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Zhou X, Hohman A, Hsu WH. Review of extralabel use of isoxazolines for treatment of demodicosis in dogs and cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2020; 256:1342-1346. [PMID: 32459587 DOI: 10.2460/javma.256.12.1342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Amitraz is presently the only FDA-approved treatment for demodicosis in dogs in the United States. Amitraz treatment involves a protracted course of administration and risks of severe adverse effects such as sedation, bradycardia, and respiratory depression, which are caused by activation of α2-adrenergic receptors. Other treatment options include macrocyclic lactones and lime sulfur, but these products have varied efficacy and high risks of adverse effects. Several recent studies have indicated that isoxazolines are capable of reducing Demodex mite counts in canine and feline patients with demodicosis by ≥ 99% in as little as 1 month with few adverse effects. This article reviews the status of isoxazolines in regard to labeled uses in dogs and cats in the United States, extralabel clinical use for treatment of demodicosis in these species, and safety of orally administered formulations of these drugs.
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Rust MK. Recent Advancements in the Control of Cat Fleas. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11100668. [PMID: 33003488 PMCID: PMC7600267 DOI: 10.3390/insects11100668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The cat flea Ctenocephalides felis felis is the most important pest of domesticated cats and dogs worldwide. This review covers the recent advancements in the control of cat fleas. Over the years, there has been an interest in using ecologically friendly approaches to control fleas. To date, no biological, natural, or cultural means have been discovered that mitigate flea infestations. The recent registration of novel topical and oral therapies promises a new revolution in the control of fleas and ticks and the diseases associated with them. Abstract With the advent of imidacloprid and fipronil spot-on treatments and the oral ingestion of lufenuron, the strategies and methods to control cat fleas dramatically changed during the last 25 years. New innovations and new chemistries have highlighted this progress. Control strategies are no longer based on the tripartite approach of treating the pet, the indoor environment, and outdoors. The ability of modern therapies to break the cat flea life cycle and prevent reproduction has allowed for the stand-alone treatments that are applied or given to the pet. In doing so, we have not only controlled the cat flea, but we have prevented or reduced the impact of many of the diseases associated with ectoparasites and endoparasites of cats and dogs. This review provides an update of newer and non-conventional approaches to control cat fleas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Rust
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Mueller RS, Rosenkrantz W, Bensignor E, Karaś-Tęcza J, Paterson T, Shipstone MA. Diagnosis and treatment of demodicosis in dogs and cats: Clinical consensus guidelines of the World Association for Veterinary Dermatology. Vet Dermatol 2020; 31:5-27. [PMID: 31957202 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Demodicosis is a common disease in small animal veterinary practice worldwide with a variety of diagnostic and therapeutic options. OBJECTIVES To provide consensus recommendations on the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of demodicosis in dogs and cats. METHODS AND MATERIALS The authors served as a Guideline Panel (GP) and reviewed the literature available before December 2018. The GP prepared a detailed literature review and made recommendations on selected topics. A draft of the document was presented at the North American Veterinary Dermatology Forum in Maui, HI, USA (May 2018) and at the European Veterinary Dermatology Congress in Dubrovnik, Croatia (September 2018) and was made available via the World Wide Web to the member organizations of the World Association for Veterinary Dermatology for a period of three months. Comments were solicited and responses were incorporated into the final document. CONCLUSIONS In young dogs with generalized demodicosis, genetic and immunological factors seem to play a role in the pathogenesis and affected dogs should not be bred. In old dogs and cats, underlying immunosuppressive conditions contributing to demodicosis should be explored. Deep skin scrapings are the diagnostic gold standard for demodicosis, but trichograms and tape squeeze preparations may also be useful under certain circumstances. Amitraz, macrocyclic lactones and more recently isoxazolines have all demonstrated good efficacy in the treatment of canine demodicosis. Therapeutic selection should be guided by local drug legislation, drug availability and individual case parameters. Evidence for successful treatment of feline demodicosis is strongest for lime sulfur dips and amitraz baths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf S Mueller
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstraße 13, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Emmanuel Bensignor
- Dermatology Referral Service, 75003, Paris, 35510 Cesson-Sévigné, and 44000, Nantes, France
| | - Joanna Karaś-Tęcza
- Dermawet Dermatology Service for Dogs and Cats, Odyńca 37 lok.1/2, 02-606, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Tara Paterson
- Small Animal Medicine & Surgery Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, PO Box #7, St George's, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Michael A Shipstone
- Dermatology for Animals, 263 Appleby Road, Stafford Heights, Brisbane, Queensland, 4053, Australia
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Bianco C, Baker KS, Pazzini L, Cafiso A, Suu-Ire RD, Cunningham AA, Wood JLN, Nuñez A. Demodicosis in a captive African straw-coloured fruit bat (Eidolon helvum). EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2019; 78:547-554. [PMID: 31289968 PMCID: PMC7610979 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-019-00399-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Demodicosis is most frequently observed in the domestic dog (Canis familiaris), but it has rarely been reported in bats (Chiroptera). The overpopulation of Demodex spp. that causes dermatological changes is generally associated with a compromised immune system. We describe the gross and histological features of generalized demodicosis in an adult female African straw-coloured fruit bat (Eidolon helvum) drawn from a captive research colony. The histology of the lesions revealed comedones and follicular infundubular cysts harbouring numerous Demodex spp. mites, eliciting a minimal inflammatory response in the adjacent dermis. The histological examination of a full set of tissues did not reveal clear evidence of immunosuppression, although a clinical history of recent abortion and possible stressors due to captivity could be considered risk factors for the demodicosis. Attempts to determine the Demodex species using PCR on DNA extracted from the formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue failed. This is the first clinical and histological description of demodicosis in Eidolon helvum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Bianco
- Pathology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.
- Pathology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Lasswade), Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, UK.
| | - Kate S Baker
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Luca Pazzini
- La Vallonea Veterinary Laboratory, Via Sirtori 9, 20017, Passirana di Rho, Milano, MI, Italy
| | - Alessandra Cafiso
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Via Celoria 10, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Richard D Suu-Ire
- Wildlife Division, Forestry Commission, Box M239, Accra, Ghana
- Veterinary Services, Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Box M161, Accra, Ghana
| | - Andrew A Cunningham
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
| | - James L N Wood
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Alejandro Nuñez
- Pathology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
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Djuric M, Milcic Matic N, Davitkov D, Glavinic U, Davitkov D, Vejnovic B, Stanimirovic Z. Efficacy of oral fluralaner for the treatment of canine generalized demodicosis: a molecular-level confirmation. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:270. [PMID: 31138280 PMCID: PMC6537169 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3521-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine generalized demodicosis is a common parasitic disease caused by the proliferation of Demodex mites. The introduction of isoxazoline class treatments in veterinary dermatology has resulted in apparently effective treatment of generalized demodicosis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of fluralaner for the treatment of canine generalized demodicosis using real-time PCR for the detection and quantification of Demodex DNA. METHODS Twenty privately owned dogs with clinical symptoms of generalized demodicosis and deep skin scrapings positive for Demodex canis mites were enrolled in the study. Following diagnosis (day 0) each dog was treated with fluralaner at the recommended commercial dose for tick and flea treatment (25-56 mg/kg) based on body weight. Clinical and mite count assessments, and hair sampling for molecular analyses were performed on days 0, 28, 56, 84 and 112. Demodex DNA was detected and quantified using real-time PCR. RESULTS A single oral dose of fluralaner reduced Demodex mite counts in skin scrapings by an average of 98.9% in all dogs by day 28. No mites were recovered from skin scrapings from any treated dog by day 56, at which time the dog was considered to be clinically cured, with total hair regrowth. There were significant differences among examined dogs in qPCR cycle threshold (Ct) values on days 0, 28, 56, 84 and 112. Demodex DNA levels decreased (increasing Ct values) throughout the study. Mite DNA was present on day 112, possibly from dead mites, at values significantly lower than in samples taken on days 0, 28 and 56. Based on qPCR testing of diluted samples, the Demodex mite population was reduced by approximately 1000-fold on day 112. CONCLUSIONS Oral administration of fluralaner at the recommended dose to dogs with generalized demodicosis is highly effective for reducing Demodex mite populations and resolving clinical signs of generalized demodicosis. The presence of mite DNA may indicate that treatment did not kill all Demodex mites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos Djuric
- Department of Equine, Small Animal, Poultry and Wild Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bul. oslobodjenja 18, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Natalija Milcic Matic
- Department of Equine, Small Animal, Poultry and Wild Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bul. oslobodjenja 18, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Darko Davitkov
- Department of Equine, Small Animal, Poultry and Wild Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bul. oslobodjenja 18, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Uros Glavinic
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bul. oslobodjenja 18, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dajana Davitkov
- Department of Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bul. oslobodjenja 18, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Branislav Vejnovic
- Department of Economics and Statistics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bul. oslobodjenja 18, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zoran Stanimirovic
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bul. oslobodjenja 18, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
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Fourie JJ, Meyer L, Thomas E. Efficacy of topically administered fluralaner or imidacloprid/moxidectin on dogs with generalised demodicosis. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:59. [PMID: 30683143 PMCID: PMC6346496 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3230-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Canine demodicosis is classified as localised or generalised according to the extent of the disease. Chronic generalised demodicosis is a difficult skin disease to treat and unlikely to resolve without therapy. This laboratory study compared the efficacy of two topical spot-on medications, fluralaner or a combination of imidacloprid and moxidectin, against naturally acquired generalised demodicosis in dogs. Methods Sixteen client-owned dogs with naturally acquired generalised demodicosis were randomly allocated to 1 of 2 study groups consisting of 8 dogs each. On Day 0, dogs in 1 group were treated once with fluralaner spot-on solution. Dogs in the other group were treated with the imidacloprid/moxidectin spot-on solution on 3 occasions (Days 0, 28 and 56) or weekly in severe cases. Mites were counted in skin scrapings and demodectic lesions were evaluated on each dog before treatment, and at 28-day intervals over the 12-week period. Deep skin scrapings were made from the same 5 sites on each dog at each examination. Results After administration of fluralaner, miticidal efficacy was 99.7% at Day 28, > 99.9% at Day 56 and 100% at Day 84. Efficacy in dogs treated topically with the imidacloprid and moxidectin combination, was 9.8% at Day 28, 45.4% at Day 56 and 0% at Day 84, and was significantly (P < 0.01) lower than the fluralaner treated group at each post-treatment time point. Conclusions A single topical administration of fluralaner eliminated Demodex sp. mites on dogs with generalised demodicosis. Topical imidacloprid/moxidectin combination treatment administered 3 times at 28-day intervals, or more frequently, did not eliminate mites from most treated dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephus J Fourie
- Clinvet International (Pty) Ltd, Uitzich Road, Bainsvlei, Bloemfontein, South Africa.
| | - Leon Meyer
- Clinvet Morocco, Douar Dbabej, Beni Yekhlef, 28815, Mohammedia, Morocco
| | - Emmanuel Thomas
- MSD Animal Health Innovation GmbH, GmbH, Zur Propstei, 55270, Schwabenheim, Germany
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Lebon W, Beccati M, Bourdeau P, Brement T, Bruet V, Cekiera A, Crosaz O, Darmon C, Guillot J, Mosca M, Pin D, Popiel J, Pomorska Handwerker D, Larsen D, Tielemans E, Beugnet F, Halos L. Efficacy of two formulations of afoxolaner (NexGard® and NexGard Spectra®) for the treatment of generalised demodicosis in dogs, in veterinary dermatology referral centers in Europe. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:506. [PMID: 30201031 PMCID: PMC6131853 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3083-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A multi-centre field trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of afoxolaner based chewables (NexGard® or NexGard Spectra®) for the treatment of generalised demodicosis caused by Demodex canis in dogs under field conditions in France, Italy and Poland. Methods Client-owned dogs, diagnosed positive for Demodex mites by pre-treatment skin scrapings and presenting clinical signs of generalised demodicosis were included. Dogs were orally treated with afoxolaner three times at monthly intervals. Of the 50 dogs enrolled, 48 completed the whole study. Efficacy of the treatments was assessed monthly by Demodex mite counts and physical examination with special regard to the severity and extension of skin lesions. Results Treatments were well tolerated in all dogs and resulted in a rapid reduction of mites, with all post-treatment mite counts significantly lower than baseline. The number of mites was reduced by 87.6%, 96.5% and 98.1% on Days 28, 56 and 84, respectively. In addition, the skin lesion severity and extent scores as well as the pruritus were all significantly lower at all post-treatment visits compared to the pre-treatment assessment. Conclusions This clinical field study demonstrated that monthly administrations of afoxolaner in NexGard® or NexGard Spectra®, offered a convenient and reliable solution for the treatment of canine generalised demodicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfried Lebon
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, CRSV, 805 Allée des Cyprès, 01150, Saint-Vulbas, France.,Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 29 avenue Tony Garnier, 69007, Lyon, France
| | - Massimo Beccati
- Centro Medico Veterinario ADDA, Via Roma, 3, 24042, Capriate San Gervasio, Italy
| | - Patrick Bourdeau
- Unité de Dermatologie, Parasitologie des Carnivores et des Equidés, Mycologie, Ecole Vétérinaire de Nantes, Site de la Chantrerie d'Oniris - LUNAM, CS 40706 - 44307, Nantes Cedex 03, France
| | - Thomas Brement
- Unité de Dermatologie, Parasitologie des Carnivores et des Equidés, Mycologie, Ecole Vétérinaire de Nantes, Site de la Chantrerie d'Oniris - LUNAM, CS 40706 - 44307, Nantes Cedex 03, France
| | - Vincent Bruet
- Unité de Dermatologie, Parasitologie des Carnivores et des Equidés, Mycologie, Ecole Vétérinaire de Nantes, Site de la Chantrerie d'Oniris - LUNAM, CS 40706 - 44307, Nantes Cedex 03, France
| | - Agnieszka Cekiera
- Wroclaw University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Pl. Grunwaldzki 47, 50-366, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Odile Crosaz
- Unité de Parasitologie, Mycologie, Dermatologie, CHUVA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 94704, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Céline Darmon
- Unité de Parasitologie, Mycologie, Dermatologie, CHUVA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 94704, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Jacques Guillot
- Unité de Parasitologie, Mycologie, Dermatologie, CHUVA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 94704, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Marion Mosca
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Interaction Cellule Environnement, Unité de Dermatologie, 1, Avenue Bourgelat, 69280, Marcy-l'Etoile, France
| | - Didier Pin
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Interaction Cellule Environnement, Unité de Dermatologie, 1, Avenue Bourgelat, 69280, Marcy-l'Etoile, France
| | - Jaroslaw Popiel
- Wroclaw University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Pl. Grunwaldzki 47, 50-366, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Diane Larsen
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, Duluth, GA, 30096-4640, USA
| | - Eric Tielemans
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, CRSV, 805 Allée des Cyprès, 01150, Saint-Vulbas, France
| | - Frédéric Beugnet
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 29 avenue Tony Garnier, 69007, Lyon, France
| | - Lénaïg Halos
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 29 avenue Tony Garnier, 69007, Lyon, France.
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Morita T, Momota Y, Mori A, Oda H, Ike K, Sako T. Successful treatment of refractory demodicosis and transient papules with a single dose of fluralaner in a dog with uncontrolled severe endocrine disease. J Vet Med Sci 2018. [PMID: 29515061 PMCID: PMC5938199 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A 12-year-old female Shih-Tzu with hyperadrenocorticism and hypothyroidism developed
concurrent refractory generalized demodicosis that did not respond to doramectin
treatment. Although amitraz treatment was effective, the dog developed severe diabetes,
which resulted in the cessation of amitraz and trilostane. Attempts to control the
diabetes were unsuccessful, and its hyperadrenocorticism was left untreated, leading to
the recurrence of demodicosis. However, demodicosis went into complete remission with a
single dose of fluralaner. Transient erythematous papules appeared on the trunk three days
after the administration of fluralaner, but no other adverse reactions were noted. We
demonstrated that fluralaner is a potent treatment for demodicosis, and skin eruptions are
possible after the first dose of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsushi Morita
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Yutaka Momota
- Department of Veterinary Nursing, School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Akihiro Mori
- Department of Veterinary Nursing, School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Hitomi Oda
- Department of Veterinary Nursing, School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Kazunori Ike
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Toshinori Sako
- Department of Veterinary Nursing, School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
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