 1G5, Canada
| | - Kyla Ortved
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, 382 West Street Rd., Kennett Square, PA, 19348, USA
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Mira J, Herman M, Zakia LS, Olivo G, Araújo JP, Borges AS, Oliveira-Filho JP. Frequency of Equus caballus papillomavirus in equine aural plaques. J Vet Diagn Invest 2018; 30:565-568. [PMID: 29601778 DOI: 10.1177/1040638717753495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the reported association between aural plaques and the presence of Equus caballus papillomavirus (EcPV), there are few data regarding the distribution of viral types in different geographic regions or possible correlations for different papillomaviruses and lesion characteristics. We detected the presence and frequency of EcPV (1-7) DNA in aural plaque biopsies of horses from different regions of Brazil and identified the patterns of these infections or coinfections and their possible association with lesion severity. A total of 108 aural plaque biopsies from horses in the 5 geopolitical regions of Brazil were examined. We performed PCR to detect EcPV DNA in the biopsies. At least 1 type of EcPV was detected in 97% of the samples. EcPV coinfection was observed in 59% of the samples. Compared to the other viruses, EcPV-4 was found at the highest frequency in coinfection (84%) or individually identified (32%). EcPV-2 and -7 were not detected. No significant association was found between lesion characteristics (type and distribution) and either the viral type detected or the presence of coinfection. EcPV is widely distributed in Brazil, both isolated and in coinfection; the viral type does not appear to influence the clinical characteristics of equine aural plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Mira
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (Mira, Herman, Zakia, Olivo, Borges, Oliveira-Filho), Botucatu, Brazil.,Institute of Biosciences (Araújo Jr), Botucatu, Brazil.,São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, Brazil.,Research Group in Veterinary Medicine - GIVET, School of Veterinary Medicine, Unilasallista-Corporación Universitaria Lasallista, Caldas-Antioquia, Colombia (Mira)
| | - Mariana Herman
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (Mira, Herman, Zakia, Olivo, Borges, Oliveira-Filho), Botucatu, Brazil.,Institute of Biosciences (Araújo Jr), Botucatu, Brazil.,São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, Brazil.,Research Group in Veterinary Medicine - GIVET, School of Veterinary Medicine, Unilasallista-Corporación Universitaria Lasallista, Caldas-Antioquia, Colombia (Mira)
| | - Luiza S Zakia
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (Mira, Herman, Zakia, Olivo, Borges, Oliveira-Filho), Botucatu, Brazil.,Institute of Biosciences (Araújo Jr), Botucatu, Brazil.,São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, Brazil.,Research Group in Veterinary Medicine - GIVET, School of Veterinary Medicine, Unilasallista-Corporación Universitaria Lasallista, Caldas-Antioquia, Colombia (Mira)
| | - Giovane Olivo
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (Mira, Herman, Zakia, Olivo, Borges, Oliveira-Filho), Botucatu, Brazil.,Institute of Biosciences (Araújo Jr), Botucatu, Brazil.,São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, Brazil.,Research Group in Veterinary Medicine - GIVET, School of Veterinary Medicine, Unilasallista-Corporación Universitaria Lasallista, Caldas-Antioquia, Colombia (Mira)
| | - João P Araújo
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (Mira, Herman, Zakia, Olivo, Borges, Oliveira-Filho), Botucatu, Brazil.,Institute of Biosciences (Araújo Jr), Botucatu, Brazil.,São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, Brazil.,Research Group in Veterinary Medicine - GIVET, School of Veterinary Medicine, Unilasallista-Corporación Universitaria Lasallista, Caldas-Antioquia, Colombia (Mira)
| | - Alexandre S Borges
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (Mira, Herman, Zakia, Olivo, Borges, Oliveira-Filho), Botucatu, Brazil.,Institute of Biosciences (Araújo Jr), Botucatu, Brazil.,São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, Brazil.,Research Group in Veterinary Medicine - GIVET, School of Veterinary Medicine, Unilasallista-Corporación Universitaria Lasallista, Caldas-Antioquia, Colombia (Mira)
| | - José P Oliveira-Filho
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (Mira, Herman, Zakia, Olivo, Borges, Oliveira-Filho), Botucatu, Brazil.,Institute of Biosciences (Araújo Jr), Botucatu, Brazil.,São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, Brazil.,Research Group in Veterinary Medicine - GIVET, School of Veterinary Medicine, Unilasallista-Corporación Universitaria Lasallista, Caldas-Antioquia, Colombia (Mira)
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Sykora S, Brandt S. Papillomavirus infection and squamous cell carcinoma in horses. Vet J 2017; 223:48-54. [PMID: 28671071 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a common disease that seriously impairs the health and welfare of affected horses and other equids. In humans, almost all cervical carcinomas, a high percentage of anogenital SCCs and a subset of SCCs of the head and neck are caused by high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) infection. Since hrHPV-induced human cancers and equine SCC have similar cytological and histopathological features, it has been hypothesised that equine SCCs could also be induced by papillomaviruses. This review provides an overview of the current evidence for an aetiological association between papillomavirus infections and equine SCCs and SCC precursor lesions. SCC of apparently papillomavirus-unrelated aetiology are also discussed, as are recent advances in equine SCC prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Sykora
- Research Group Oncology, Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Brandt
- Research Group Oncology, Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
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