1
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The Middle Ear Microbiota in Healthy Dogs Is Similar to That of the External Ear Canal. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10030216. [PMID: 36977255 PMCID: PMC10058799 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10030216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Otitis media can be a consequence of chronic otitis externa and could represent a perpetuating factor. While the microbiota of the EEC in healthy dogs and in the presence of otitis externa has been described, only sparse information is available concerning the normal microbiota of the middle ear. The objective was to compare the tympanic bulla (TB) with the external ear canal (EEC) microbiota in healthy dogs. Six healthy experimental Beagle dogs were selected based on the absence of otitis externa, negative cytology and bacterial culture from the TB. Samples from the EEC and TB were collected directly after death using a total ear canal ablation and lateral bulla osteotomy. The hypervariable segment V1–V3 of the 16S rDNA was amplified and sequenced with a MiSeq Illumina. The sequences were analyzed by the Mothur software using the SILVA database. No significant differences between the EEC and TB microbiota for the Chao1 richness index (p = 0.6544), the Simpson evenness index (p = 0.4328) and the reciprocal Simpson alpha diversity (p = 0.4313) were noted (Kruskal-Wallis test). A significant difference (p = 0.009) for the Chao1 richness index between the right and left EEC was observed. The microbiota profile was similar in the EEC and the TB of the Beagles.
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2
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Leonard C, Thiry D, Taminiau B, Daube G, Fontaine J. External Ear Canal Evaluation in Dogs with Chronic Suppurative Otitis Externa: Comparison of Direct Cytology, Bacterial Culture and 16S Amplicon Profiling. Vet Sci 2022; 9:366. [PMID: 35878383 PMCID: PMC9324598 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9070366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A discrepancy between cytology and bacterial culture methods is sometimes observed in canine otitis externa. The objective of this study was to compare results from cytology, bacterial culture and 16S amplicon profiling. Twenty samples from 16 dogs with chronic suppurative otitis externa were collected. A direct cytological evaluation was carried out during the consultations. Aerobic bacterial culture and susceptibility were performed by an external laboratory used in routine practice. For 16S amplicon profiling, DNA was extracted and the hypervariable segment V1−V3 of the 16S rDNA was amplified and then sequenced with a MiSeq Illumina sequence carried out by the Mothur software using the SILVA database. A good correlation between cytology and bacterial culture was observed in 60% of the samples. Some bacterial species revealed by bacterial culture were present with low relative abundance (<10%) in 16S amplicon profiling. Some bacterial species revealed by the 16S amplicon profiling analysis were not identified with culture; most of the time, the offending species was a Corynebacterium. To conclude, a careful interpretation of the results of bacterial culture should be made and always be in agreement with the cytology. The 16S amplicon profiling method appears to be a more sensitive method for detecting strains present in suppurative otitis but does not provide information on bacterial susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Leonard
- Department for Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium;
| | - Damien Thiry
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium;
| | - Bernard Taminiau
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal & Health (FARAH), Food Science Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine B43b, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium; (B.T.); (G.D.)
| | - Georges Daube
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal & Health (FARAH), Food Science Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine B43b, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium; (B.T.); (G.D.)
| | - Jacques Fontaine
- Department for Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium;
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3
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Hobi S, Cafarchia C, Romano V, Barrs VR. Malassezia: Zoonotic Implications, Parallels and Differences in Colonization and Disease in Humans and Animals. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8070708. [PMID: 35887463 PMCID: PMC9324274 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malassezia spp. are commensals of the skin, oral/sinonasal cavity, lower respiratory and gastrointestinal tract. Eighteen species have been recovered from humans, other mammals and birds. They can also be isolated from diverse environments, suggesting an evolutionary trajectory of adaption from an ecological niche in plants and soil to the mucocutaneous ecosystem of warm-blooded vertebrates. In humans, dogs and cats, Malassezia-associated dermatological conditions share some commonalities. Otomycosis is common in companion animals but is rare in humans. Systemic infections, which are increasingly reported in humans, have yet to be recognized in animals. Malassezia species have also been identified as pathogenetic contributors to some chronic human diseases. While Malassezia species are host-adapted, some species are zoophilic and can cause fungemia, with outbreaks in neonatal intensive care wards associated with temporary colonization of healthcare worker’s hands from contact with their pets. Although standardization is lacking, susceptibility testing is usually performed using a modified broth microdilution method. Antifungal susceptibility can vary depending on Malassezia species, body location, infection type, disease duration, presence of co-morbidities and immunosuppression. Antifungal resistance mechanisms include biofilm formation, mutations or overexpression of ERG11, overexpression of efflux pumps and gene rearrangements or overexpression in chromosome 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hobi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence: (S.H.); (V.R.B.)
| | - Claudia Cafarchia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Str. prov. per Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, (Bari), 70010, Italy; (C.C.); (V.R.)
| | - Valentina Romano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Str. prov. per Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, (Bari), 70010, Italy; (C.C.); (V.R.)
| | - Vanessa R. Barrs
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Animal Health and Welfare, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence: (S.H.); (V.R.B.)
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4
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Díaz L, Castellá G, Bragulat MR, Paytuví-Gallart A, Sanseverino W, Cabañes FJ. Study of the variation of the Malassezia load in the interdigital fold of dogs with pododermatitis. Vet Res Commun 2022; 47:385-396. [PMID: 35704160 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-09951-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The yeast Malassezia pachydermatis is a common inhabitant of the skin and mucosae of dogs. However, under certain circumstances this yeast can overgrow and act as an opportunistic pathogen causing otitis and dermatitis in dogs. Canine pododermatitis is a common disorder in dogs in which M. pachydermatis acts as an opportunistic pathogen. In the present study, the presence of Malassezia yeasts was assessed and quantified in samples collected from the interdigital space of dogs with pododermatitis before and after treatment, and from healthy dogs. The samples were subjected to two different cytological examinations, culture on Sabouraud glucose agar and modified Dixon's agar and a quantitative PCR targeting the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) genomic region. A selection of samples was analyzed by next generation sequencing (NGS) using the D1D2 domain of the large subunit of the ribosomal DNA as target. The pododermatitis samples before treatment showed higher cell counts, colony-forming units and ITS copies than the rest of samples. The NGS analysis revealed that Ascomycota was the main phylum in the healthy and post-treatment samples. However, Basidiomycota and M. pachydermatis was more abundant in the pododermatitis samples before treatment. These results support M. pachydermatis as an opportunistic agent in canine pododermatitis by a variety of methods, and demonstrate the correlation between cytologic and molecular methods for quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyna Díaz
- Veterinary Mycology Group, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Gemma Castellá
- Veterinary Mycology Group, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - M Rosa Bragulat
- Veterinary Mycology Group, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | | | - F Javier Cabañes
- Veterinary Mycology Group, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
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5
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Prior CD, Moodley A, Karama M, Malahlela MN, Leisewitz A. Prevalence of methicillin resistance in
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius
isolates from dogs with skin and ear infections in South Africa. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2022. [DOI: 10.36303/jsava.2022.93.1.505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- CD Prior
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria,
South Africa
| | - A Moodley
- International Livestock Research Institute,
Kenya
| | - M Karama
- Veterinary Public Health Section, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria,
South Africa
| | - MN Malahlela
- Veterinary Public Health Section, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria,
South Africa
| | - A Leisewitz
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria,
South Africa
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Clinical and Microbiological Performances and Effects on Lipid and Cytokine Production of a Ceruminolytic Ear Cleaner in Canine Erythemato-Ceruminous Otitis Externa. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9040185. [PMID: 35448682 PMCID: PMC9031221 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9040185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythemato-ceruminous otitis externa (ECOE) is the most common type of otitis in dogs and is generally associated with bacterial and/or yeast infections. The performance of an ear cleaner was assessed over two weeks in canine ECOE, associated with a mild or moderate secondary infection, in a prospective open-label study. Forty ear canals with ECOE that did not receive any type of aural treatment and were not cleaned for 7 days were included. Pruritus (PS), 0−3 Otitis Index Score (OTIS-3) and 0−4 scale cytology (CYTO) scores were assessed on Day (D) 0, D7 and D14. Concentrations of a panel of 13 cytokines on the ear canal surface and the lipid profile of the exudate were measured on D0 and D14. From D0 to D12 or D13, the dogs’ ears were cleaned daily if the secretion score (SEC) was 3/3, every second day if the score was 2/3 and every third day if the score was 1/3. PS, OTIS-3, SEC and CYTO were significantly lower on D7 compared to baseline (−40%, −31%, −36%, −34%, respectively; p < 0.0001). The same parameters decreased further on D14 (−60%, −53%, −61%, −73%, respectively; p < 0.0001) and amounts of interleukin 8 and chemokine KC-like were also reduced compared to baseline (−45%, p < 0.01; −36%, p = 0.3, respectively). The lipid profile was also modified, with a decrease in free lipids and an increase in bound lipids.
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7
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Rexo A, Hansen B, Clarsund M, Krumbeck JA, Bernstein J. Effect of topical medication on the nasomaxillary skin-fold microbiome in French bulldogs. Vet Dermatol 2021; 33:10-e5. [PMID: 34668256 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Host-microbe interactions may influence dermatitis pathogenesis in the nasomaxillary folds of French bulldogs, which is often complicated by secondary bacterial and fungal infections. OBJECTIVE To assess the skin-fold microbiome in systemically healthy French bulldogs and to determine the influence of topical medications on this microbiome. ANIMALS Nineteen healthy French bulldogs. METHODS AND MATERIALS Next-generation DNA sequencing was applied to characterise the microbiome composition in the nasomaxillary folds of systemically healthy French bulldogs. Subsequently, the effect of two topical products on the fold microbiome was assessed. Seven dogs were treated with a protease product (Kalzyme; enzyme) that inhibits biofilm formation without biocidal activity, six dogs were treated with a 2% chlorhexidine diacetate solution (Nolvasan; CHX) with biocidal activity, and six dogs were untreated. Dogs were randomly assigned to each group, and the investigator was blinded. RESULTS The primary skin bacterial phyla inhabiting the folds at inclusion were Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria. The primary skin fungal phyla were Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Topical treatment increased the diversity of bacterial and fungal compositions over time (increase in microbial diversity score: enzyme 38%, chlorhexidine 11%, control <5%) and the relative abundance of pathogens reduced significantly (enzyme, P = 0.028; CHX, P = 0.048). A clear correlation (r2 = 0.83) was observed between the abundance of clinically relevant pathogens and microbial diversity. CONCLUSIONS The nasomaxillary skin-fold microbiome of healthy French bulldogs contained a high abundance of clinically relevant pathogens (mean 36.4%). Topical therapy with enzyme increased microbial diversity of skin folds and reduced the relative abundance of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa Rexo
- Dermatology and Allergy Services for Animals, Springfield, VA, 22150, USA
| | - Bruce Hansen
- Dermatology and Allergy Services for Animals, Springfield, VA, 22150, USA
| | - Mats Clarsund
- Division of Biotechnology, Lund University, Lund, 223 63, Sweden
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8
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Pereira AM, Clemente A. Dogs' Microbiome From Tip to Toe. Top Companion Anim Med 2021; 45:100584. [PMID: 34509665 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2021.100584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Microbiota and microbiome, which refers, respectively, to the microorganisms and conjoint of microorganisms and genes are known to live in symbiosis with hosts, being implicated in health and disease. The advancements and cost reduction associated with high-throughput sequencing techniques have allowed expanding the knowledge of microbial communities in several species, including dogs. Throughout their body, dogs harbor distinct microbial communities according to the location (e.g., skin, ear canal, conjunctiva, respiratory tract, genitourinary tract, gut), which have been a target of study mostly in the last couple of years. Although there might be a core microbiota for different body sites, shared by dogs, it is likely influenced by intrinsic factors such as age, breed, and sex, but also by extrinsic factors such as the environment (e.g., lifestyle, urban vs rural), and diet. It starts to become clear that some medical conditions are mediated by alterations in microbiota namely dysbiosis. Moreover, understanding microbial colonization and function can be used to prevent medical conditions, for instance, modulation of gut microbiota of puppies is more effective to ensure a healthy gut than interventions in adults. This paper gathers current knowledge of dogs' microbial communities, exploring their function, implications in the development of diseases, and potential interactions among communities while providing hints for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Margarida Pereira
- University of the Azores, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Research and Technology (IITAA). Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, Azores, Portugal.
| | - Alfonso Clemente
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry in Animal Nutrition, Estacion Experimental del Zaidin, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Granada, Spain
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9
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O'Neill DG, Volk AV, Soares T, Church DB, Brodbelt DC, Pegram C. Frequency and predisposing factors for canine otitis externa in the UK - a primary veterinary care epidemiological view. Canine Med Genet 2021; 8:7. [PMID: 34488894 PMCID: PMC8422687 DOI: 10.1186/s40575-021-00106-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Otitis externa is a commonly diagnosed disorder in dogs and can carry a high welfare impact on affected animals. This study aimed to report the prevalence and explore the role of breed and aural conformation as predisposing factors for canine otitis externa in the UK. The study used a cohort design of dogs under UK primary veterinary care at clinics participating in the VetCompass Programme during 2016. Risk factor analysis used multivariable logistic regression modelling. RESULTS The study included a random sample of 22,333 dogs from an overall population of 905,554 dogs under veterinary care in 2016. The one-year period prevalence of otitis externa was 7.30% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 6.97 to 7.65). Breed and ear carriage were the highest ranked risk factors. Compared with crossbred dogs, sixteen breed types showed increased odds, including: Basset Hound (odds ratio [OR] 5.87), Chinese Shar Pei (OR 3.44), Labradoodle (OR 2.95), Beagle (OR 2.54) and Golden Retriever (OR 2.23). Four breeds showed protection (i.e. reduced odds) of otitis externa: Chihuahua (OR 0.20), Border Collie (OR 0.34), Yorkshire Terrier (OR 0.49) and Jack Russell Terrier (OR 0.52). Designer breed types overall had 1.63 times the odds (95% CI 1.31 to 2.03) compared with crossbred dogs. Compared with breeds with erect ear carriage, breeds with pendulous ear carriage had 1.76 times the odds (95% CI 1.48 to 2.10) and breeds with V-shaped drop ear carriage had 1.84 times the odds (95% CI 1.53 to 2.21) of otitis externa. CONCLUSIONS Breed itself and breed-associated ear carriage conformation are important predisposing factors for canine otitis externa. Greater awareness of these associations for both predisposed and protected breeds could support veterinary practitioners to promote cautious and low-harm approaches in their clinical advice on preventive care for otitis externa, especially in predisposed breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan G O'Neill
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts, AL9 7TA, UK.
| | - Andrea V Volk
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Teresa Soares
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - David B Church
- Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Dave C Brodbelt
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Camilla Pegram
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts, AL9 7TA, UK
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10
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Léonard C, Taminiau B, Ngo J, Fantini O, Daube G, Fontaine J. Preventive use of a topical anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid in atopic dogs without clinical sign of otitis does not affect ear canal microbiota and mycobiota. Vet Dermatol 2021; 32:355-e98. [PMID: 34033155 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Otitis externa is associated with a lack of bacterial/fungal diversity in atopic dermatitis. Clinical experience has shown that use of topical corticosteroids in the ear canal (EC) can prevent otitis. No data are available on the impact of this treatment on the EC microbiota. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To observe the bacterial/fungal diversity in the EC and the clinical effect of topical corticosteroids administered over a four week period in atopic dogs without active otitis. ANIMALS Ten atopic dogs without active otitis. METHODS AND MATERIALS Mometasone was applied in the right EC, while the left was used as control. A clinical and cytological evaluation of the EC was performed. Swabs of each EC were analysed using next-generation sequencing methods. RESULTS At the beginning of the trial, variations in microbiota and mycobiota were observed between dogs and also within individuals. Statistically, no significant difference was observed in alpha and beta diversity between the treated and the untreated group over time. Clinically, right and left EC diversities were no different at Day (D)28 (P = 0.28). A significant difference was noted between D0 and D28 for the treated ears (P = 0.012) and not for the untreated ears (P = 0.63). No cytological evidence of microbes was found for treated ECs at D28. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE These data suggest that the use of topical corticosteroids as proactive treatment is unlikely to increase the risk of secondary microbial overgrowth. The positive clinical effect of this proactive treatment seems to be supported through cytological and otoscopic improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Léonard
- Department for Clinical Sciences B67, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Liège, Quartier Vallée 2, B44, Boulevard de Colonster 3, Liège, 4000, Belgium
| | - Bernard Taminiau
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Fundamental and applied Research for Animals and Health center (FARAH), Université de Liège, Quartier Vallée 2, B42, Avenue de Cureghem 180, Liège, 4000, Belgium
| | - Jérome Ngo
- Animal Clinic, 425 avenue Brugmann, Brussels, 1180, Belgium
| | - Oscar Fantini
- Vetoquinol SA, 37 rue de la Victoire, Paris, 75009, France
| | - Georges Daube
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Fundamental and applied Research for Animals and Health center (FARAH), Université de Liège, Quartier Vallée 2, B42, Avenue de Cureghem 180, Liège, 4000, Belgium
| | - Jacques Fontaine
- Department for Clinical Sciences B67, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Liège, Quartier Vallée 2, B44, Boulevard de Colonster 3, Liège, 4000, Belgium
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11
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Walsh ML, Meason-Smith C, Arnold C, Suchodolski JS, Scott EM. Evaluation of the ocular surface mycobiota in clinically normal horses. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246537. [PMID: 33539431 PMCID: PMC7861450 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The eye is host to myriad bacterial, fungal, and viral organisms that likely influence ocular surface physiology in normal and diseased states. The ocular surface mycobiota of horses has not yet been described using NGS techniques. This study aimed to characterize the ocular surface fungal microbiota (mycobiota) in healthy horses in 2 environmental conditions (stalled versus pasture). Conjunctival swabs of both eyes were obtained from 7 adult stallions stabled in an open-air pavilion and 5 adult mares living on pasture. Genomic DNA was extracted from ocular surface swabs and sequenced using primers that target the Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 (ITS1) region of the fungal genome on an Illumina platform. Sequences were processed using Quantitative Insights Into Molecular Ecology (QIIME 2.0) and taxonomy assigned with the Findley et al. 2013 ITS1 database. The most abundant genera identified were Leptosphaerulina (22.7%), unclassified Pleosporaceae (17.3%), Cladosporium (16.2%), Alternaria (9.8%), unclassified Pleosporales (4.4%), unclassified Montagnulaceae (2.9%), Fusarium (2.5%), and Pestalotiopsis (1.4%). Fungal community composition (Jaccard, R = 0.460, p = 0.001) and structure (Bray-Curtis, R = 0.811, p = 0.001) were significantly different between pastured mares and stabled stallions. The ocular surface of pastured mares had significantly increased fungal species richness and diversity compared to stabled stallions (Shannon p = 0.0224, Chao1 p = 0.0118, Observed OTUs p = 0.0241). Relative abundances of Aspergillus (p = 0.005) and Alternaria spp. (p = 0.002) were significantly increased in the mycobiota of pastured mares. This is the first report to describe the mycobiota of the equine ocular surface. Environmental factors such as housing influence the composition, structure, and richness of the equine ocular surface mycobiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary L. Walsh
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Courtney Meason-Smith
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Carolyn Arnold
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jan S. Suchodolski
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Erin M. Scott
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
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12
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Díaz L, Castellá G, Bragulat MR, Martorell J, Paytuví-Gallart A, Sanseverino W, Cabañes FJ. External ear canal mycobiome of some rabbit breeds. Med Mycol 2020; 59:683-693. [PMID: 33369664 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myaa097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Malassezia is part of the normal skin mycobiota of a wide range of warm-blooded animals. In this genus, M. cuniculi is the only species described from rabbits. However, Malassezia species are rarely studied in lagomorphs. In the present study, the presence of Malassezia was assessed in samples from the external ear canal of healthy rabbits of different breeds. Cytological and culture techniques, Sanger sequencing, and Next-generation sequencing (NGS) were used to describe the ear mycobiota in the samples. Although no growth was observed in the cultured plates, cytological examination revealed the presence of round cells similar to those of Malassezia yeasts. For metagenomics analysis, the D1/D2 domain of the large subunit of the ribosomal DNA (LSU rDNA) was PCR amplified and the resulting reads were mapped against a custom-made cured database of 26S fungal sequences. NGS analysis revealed that Basidiomycota was the most abundant phylum in all the samples followed by Ascomycota. Malassezia was the most common genus presenting the highest abundance in the external ear canal. Malassezia phylotype 131 and M. cuniculi were the main sequences detected in the external auditory canal of rabbits. The study included both lop-eared and erect-eared rabbits and no differences were observed in the results when comparing both groups. This is the first attempt to study the external ear canal mycobiome of rabbits of different breeds using NGS. LAY SUMMARY In the present study, the presence of Malassezia was assessed in samples from the external ear canal of healthy rabbits of different breeds. Cytological and culture techniques, Sanger sequencing, and Next-generation sequencing (NGS) were used to describe the ear mycobiota in the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyna Díaz
- Veterinary Mycology Group, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Gemma Castellá
- Veterinary Mycology Group, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - M Rosa Bragulat
- Veterinary Mycology Group, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jaume Martorell
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | | | - F Javier Cabañes
- Veterinary Mycology Group, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
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13
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Borriello G, Paradiso R, Catozzi C, Brunetti R, Roccabianca P, Riccardi MG, Cecere B, Lecchi C, Fusco G, Ceciliani F, Galiero G. Cerumen microbial community shifts between healthy and otitis affected dogs. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241447. [PMID: 33237912 PMCID: PMC7688138 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Otitis externa is a common multifactorial disease in dogs, characterized by broad and complex modifications of the ear microbiota. The goal of our study was to describe the ear cerumen microbiota of healthy dogs, within the same animal and between different animals, and to compare the cerumen microbiota of otitis affected dogs with that of healthy animals. The present study included 26 healthy dogs, 16 animals affected by bilateral otitis externa and 4 animals affected by monolateral otitis externa. For each animal cerumen samples from the right and left ear were separately collected with sterile swabs, and processed for DNA extraction and PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA gene. Amplicon libraries were sequenced using an Ion Torrent Personal Genome Machine (PGM), and taxonomical assignment and clustering were performed using QIIME 2 software. Our results indicate that the bacterial community of the cerumen in healthy dogs was characterized by extensive variability, with the most abundant phyla represented by Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Fusobacteria. The analysis of both alpha and beta diversity between pairs of left and right ear samples from the same dog within the group of affected animals displayed higher differences than between paired samples across healthy dogs. Moreover we observed reduced bacterial richness in the affected group as compared with controls and increased variability in population structure within otitis affected animals, often associated with the proliferation of a single bacterial taxon over the others. Moreover, Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas resulted to be the bacterial genera responsible for most distances between the two groups, in association with differences in the bacterial community structure. The cerumen microbiota in healthy dogs exhibits a complex bacterial population which undergoes significant modifications in otitis affected animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Borriello
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Italy
| | - Rubina Paradiso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Italy
| | - Carlotta Catozzi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Roberta Brunetti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Italy
| | - Paola Roccabianca
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Bianca Cecere
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Italy
| | - Cristina Lecchi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Giovanna Fusco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Ceciliani
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Giorgio Galiero
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Italy
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14
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Kasai T, Fukui Y, Aoki K, Ishii Y, Tateda K. Changes in the ear canal microbiota of dogs with otitis externa. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 130:1084-1091. [PMID: 32979301 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Otitis externa (OE), one of the most common ear diseases in dogs, is caused by bacterial pathogens such as Staphylococcus sp. To understand the network of microbial communities in the canine ear canal affected with OE, we performed a cross-sectional study using next-generation sequencing. METHODS AND RESULTS Ear swab samples were collected from 23 OE-affected and 10 healthy control dogs, and the 16S rRNA gene sequenced using Illumina MiSeq. The otic microbiota in the OE-affected dogs showed significantly decreased alpha diversity compared to controls. The community composition also differed in the affected group, with significantly higher relative abundance of the phylum Firmicutes and the genus Staphylococcus (P = 0·01 and 0·04 respectively). Contrary to our expectations, the severity of the disease did not impact the otic microbiota in OE-affected dogs. CONCLUSIONS The ear canal microbiota of OE-affected dogs is distinct from that of healthy dogs, irrespective of disease status. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study, one of the few detailed analyses of the otic microbiota, can provide practical information for the appropriate treatment of canine OE.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kasai
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Kitagawa Veterinary Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Fukui
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Aoki
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Ishii
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Tateda
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Tang S, Prem A, Tjokrosurjo J, Sary M, Van Bel MA, Rodrigues-Hoffmann A, Kavanagh M, Wu G, Van Eden ME, Krumbeck JA. The canine skin and ear microbiome: A comprehensive survey of pathogens implicated in canine skin and ear infections using a novel next-generation-sequencing-based assay. Vet Microbiol 2020; 247:108764. [PMID: 32768216 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study analyzed the complex bacterial and fungal microbiota of healthy and clinically affected canine ear and skin samples. A total of 589 canine samples were included: 257 ear swab samples (128 healthy vs. 129 clinically affected) and 332 skin swab samples (172 healthy vs. 160 clinically affected) were analyzed using next-generation sequencing (NGS) to determine both relative and absolute abundances of bacteria and fungi present in the samples. This study highlighted the canine microbiota of clinically affected cases was characterized by an overall loss of microbial diversity, high microbial biomass, with overgrowth of certain members of the microbiota. The observed phenotype of these samples was best described by the combination of both relative and absolute microbial abundances. Compared to healthy samples, 78.3% of the clinically affected ear samples had microbial overgrowth; 69.8% bacterial overgrowth, 16.3% fungal overgrowth, and 7.0% had both bacterial and fungal overgrowth. The most important microbial taxa enriched in clinically affected ears were Malassezia pachydermatis, Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Staphylococcus schleiferi, and a few anaerobic bacteria such as Finegoldia magna, Peptostreptococcus canis, and Porphyromonas cangingivalis. The anaerobic microbes identified here were previously not commonly recognized as pathogens in canine ear infections. Similar observations were found for skin samples, but yeasts and anaerobes were less abundant when compared to clinically affected cases. Results highlighted herein, signify the potential of NGS-based methods for the accurate quantification and identification of bacterial and fungal populations in diagnosing canine skin and ear infections, and highlight the limitations of traditional culture-based testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuiquan Tang
- MiDOG LLC, 17062 Murphy Ave, Irvine, CA, 92614, USA; Zymo Research Corporation, 17062 Murphy Ave, Irvine, CA, 92614, USA
| | - Aishani Prem
- MiDOG LLC, 17062 Murphy Ave, Irvine, CA, 92614, USA
| | | | - Mony Sary
- MiDOG LLC, 17062 Murphy Ave, Irvine, CA, 92614, USA
| | - Mikayla A Van Bel
- MiDOG LLC, 17062 Murphy Ave, Irvine, CA, 92614, USA; Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Saddleback Animal Hospital, 1082 Bryan Ave, Tustin, CA, 92780, USA; Zymo Research Corporation, 17062 Murphy Ave, Irvine, CA, 92614, USA
| | - Aline Rodrigues-Hoffmann
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Michael Kavanagh
- Saddleback Animal Hospital, 1082 Bryan Ave, Tustin, CA, 92780, USA
| | - Guangxi Wu
- MiDOG LLC, 17062 Murphy Ave, Irvine, CA, 92614, USA
| | - Marc E Van Eden
- MiDOG LLC, 17062 Murphy Ave, Irvine, CA, 92614, USA; Zymo Research Corporation, 17062 Murphy Ave, Irvine, CA, 92614, USA
| | - Janina A Krumbeck
- MiDOG LLC, 17062 Murphy Ave, Irvine, CA, 92614, USA; Zymo Research Corporation, 17062 Murphy Ave, Irvine, CA, 92614, USA.
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