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Vientós‐Plotts AI, Ericsson AC, Reinero CR. The respiratory microbiota and its impact on health and disease in dogs and cats: A One Health perspective. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:1641-1655. [PMID: 37551852 PMCID: PMC10473014 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Healthy lungs were long thought of as sterile, with presence of bacteria identified by culture representing contamination. Recent advances in metagenomics have refuted this belief by detecting rich, diverse, and complex microbial communities in the healthy lower airways of many species, albeit at low concentrations. Although research has only begun to investigate causality and potential mechanisms, alterations in these microbial communities (known as dysbiosis) have been described in association with inflammatory, infectious, and neoplastic respiratory diseases in humans. Similar studies in dogs and cats are scarce. The microbial communities in the respiratory tract are linked to distant microbial communities such as in the gut (ie, the gut-lung axis), allowing interplay of microbes and microbial products in health and disease. This review summarizes considerations for studying local microbial communities, key features of the respiratory microbiota and its role in the gut-lung axis, current understanding of the healthy respiratory microbiota, and examples of dysbiosis in selected respiratory diseases of dogs and cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida I. Vientós‐Plotts
- College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Comparative Internal Medicine LaboratoryUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Aaron C. Ericsson
- College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- University of Missouri Metagenomics CenterUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Carol R. Reinero
- College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Comparative Internal Medicine LaboratoryUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
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Menard J, Goggs R, Mitchell P, Yang Y, Robbins S, Franklin-Guild RJ, Thachil AJ, Altier C, Anderson R, Putzel GG, McQueary H, Goodman LB. Effect of antimicrobial administration on fecal microbiota of critically ill dogs: dynamics of antimicrobial resistance over time. Anim Microbiome 2022; 4:36. [PMID: 35659110 PMCID: PMC9167539 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-022-00178-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multidrug resistance in companion animals poses significant risks to animal and human health. Prolonged antimicrobial drug (AMD) treatment in animals is a potential source of selection pressure for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) including in the gastrointestinal microbiota. We performed a prospective study of dogs treated for septic peritonitis, pyometra, or bacterial pneumonia and collected repeated fecal samples over 60 days. Bacterial cultures and direct molecular analyses of fecal samples were performed including targeted resistance gene profiling. Results Resistant Escherichia coli increased after 1 week of treatment (D1:21.4% vs. D7:67.9% P < 0.001) and returned to baseline proportions by D60 (D7:67.9% vs D60:42.9%, P = 0.04). Dogs with septic peritonitis were hospitalized significantly longer than those with pneumonia or pyometra. Based on genetic analysis, Simpson’s diversity index significantly decreased after 1 week of treatment (D1 to D7, P = 0.008), followed by a gradual increase to day 60 (D1 and D60, P = 0.4). Detection of CTX-M was associated with phenotypic resistance to third-generation cephalosporins in E. coli (OR 12.1, 3.3–68.0, P < 0.001). Lincosamide and macrolide-resistance genes were more frequently recovered on days 14 and 28 compared to day 1 (P = 0.002 and P = 0.004 respectively). Conclusion AMR was associated with prescribed drugs but also developed against AMDs not administered during the study. Companion animals may be reservoirs of zoonotic multidrug resistant pathogens, suggesting that veterinary AMD stewardship and surveillance efforts should be prioritized. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42523-022-00178-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Menard
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Robert Goggs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Patrick Mitchell
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Yufan Yang
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Sarah Robbins
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca J Franklin-Guild
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Anil J Thachil
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Craig Altier
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Renee Anderson
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Gregory G Putzel
- Microbiome Core Lab and Jill Roberts IBD Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Holly McQueary
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Laura B Goodman
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Lebastard M, Beurlet-Lafarge S, Gomes E, Le Boedec K. Association between quantitative bacterial culture of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and antibiotic requirement in dogs with lower respiratory tract signs. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:1444-1453. [PMID: 35616218 PMCID: PMC9308423 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Historically, positive bacterial cultures from the lower respiratory tract (LRT) have been considered clinically relevant when quantitative bacterial cultures of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were >1700 colony forming units (cfu)/mL. However, this threshold might not accurately predict a requirement for antibiotics. Objectives To study whether quantitative BALF bacterial culture results were predictive of antibiotic requirement in dogs with LRT signs. Animals Thirty‐three client‐owned dogs. Methods Cross‐sectional study. Dogs with positive quantitative bacterial culture of BALF were included. Dogs were divided into 2 groups, depending on whether they had a LRT infection requiring antibiotics (LRTI‐RA) or LRT disease not requiring antibiotics (LRTD‐NRA), based on thoracic imaging features, presence of intracellular bacteria on BALF cytology, and response to treatment. Predictive effect of cfu/mL and BALF total nucleated cell count (TNCC) on antibiotic requirement, adjusting for ongoing or prior antibiotic therapy and age, were studied using logistic regression. Results Twenty‐two and 11 dogs were included in the LRTI‐RA and LRTD‐NRA groups, respectively. The cfu/mL was not significantly predictive of antibiotic requirement, independent of ongoing or prior antibiotic treatment and age (LRTI‐RA: median, 10 000 cfu/mL; range, 10‐3 × 108; LRTD‐NRA: median, 10 000 cfu/mL; range, 250‐1.3 × 109; P = .27). The TNCC was not significantly predictive of antibiotic requirement when only dogs with bronchial disease were considered (LRTI‐RA: median, 470 cells/μL; range, 240‐2260; LRTD‐NRA: median, 455 cells/μL; range, 80‐4990; P = .57). Conclusion and Clinical Importance The cfu/mL is an inappropriate measure for determining whether antibiotics are of benefit in dogs with LRT signs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eymeric Gomes
- Centre Hospitalier Vétérinaire Frégis, Arcueil, France
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Goggs R, Robbins SN, LaLonde‐Paul DM, Menard JM. Serial analysis of blood biomarker concentrations in dogs with pneumonia, septic peritonitis, and pyometra. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:549-564. [PMID: 35103342 PMCID: PMC8965213 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prolonged antimicrobial drug (AMD) treatment is associated with antimicrobial resistance development. Biomarker measurement may aid treatment decision-making. OBJECTIVES Investigate temporal changes in blood biomarker concentrations in dogs undergoing treatment for pulmonary and intra-abdominal infections; compare time to biomarker concentration normalization with duration of clinician-directed AMD treatment. ANIMALS Forty-two client-owned dogs with pneumonia (n = 22), septic peritonitis (n = 10), or pyometra (n = 10). METHODS Plasma concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin, procalcitonin, nucleosomes, cell-free DNA (cfDNA), high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1), CC-motif chemokine ligand-2 (CCL2), CXC-motif chemokine ligand-8 (CXCL8), and keratinocyte chemoattractant-like (KC-Like) were quantitated in samples collected on days 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 60. Treatment was directed by clinicians blinded to biomarker concentrations. RESULTS Concentrations of CCL2, CRP, and KC-Like were maximal on D1, concentrations of SAA, cfDNA, HMGB1, and nucleosomes were maximal on D3 and haptoglobin concentrations were maximal on D7. These maximal concentrations were significantly different from those on D60. Concentrations of CRP and SAA decreased by 80% from peak and into respective reference intervals before AMDs were discontinued. For CRP, the median (interquartile range [IQR]) times to 20% peak and normal were 7 (6-9) and 7 (6-12) days, respectively, and for SAA they were 4 (4, 5) and 6 (5-8) days, respectively, compared to a median (IQR) duration of AMD prescribing of 16 (12-23) days (all P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Biomarker concentrations normalized within 7 to 14 days. Serial measurements of CRP and SAA might aid identification of disease resolution and could help guide AMD prescription decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Goggs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Sarah N. Robbins
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Denise M. LaLonde‐Paul
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Julie M. Menard
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
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Perry KM, Lynch AM, Caudill A, Vigani A, Roberston JB, Vaden S. Clinical features, outcome, and illness severity scoring in 32 dogs with urosepsis (2017-2018). J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2021; 32:236-242. [PMID: 34730876 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical features, outcome, and utility of illness severity scoring in dogs diagnosed with urosepsis. DESIGN Retrospective study (2017-2018). SETTING University teaching hospital. ANIMALS Thirty-two dogs diagnosed with urosepsis secondary to pyometra, prostatitis, or pyelonephritis. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Urosepsis was identified in 32 dogs, consisting of 9 of 32 (28.1%) with pyometra, 7 of 32 (21.8%) with prostatitis, and 16 of 32 (50%) with pyelonephritis. In total, 28 (87.5%) dogs survived to discharge, with the following group-specific survival rates: pyometra, 9 of 9 (100%); prostatitis, 5 of 7 (71.4%); and pyelonephritis, 14 of 16 (87.5%). Positive bacterial cultures were obtained in 27 of 32 (84.1%) dogs. The most commonly implicated pathogens were Escherichia coli (14/37 [37.8%]), Klebsiella pneumoniae (8/37 [21.6%]), and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (6/37 [16.2%]). Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) was identified in 21 of 32 dogs (65.6%). Although the presence of MODS was not different between survivors and nonsurvivors (P = 0.6), nonsurvivors had more dysfunctional organs (P = 0.04). Nonsurvivors also had higher Acute Patient Physiology and Laboratory Evaluation (APPLEFAST ) scores compared to survivors (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Survival of dogs with urosepsis was good and may be higher than for other sources of sepsis. Compared to survivors, nonsurvivors had more dysfunctional organs and higher illness severity scores, which may be helpful in the assessment and management of dogs with urosepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla M Perry
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alex M Lynch
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alexander Caudill
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alessio Vigani
- Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - James B Roberston
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shelly Vaden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Vientós-Plotts AI, Masseau I, Reinero CR. Comparison of Short- versus Long-Course Antimicrobial Therapy of Uncomplicated Bacterial Pneumonia in Dogs: A Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113096. [PMID: 34827828 PMCID: PMC8614313 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Dogs diagnosed with bacterial pneumonia are often treated with long courses of antibiotics (3–6 weeks) and chest X-rays are used to help guide the duration of treatment. This is in stark contrast with humans with the same disease who are often treated for 5–10 days, and chest X-rays are not considered to be useful for monitoring response to treatment. The main goal of this study was to determine whether a shorter course of antibiotics (10 days) would be sufficient to treat dogs with bacterial pneumonia. Eight dogs with pneumonia were randomly assigned to receive 10 or 21 days of antibiotics. They were evaluated at 10, 30 and 60 days after diagnosis. At 10 days, 6/8 dogs had resolution of both clinical signs and evidence of inflammation on bloodwork and 5/8 dogs showed improvement in the chest X-rays. After 60 days, none of the dogs had clinical signs or evidence of inflammation on bloodwork regardless of antibiotic therapy duration. However, 3/8 dogs showed changes in the chest X-rays. This study suggests that a 10-day course of antibiotics may be sufficient to treat dogs with bacterial pneumonia, and chest X-rays may not be a reliable marker to monitor response to therapy. Abstract Current treatment for canine bacterial pneumonia relies on protracted courses of antimicrobials (3–6 weeks or more) with recommendations to continue for 1–2 weeks past resolution of all clinical and thoracic radiographic abnormalities. However, in humans, bacterial pneumonia is often treated with 5–10-day courses of antimicrobials, and thoracic radiographs are not considered useful to guide therapeutic duration. The primary study objective was to determine whether a short course of antimicrobials would be sufficient to treat canine bacterial pneumonia. Eight dogs with uncomplicated bacterial pneumonia were enrolled in this randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study comparing clinical and radiographic resolution with differing durations of antimicrobial therapy. Dogs received a course of antimicrobials lasting 10 (A10) or 21 (A21) days. Dogs randomized to the A10 group received placebo for 11 days following antimicrobial therapy. Patients were evaluated at presentation and 10, 30 and 60 days after the initiation of antimicrobials. At 10 days, 6/8 dogs had resolution of both clinical signs and inflammatory leukogram, and 5/8 dogs had improved global radiographic scores. After 60 days, clinical and hematologic resolution of pneumonia was noted in all dogs regardless of antimicrobial therapy duration; however, 3/8 dogs had persistent radiographic lesions. Thoracic radiographs do not appear to be a reliable marker to guide antimicrobial therapy in canine bacterial pneumonia as radiographic lesions may lag or persist despite clinical cure. This pilot study suggests a 10-day course of antimicrobials may be sufficient to treat uncomplicated canine bacterial pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabelle Masseau
- Department of Sciences Cliniques, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada;
| | - Carol R. Reinero
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(573)-882-7821
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Mavrides DE, Morgan AL, Na JG, Graham PA, McHugh TD. Antimicrobial resistance profiles of bacteria associated with lower respiratory tract infections in cats and dogs in England. Vet Rec 2021; 190:e779. [PMID: 34379795 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial lower respiratory tract infections (bLRTIs) are common and potentially life threatening in cats and dogs. Antibiotic treatment is often initiated before the diagnosis of bLRTI; therefore improved knowledge of the aetiology and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of these infections is essential to inform empiric antibiotic choices. METHODS A retrospective study of microbiological, cytological results and their drug susceptibilities from lower respiratory samples (n = 1989) processed in a UK commercial laboratory between 2002 and 2012 was carried out. RESULTS Thirty-nine per cent of feline samples and 50% of canine samples were positive for bacterial growth with most yielding a single organism (72 % and 69%, respectively). Bordetella bronchiseptica (20.2% from dogs and 2.3% from cats), Pasteurella spp. (23.2%, 31.8%), E. coli (16.2%, 13.6%) and Pseudomonas spp. (11.1%, 11.4%) were most frequently isolated from cytologically positive samples which contained intracellular bacteria (10%, 14%). Amoxycillin-clavulanate, cephalothin, cefovecin, oxytetracycline and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole showed modest in vitro activity against E. coli from dogs (approximately 70% susceptibility). Pseudomonas spp. were resistant to enrofloxacin (50%), ticarcillin (25%) and marbofloxacin (13%) but showed lower or zero resistance to aminoglycosides (approximately 7%) and ciprofloxacin (0%). Multi drug resistance (acquired resistance to three or more antimicrobial drug classes) was particularly common among E. coli isolates, with 23% from feline samples and 43% from canine samples. CONCLUSION Resistance to certain first-choice antibiotics was detected in bLRTIs highlighting the need for continued monitoring and sound evidence to inform decision-making in the management of these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne E Mavrides
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alice L Morgan
- Centre for Clinical Microbiology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jea G Na
- Centre for Clinical Microbiology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Peter A Graham
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - Timothy D McHugh
- Centre for Clinical Microbiology, University College London, London, UK
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Lynch SA, Helbig KJ. The Complex Diseases of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in Canines: Where to Next? Vet Sci 2021; 8:11. [PMID: 33477504 PMCID: PMC7831068 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a pathogenic bacterium of concern within the veterinary sector and is involved in numerous infections in canines, including topical infections such as canine pyoderma and otitis externa, as well as systemic infections within the urinary, respiratory and reproductive tract. The high prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) within such infections is a growing concern. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the involvement of S. pseudintermedius in canine disease pathology to gain better insight into novel treatment avenues. Here, we review the literature focused on S. pseudintermedius infection in multiple anatomic locations in dogs and the role of MRSP in treatment outcomes at these niches. Multiple novel treatment avenues for MRSP have been pioneered in recent years and these are discussed with a specific focus on vaccines and phage therapy as potential therapeutic options. Whilst both undertakings are in their infancy, phage therapy is versatile and has shown high success in both animal and human medical use. It is clear that further research is required to combat the growing problems associated with MRSP in canines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karla J. Helbig
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia;
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Latimer CR, Lux CN, Grimes JA, Benitez ME, Culp WTN, Ben-Aderet D, Brown DC. Evaluation of short-term outcomes and potential risk factors for death and intestinal dehiscence following full-thickness large intestinal incisions in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2020; 255:915-925. [PMID: 31573871 DOI: 10.2460/javma.255.8.915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine complication rates for dogs in which full-thickness large intestinal incisions were performed, assess potential risk factors for death during hospitalization and for intestinal dehiscence following these surgeries, and report short-term mortality rates for these patients. ANIMALS 90 dogs. PROCEDURES Medical records of 4 veterinary referral hospitals were reviewed to identify dogs that underwent large intestinal surgery requiring full-thickness incisions. Signalment, history, clinicopathologic data, medical treatments, surgical procedures, complications, and outcomes were recorded. Descriptive statistics were calculated; data were analyzed for association with survival to discharge (with logistic regression analysis) and postoperative intestinal dehiscence (with Fisher exact or Wilcoxon rank sum tests). RESULTS Overall 7-day postoperative intestinal dehiscence and mortality rates were 9 of 90 (10%) and 15 of 90 (17%). Dogs with preoperative anorexia, hypoglycemia, or neutrophils with toxic changes and those that received preoperative antimicrobial treatment had greater odds of death than did dogs without these findings. Preexisting colon trauma or dehiscence, preexisting peritonitis, administration of blood products, administration of > 2 classes of antimicrobials, positive microbial culture results for a surgical sample, and open abdominal management of peritonitis after surgery were associated with development of intestinal dehiscence. Five of 9 dogs with intestinal dehiscence died or were euthanized. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Factors associated with failure to survive to discharge were considered suggestive of sepsis. Results suggested the dehiscence rate for full-thickness large intestinal incisions may not be as high as previously reported, but several factors may influence this outcome and larger, longer-term studies are needed to confirm these findings.
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Lesnikowski S, Weisse C, Berent A, Le Roux A, Tozier E. Bacterial infection before and after stent placement in dogs with tracheal collapse syndrome. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:725-733. [PMID: 31977124 PMCID: PMC7096657 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dogs with tracheal stents often have positive airway bacterial cultures. The pathogenicity of these organisms and risk factors for infection have not been investigated. Objective Describe bacterial infection in dogs with tracheal collapse before and after tracheal stent placement. Animals Fifty‐three client‐owned dogs. Methods Retrospective review of medical records of dogs receiving tracheal stents with thoracic radiographs, tracheoscopy, and endotracheal lavage. Results There was no difference between the overall prevalence of dogs with positive bacterial cultures before (31/38; 82%) or after stent placement (24/31; 77%) (P = .67). An increased number of geriatric (17/28; 61%) and traditional‐type collapse (TTC) (16/26; 62%) dogs had positive pathogenic airway infections before stent placement, compared to young (8/25; 32%; P = .04) and malformation‐type collapse (MTC) dogs (9/27; 33%; P = .04). After tracheal stent placement, geriatric dogs had a 52% reduction in pathogenic bacteria infection frequency (P = .02) and dogs with TTC had a 56% reduction in pathogenic bacteria infection frequency (P = .01). Significant risk factors for pathogenic infection included a history of pneumonia (OR = 3.6; 95% CI, 0.28‐43.36) and cardiac disease (OR = 1.25; 95% CI, 0.16‐9.92) in geriatric dogs, and hepatomegaly in young dogs (OR = 1.5; 95% CI, 0.12‐19.44). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Tracheal stent placement does not increase the overall rate of pathogenic bacterial infection in dogs with tracheal collapse and can decrease the rate of subsequent pathogenic infections in geriatric dogs and dogs with TTC that require tracheal stenting. Airway culture and cytology should be performed in all dogs undergoing tracheal stent placement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Erik Tozier
- Lamb Statistical Consulting LLC, West Saint Paul, Minnesota
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Curran M, Boothe DM, Hathcock TL, Lee-Fowler T. Analysis of the effects of storage temperature and contamination on aerobic bacterial culture results of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 34:160-165. [PMID: 31860163 PMCID: PMC6979085 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Storage temperature of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) impacts cytological evaluation. The effect of storage temperature before bacterial culture has not been evaluated. OBJECTIVES To assess whether BALF storage temperature alters aerobic bacterial culture results. ANIMALS Eight healthy, male, intact, purpose-bred Beagles. METHODS Prospective, controlled investigation. Samples of BALF were collected sterilely. Half of each sample was reserved for controls, and half was inoculated with 104 colony forming units per milliliter (cfu/mL) Bordetella bronchiseptica and 102 cfu/mL Escherichia coli. Control and inoculated samples each were separated into 4 aliquots (1 plated immediately; 3 stored at 4, 24, or 37°C, respectively, for 24 hours before aerobic bacterial culture). Colony counts were compared across treatments for each organism. RESULTS In inoculated samples, a statistical difference could not be detected in growth of E. coli or B. bronchiseptica between the baseline culture and BALF stored at 4°C for 24 hours before culture. However, for E. coli, growth in cfu/mL at both 24 and 37°C was higher compared to baseline (P < .05) and compared to 4°C (P < .05). For B. bronchiseptica cfu/mL, growth at 37°C was significantly different (P = .003) compared to both baseline and 4°C. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Samples of BALF may be stored at 4°C for 24 hours before culture without substantially altering culture results. Inappropriate storage or shipment temperature (room temperature or exposure to heat) can result in overgrowth of E. coli or B. bronchiseptica, which could alter clinical decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Curran
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Dawn M Boothe
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | | | - Tekla Lee-Fowler
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, Alabama
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Dear
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA. https://twitter.com/jddear
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Marshall H, Sinnott-Stutzman V, Ewing P, Bracker K, Kalis R, Khorzad R. Effect of peritoneal lavage on bacterial isolates in 40 dogs with confirmed septic peritonitis. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2019; 29:635-642. [PMID: 31637851 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate bacterial isolates, antimicrobial drug susceptibility, and change in resistance among pre- and post-lavage culture samples in dogs with septic peritonitis. DESIGN Prospective observational study. SETTING Private practice referral hospital. ANIMALS Forty client-owned dogs with confirmed septic peritonitis requiring surgical intervention. INTERVENTIONS All dogs had perioperative abdominal lavage following source control with 200 to 300 mL/kg 0.9% sterile saline. Pre- and post-lavage aerobic and anaerobic culture samples were evaluated. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Thirty-five of 40 dogs (87.5%) survived to hospital discharge. The likelihood of an aerobic organism to have multidrug resistance (resistance to 3 or more antimicrobial classes) post-lavage was a third of that pre-lavage (odds ratio [OR] 0.34, 95% CI [0.17-0.68], P = 0.01). Thirty-nine of 40 dogs (97.5%) received appropriate empiric antimicrobial therapy based on pre- and post-lavage culture results, of which 5 (12.8%) did not survive to discharge. The single dog with inappropriate antimicrobial therapy survived to discharge. The most frequent isolates detected included Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, and Enterococcus faecalis. The same organism based on species was isolated in pre- and post-lavage cultures in 32 dogs, accounting for 59 anaerobic and aerobic isolates. There was a new bacterial isolate detected in 20 dogs, accounting for 46 isolates and an overall total decrease of 14 isolates between pre- and post-lavage culture (P = 0.09). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that there is a significant decrease in the likelihood of isolating a multidrug resistant organism following peritoneal lavage, and aerobic and anaerobic culture results have the potential to change following peritoneal lavage, although this cannot be confirmed without further studies. Overall survival rates were higher than previously reported in the literature for septic peritonitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Patty Ewing
- Angell Animal Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kiko Bracker
- Angell Animal Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
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14
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Li RHL, Nguyen N, Tablin F. Canine platelets express functional Toll-like receptor-4: lipopolysaccharide-triggered platelet activation is dependent on adenosine diphosphate and thromboxane A2 in dogs. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:245. [PMID: 31307465 PMCID: PMC6632210 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1997-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) has been characterized in human and murine platelets indicating that platelets play a role in inflammation and hemostasis during sepsis. It is unclear whether canine platelets could express functional TLR4 by responding to its ligand, lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We sought to determine if dogs express functional TLR4 and if LPS-induced platelet activation requires co-stimulation with ADP or thromboxane A2 (TxA2). Canine platelets were unstimulated (resting) or activated with thrombin or ADP prior to flow cytometric or microscopic analyses for TLR4 expression. We treated resting or ADP-primed platelets with LPS in the absence or presence of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and inhibited TLR4 with function blocking antibody or LPS from Rhodobacter sphaeroides (LPS-RS). RESULTS We discovered that dog platelets have variable TLR4 expression, which was upregulated following thrombin or ADP activation. LPS augmented P-selectin expression and thromboxane B2 secretion in ADP-primed platelets via TLR4. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase by ASA attenuated LPS-mediated P-selectin expression demonstrating that TLR4 signaling in platelets is partially dependent on TxA2 pathway. CONCLUSION Expression of functional TLR4 on canine platelets may contribute to hypercoagulability in clinical septic dogs. Cyclooxygenase and TxA2 pathways in TLR4-mediated platelet activation may present novel therapeutic targets in dogs with sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald H L Li
- Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA.
| | - Nghi Nguyen
- Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Fern Tablin
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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15
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Moyaert H, de Jong A, Simjee S, Rose M, Youala M, El Garch F, Vila T, Klein U, Rzewuska M, Morrissey I. Survey of antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial pathogens isolated from dogs and cats with respiratory tract infections in Europe: ComPath results. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 127:29-46. [PMID: 30955231 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To present antimicrobial susceptibilities for bacteria from dogs and cats with respiratory tract infection (RTI) across Europe in 2013-2014 and compare with data from 2008-2010. METHODS AND RESULTS Minimal inhibitory concentrations were determined for 464 isolates following Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute standards using antibiotics approved for RTI treatment. Where possible, susceptibility was calculated using predominantly human-derived breakpoints whilst some antibiotics had no breakpoints. The main pathogen from dogs was Staphylococcus pseudintermedius which was > 90% susceptible to fluoroquinolones and oxacillin (92·5%; six isolates confirmed mecA-positive) and 53·8, 80·0 and 88·8% susceptible to tetracycline, penicillin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Streptococci, Escherichia coli, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were also present in dog RTI. Streptococci were fully susceptible to penicillin, ampicillin and pradofloxacin. None were enrofloxacin-resistant but 31·4% had intermediate susceptibility. The least active agent against streptococci was tetracycline (51·4% susceptible). For E. coli, 90·9% were amoxicillin/clavulanic acid-susceptible; susceptibility to other compounds ranged from 63·6 to 81·8%. There are no breakpoints for B. bronchiseptica and Ps. aeruginosa. For Staph. aureus, penicillin susceptibility was low (34·8%); for other compounds 87·0-100%. The main RTI pathogen from cats was Pasteurella multocida, where only pradofloxacin has breakpoints (100% susceptible). Susceptibility of coagulase-negative staphylococci ranged from 66·7% (penicillin) to 97·2% (pradofloxacin). Streptococci from cats were 100% susceptible to all antibiotics except enrofloxacin and tetracycline (both 65·2% susceptible). CONCLUSIONS Overall, antimicrobial resistance was low to medium in RTI in dogs and cats, although susceptibility varied widely among pathogens studied. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Responsible use of antibiotics is crucial to maintain susceptibility and continued resistance monitoring is important to support this goal. These findings support the need for the setting of RTI-specific breakpoints for pathogens of dogs and cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Moyaert
- CEESA ComPath Study Group, Brussels, Belgium
| | - A de Jong
- CEESA ComPath Study Group, Brussels, Belgium
| | - S Simjee
- CEESA ComPath Study Group, Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Rose
- CEESA ComPath Study Group, Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Youala
- CEESA ComPath Study Group, Brussels, Belgium
| | - F El Garch
- CEESA ComPath Study Group, Brussels, Belgium
| | - T Vila
- CEESA ComPath Study Group, Brussels, Belgium
| | - U Klein
- CEESA ComPath Study Group, Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Rzewuska
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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16
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Stewart SD, Allen S. Antibiotic use in critical illness. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2019; 29:227-238. [PMID: 31021520 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide a review on the current use of antimicrobials with a discussion on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of antimicrobials in critically ill patients, the challenges of drug resistance, the use of diagnostic testing to direct therapy, and the selection of the most likely efficacious antimicrobial protocol. ETIOLOGY Patients in the intensive care unit often possess profound pathophysiologic changes that can complicate antimicrobial therapy. Although many antimicrobials have known pharmacodynamic profiles, critical illness can cause wide variations in their pharmacokinetics. The two principal factors affecting pharmacokinetics are volume of distribution and drug clearance. Understanding the interplay between critical illness, drug pharmacokinetics, and antimicrobial characteristics (ie, time-dependent vs concentration-dependent) may improve antimicrobial efficacy and patient outcome. DIAGNOSIS Utilizing bacterial culture and susceptibility can aid in identifying drug resistant infections, selecting the most appropriate antimicrobials, and hindering the future development of drug resistance. THERAPY Having a basic knowledge of antimicrobial function and how to use diagnostics to direct therapeutic treatment is paramount in managing this patient population. Diagnostic testing is not always available at the time of initiation of antimicrobial therapy, so empiric selections are often necessary. These empiric choices should be made based on the location of the infection and the most likely infecting bacteria. PROGNOSIS Studies have demonstrated the importance of moving away from a "one dose fits all" approach to antimicrobial therapy. Instead there has been a move toward an individualized approach that takes into consideration the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic variabilities that can occur in critically ill patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D Stewart
- Emergency and Critical Care Service, Massachusetts Veterinary Referral Hospital, Woburn, MA
| | - Sarah Allen
- Emergency and Critical Care Service, Massachusetts Veterinary Referral Hospital, Woburn, MA
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17
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Watson AK, Indrawirawan YH. Side effects of powdered sodium carbonate (washing or ‘Lectric’ soda) used as an oral emetic agent in five dogs. Aust Vet J 2019; 97:157-161. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- AK Watson
- Animal Emergency Centre Hallam, 18/151–159 Princes Hwy Hallam Victoria 3803 Australia
| | - YH Indrawirawan
- Animal Emergency Centre Hallam, 18/151–159 Princes Hwy Hallam Victoria 3803 Australia
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18
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Li RHL, Ng G, Tablin F. Lipopolysaccharide-induced neutrophil extracellular trap formation in canine neutrophils is dependent on histone H3 citrullination by peptidylarginine deiminase. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2017; 193-194:29-37. [PMID: 29129225 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which are extracellular chromatin decorated with histones and antimicrobial proteins. Although known for antimicrobial properties, overzealous production of NETs (NETosis) may lead to cytotoxicity and multiple organ failure in sepsis. Pathogen-induced NETosis has been extensively studied in mice but its importance in dogs remains largely unknown. This study sought to characterize in vitro NETosis induced by E.coli LPS, including assessing the role of peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) in canine NETosis. Neutrophils (1×106 cells/ml) from healthy dogs were isolated and treated with 100μg/ml LPS, 100nM phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), or buffer for either 90 or 180min. NETs were assessed using fluorescence microscopy of living neutrophils and immunofluorescent microscopy. Supernatant and cellular debris were purified and cell-free DNA was quantified by spectrophotometry. The role of PAD was assessed by treating LPS- and PMA-activated neutrophils with 50, 100 or 200μM of the PAD inhibitor, Cl-amidine. In vitro NETosis was characterized by co-localization of cell-free DNA, citrullinated histone H3, and myeloperoxidase. LPS stimulation resulted in intracellular citrullination of histone H3. Compared to PMA chemically-induced NETosis, LPS resulted in smaller NETs with less extracellular citrullinated histone H3. Cl-amidine decreased citrullination of histones and NET production in either LPS- or PMA-stimulated neutrophils demonstrating that neutrophil PAD is essential for these cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald H L Li
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States.
| | - Geena Ng
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Fern Tablin
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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19
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Lappin M, Blondeau J, Boothe D, Breitschwerdt E, Guardabassi L, Lloyd D, Papich M, Rankin S, Sykes J, Turnidge J, Weese J. Antimicrobial use Guidelines for Treatment of Respiratory Tract Disease in Dogs and Cats: Antimicrobial Guidelines Working Group of the International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:279-294. [PMID: 28185306 PMCID: PMC5354050 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory tract disease can be associated with primary or secondary bacterial infections in dogs and cats and is a common reason for use and potential misuse, improper use, and overuse of antimicrobials. There is a lack of comprehensive treatment guidelines such as those that are available for human medicine. Accordingly, the International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases convened a Working Group of clinical microbiologists, pharmacologists, and internists to share experiences, examine scientific data, review clinical trials, and develop these guidelines to assist veterinarians in making antimicrobial treatment choices for use in the management of bacterial respiratory diseases in dogs and cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.R. Lappin
- Colorado State UniversityFort CollinsCODenmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | - M.G. Papich
- North Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCDenmark
| | - S.C. Rankin
- University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAAustralia
| | - J.E. Sykes
- University of CaliforniaDavisCAAustralia
| | - J. Turnidge
- The Women's and Children HospitalAdelaideSA,Australia
| | - J.S. Weese
- Ontario Veterinary CollegeGuelphONAustralia
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20
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Ganjei J, Langenbach A, Watrous G, Hodgson J. Comparison of bacterial cultures of the larynx between dogs with laryngeal paralysis and normal dogs. J Small Anim Pract 2016; 57:644-649. [PMID: 27739066 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To document the most common types of bacteria isolated from the canine larynx and to compare isolates, degree of growth and susceptibility patterns between dogs with laryngeal paralysis and dogs with normal laryngeal function. METHODS Laryngeal swabs were collected from each patient and submitted for bacterial culture and susceptibility testing. Dogs with laryngeal paralysis (n=23) underwent a unilateral arytenoid lateralisation and control dogs (n=24) underwent an elective orthopaedic procedure. Results of the cultures were compared between groups. RESULTS Bacterial organisms isolated from the larynx were similar to those normally found in the oropharynx, trachea and lungs. The most common bacteria isolated from the larynges of all dogs were Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species and Pasteurella species. Pure colonies were more commonly seen in dogs with laryngeal paralysis while mixed colonies were more commonly seen in control dogs. Antimicrobial resistance was similar between study and control dogs. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The laryngeal flora appears to contain bacteria that are commonly isolated from the oropharynx, trachea and lungs. Differences in antimicrobial susceptibility were not identified between study and control dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ganjei
- Department of Surgery, Veterinary Surgical Centers, Vienna, VA 22180, USA.
| | - A Langenbach
- Department of Surgery, Veterinary Surgical Centers, Vienna, VA 22180, USA
| | - G Watrous
- Department of Surgery, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - J Hodgson
- Department of Microbiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
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21
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Taha-Abdelaziz K, Bassel LL, Harness ML, Clark ME, Register KB, Caswell JL. Cilia-associated bacteria in fatal Bordetella bronchiseptica pneumonia of dogs and cats. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 28:369-76. [PMID: 27178716 DOI: 10.1177/1040638716646806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella bronchiseptica frequently causes nonfatal tracheobronchitis, but its role in fatal pneumonia is less recognized. Our study evaluated histologic identification of cilia-associated bacteria as a method for diagnosis of B. bronchiseptica pneumonia. Cases of fatal bronchopneumonia were studied retrospectively, excluding neonates and cases of aspiration pneumonia, minor lung lesions, or autolysis. The study population comprised 36 canine and 31 feline cases of bronchopneumonia. B. bronchiseptica was identified in 8 of 36 canine and 14 of 31 feline cases based on immunohistochemistry (IHC) using serum from a rabbit hyperimmunized with pertactin, PCR testing (Fla2/Fla12), and/or bacterial culture data when available. Of these, IHC was positive in 4 canine and 7 feline cases, PCR was positive in 8 canine and 14 feline cases, and B. bronchiseptica was isolated in 2 of 5 canine and 3 of 9 feline cases tested. Examination of histologic sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin revealed bronchial cilia-associated bacteria in 4 of 36 canine and 5 of 31 feline cases; these were all positive by IHC and PCR. The presence of cilia-associated bacteria had been noted in the pathology report for only 2 of these 9 cases. Thus, the presence of cilia-associated bacteria seems frequently overlooked by pathologists, but is a diagnostically significant feature of B. bronchiseptica pneumonia. A specific diagnosis of B. bronchiseptica pneumonia is important because it suggests primary or opportunistic bacterial pneumonia rather than aspiration pneumonia, and because of the risk of animal-to-animal transmission of B. bronchiseptica, the availability of vaccines for disease prevention, and the potential zoonotic risk to immunocompromised pet owners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Taha-Abdelaziz
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada (Taha-Abdelaziz, Bassel, Harness, Clark, Caswell)Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt (Taha-Abdelaziz)U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA (Register)
| | - Laura L Bassel
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada (Taha-Abdelaziz, Bassel, Harness, Clark, Caswell)Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt (Taha-Abdelaziz)U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA (Register)
| | - Melanie L Harness
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada (Taha-Abdelaziz, Bassel, Harness, Clark, Caswell)Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt (Taha-Abdelaziz)U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA (Register)
| | - Mary Ellen Clark
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada (Taha-Abdelaziz, Bassel, Harness, Clark, Caswell)Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt (Taha-Abdelaziz)U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA (Register)
| | - Karen B Register
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada (Taha-Abdelaziz, Bassel, Harness, Clark, Caswell)Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt (Taha-Abdelaziz)U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA (Register)
| | - Jeff L Caswell
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada (Taha-Abdelaziz, Bassel, Harness, Clark, Caswell)Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt (Taha-Abdelaziz)U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA (Register)
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22
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Lawrence YA, Ruaux CG, Nemanic S, Milovancev M. Characterization, treatment, and outcome of bacterial cholecystitis and bactibilia in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2015; 246:982-9. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.246.9.982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Chan DL. The swinging pendulum between consensus and controversy in veterinary emergency and critical care. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2015; 25:1-3. [PMID: 25597283 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Chan
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, UK
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24
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Keir I, Dickinson AE. The role of antimicrobials in the treatment of sepsis and critical illness-related bacterial infections: examination of the evidence. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2015; 25:55-62. [PMID: 25559992 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To appraise the evidence behind the Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines on antimicrobial therapy in sepsis and evaluate relevant literature in small animal veterinary critical care. DATA SOURCE Electronic searches using MEDLINE and EMBASE databases. HUMAN DATA SYNTHESIS Current recommendations are to administer appropriate antimicrobials within 1 hour of a diagnosis of severe sepsis or septic shock. Evidence is supportive of this recommendation in septic shock but the evidence is less compelling in milder forms of critical illness-related infections. It is unclear when the administration of appropriate antimicrobials is most beneficial and when it should be considered essential. Evidence supports shorter courses of antimicrobial therapy for many infections seen in the critical care unit with the biomarkers procalcitonin and C-reactive protein helpful in guiding the duration of therapy. VETERINARY DATA SYNTHESIS Current evidence is lacking to support the use of early and aggressive use of antimicrobials in all patients with critical illness-related bacterial infections. Two studies failed to demonstrate improved survival in patients with pulmonary or abdominal infections administered appropriate vs inappropriate empirical antimicrobials. One study failed to show an improved survival when dogs with abdominal infections were administered antimicrobials within 1 hour vs 6 hours of diagnosis of infection. Information regarding ideal duration of antimicrobial therapy and use of biomarkers to guide therapy is currently lacking. CONCLUSION Clinicians should aim to administer early and appropriate antimicrobials; however, the impact this will have on patient outcome remains uncertain. The ability to administer early and appropriate antimicrobials may be considered a measure of the quality of medical practice rather than a prognostic indicator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain Keir
- From the Center for Critical Care Nephrology, Department of Critical Care Medicine, The CRISMA (Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness) Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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25
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Rheinwald M, Hartmann K, Hähner M, Wolf G, Straubinger RK, Schulz B. Antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial isolates from 502 dogs with respiratory signs. Vet Rec 2014; 176:357. [PMID: 25467146 DOI: 10.1136/vr.102694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of bacterial species isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples taken from dogs with respiratory signs and to determine their antibiotic susceptibility. Clinical cases were included in the study if they showed signs of respiratory disease and data relating to bacterial culture and susceptibility of BALF samples were available. The medical records of 493 privately owned dogs that were presented between January 1989 and December 2011 were evaluated retrospectively. In 35 per cent of samples, no bacteria were cultured. Bacteria isolated from culture-positive samples included Streptococcus species (31 per cent of positive cultures), Enterobacteriaceae (30 per cent, including Escherichia coli (15 per cent)), Staphylococcus species (19 per cent), Pasteurella species (16 per cent) and Pseudomonas species (14 per cent). Bordetella bronchiseptica as a primary respiratory pathogen was isolated in 8 per cent of cases. Enrofloxacin showed the best susceptibility pattern; 86 per cent of all isolates and 87 per cent of Gram-negative bacteria were susceptible to this antibiotic. Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid yielded the best susceptibility pattern in Gram-positive bacteria (92 per cent). Therefore, these antibiotics can be recommended for empirical or first-line treatment in dogs with bacterial lower respiratory tract infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rheinwald
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Veterinaerstrasse. 13, Muenchen 80539, Germany
| | - K Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Veterinaerstrasse. 13, Muenchen 80539, Germany
| | - M Hähner
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Veterinaerstrasse. 13, Muenchen 80539, Germany
| | - G Wolf
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Veterinaerstrasse. 13, Muenchen 80539, Germany
| | - R K Straubinger
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Veterinaerstrasse. 13, Muenchen 80539, Germany
| | - B Schulz
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Veterinaerstrasse. 13, Muenchen 80539, Germany
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