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Barsotti G, Abramo F, Nuti M, Novelli A, Puccinelli C, Cecchi F. Multiple congenital ocular anomalies in three related litters of Jack Russell Terrier puppies. Vet Ophthalmol 2024. [PMID: 38700994 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe multiple congenital ocular anomalies in three litters of Jack Russell Terrier puppies. ANIMALS STUDIED Seven purebred Jack Russell Terrier puppies from three related litters and their four parents. PROCEDURES Medical records of the puppies and their parents were evaluated. All dogs underwent a complete ophthalmic examination, followed by bilateral ocular ultrasonography in two of the puppies with complete corneal opacity. One eye from an affected puppy was subjected to histopathology. A complete database of pedigrees was built, and individual inbreeding was evaluated. RESULTS The most commonly diagnosed ocular anomalies in the puppies were: various anomalies of the fundus (12/14 eyes); microphthalmia (10/14 eyes); sclerocornea (8/14 eyes); and persistent pupillary membranes (7/14 eyes). Six out of seven puppies had at least two ocular abnormalities, and only one puppy was normal. Four out of seven puppies had sclerocornea, a particular corneal opacity to date described only in Spanish Podenco dogs. No ocular abnormalities were found in the parents examined (4/4). Analysis of the pedigrees showed that all the puppies and two parents were inbred, and the individual values of the inbreeding puppies were greater than 6.25% in two litters. CONCLUSIONS Inbreeding with closely related Jack Russell Terriers may result in severe congenital eye abnormalities in puppies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Barsotti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - F Abramo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - M Nuti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - A Novelli
- San Concordio Veterinary Hospital, Lucca, Italy
| | - C Puccinelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - F Cecchi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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2
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Şenocak MG, Yanmaz LE. Effects of propofol alone or in combination with ketamine on intraocular pressure in unpremedicated dogs. Vet Ophthalmol 2024; 27:139-147. [PMID: 37395174 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of propofol (P) alone and in combination with ketamine (KP) at ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 on intraocular pressure (IOP) in unpremedicated dogs. ANIMALS STUDIED A total of 28 cross-bred healthy dogs. PROCEDURES Dogs were randomly assigned to one of four groups (n = 7 per group) to receive intravenous P or KP at 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 ratios, respectively. The infusion was administered at 0.6 mg/kg/min for 60 min. IOP, cardiorespiratory variables, rectal temperature (RT), and pedal reflex were recorded every 5 min for 60 min, starting from baseline (BL). RESULTS There was a statistically significant increase in IOP in all groups: P (p = .011), KP 1:1 (p = .003), KP 1:2 (p = .023), and KP 1:3 (p = .008). The IOP increase was less pronounced in the KP 1:2 group and was only significant (p = .023) at T45 compared with BL. A significant correlation was observed between IOP and SpO2 in P (r = -.215, p = .02), KP 1:2 (r = -.579, p < .01), and KP 1:3 (r = -.402, p < .01) groups. IOP significantly increased due to decreased SpO2 below 86.5% (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS Propofol alone and in combination with ketamine may increase preexisting IOP in unpremedicated dogs. SpO2 levels below 86.5% may trigger an increase in IOP. Administering KP in a 1:2 ratio at an infusion rate of 0.6 mg/kg/min does not significantly alter IOP for under 45 min in unpremedicated dogs with sufficient oxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mümin Gökhan Şenocak
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Latif Emrah Yanmaz
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
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3
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Loiseau A, Raîche-Marcoux G, Maranda C, Bertrand N, Boisselier E. Animal Models in Eye Research: Focus on Corneal Pathologies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16661. [PMID: 38068983 PMCID: PMC10706114 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The eye is a complex sensory organ that enables visual perception of the world. The dysfunction of any of these tissues can impair vision. Conduction studies on laboratory animals are essential to ensure the safety of therapeutic products directly applied or injected into the eye to treat ocular diseases before eventually proceeding to clinical trials. Among these tissues, the cornea has unique homeostatic and regenerative mechanisms for maintaining transparency and refraction of external light, which are essential for vision. However, being the outermost tissue of the eye and directly exposed to the external environment, the cornea is particularly susceptible to injury and diseases. This review highlights the evidence for selecting appropriate animals to better understand and treat corneal diseases, which rank as the fifth leading cause of blindness worldwide. The development of reliable and human-relevant animal models is, therefore, a valuable research tool for understanding and translating fundamental mechanistic findings, as well as for assessing therapeutic potential in humans. First, this review emphasizes the unique characteristics of animal models used in ocular research. Subsequently, it discusses current animal models associated with human corneal pathologies, their utility in understanding ocular disease mechanisms, and their role as translational models for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Loiseau
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Québec Research Center, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1S 4L8, Canada; (G.R.-M.); (C.M.)
| | - Gabrielle Raîche-Marcoux
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Québec Research Center, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1S 4L8, Canada; (G.R.-M.); (C.M.)
| | - Cloé Maranda
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Québec Research Center, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1S 4L8, Canada; (G.R.-M.); (C.M.)
| | - Nicolas Bertrand
- Faculty of Pharmacy, CHU de Quebec Research Center, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada;
| | - Elodie Boisselier
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Québec Research Center, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1S 4L8, Canada; (G.R.-M.); (C.M.)
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4
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Nenninger A, Ben-Shlomo G, Allbaugh R, Valentine B, Snella E, Jens J, Ellinwood NM, Smith J. Clinical and pathological characterization of ophthalmic disease in a canine model of mucopolysaccharidosis type I. J Inherit Metab Dis 2023; 46:348-357. [PMID: 36601751 PMCID: PMC11372224 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I) is a rare lysosomal storage disease caused by α-L-iduronidase enzyme deficiency, resulting in glycosaminoglycan (GAG) accumulation in various cell types, including ocular tissues. Ocular manifestations in humans are common with significant pathological changes including corneal opacification, retinopathy, optic nerve swelling and atrophy, and glaucoma. Available treatments for MPS I are suboptimal and there is limited to no effect in treating the ocular disease. The goal of this study was to characterize the clinical and pathological features of ocular disease in a line of MPS I affected dogs, including changes not previously reported. A total of 22 dogs were studied; 12 MPS I were affected and 10 were unaffected. A subset of each underwent complete ophthalmic examination including slit lamp biomicroscopy, indirect ophthalmoscopy, rebound tonometry, and ultrasonic pachymetry. Globes were evaluated microscopically for morphological changes and GAG accumulation. Clinical corneal abnormalities in affected dogs included edema, neovascularization, fibrosis, and marked stromal thickening. Intraocular pressures were within reference interval for affected and unaffected dogs. Microscopically, vacuolated cells containing alcian blue positive inclusions were detected within the corneal stroma, iris, ciliary body, sclera, and optic nerve meninges of affected dogs. Ganglioside accumulation was identified by luxol fast blue staining in rare retinal ganglion cells. Increased lysosomal integral membrane protein-2 expression was demonstrated within the retina of affected animals when compared to unaffected controls. Results of this study further characterize ocular pathology in the canine model of MPS I and provide foundational data for future therapeutic efficacy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Nenninger
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Gil Ben-Shlomo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Rachel Allbaugh
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Bethann Valentine
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Elizabeth Snella
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Jackie Jens
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | | | - Jodi Smith
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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Yaygingul R, Dereli Fidan E, Okur EZ, Özturan YA, Akin İ. Effect of light intensity on the tear production, central corneal thickness, and intraocular pressure in broiler chickens. Vet Ophthalmol 2022; 25:447-453. [PMID: 35713163 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the present study was to examine the effect of different light intensities on tear production, corneal thickness, and intraocular pressure in broilers. ANIMALS STUDIED Both eyes of 72 male broilers were evaluated in this study. MATERIALS AND METHODS Broilers were divided into the following three groups: low light intensity (n = 24, 5 lux), moderate light intensity (n = 24, 20 lux), and high light intensity (n = 24, 80 lux). The eyes of all birds (n = 72) underwent a complete ophthalmic examination, which included the Schirmer tear test (STT-I), intraocular pressure (IOP), and the central cornea thickness measurement (CCT). The effect of light intensity on the Schirmer test, intraocular pressure, and central corneal thickness values was examined at eye and animal level (right and left eyes separately and cumulatively/no distinguishing left or right) by using one-way ANOVA. RESULTS At the animal level, without discrimination of left and right eye measurements, statistically significant differences were found between 5-20 and 20-80 lux groups on IOP measurements (p < .05). The difference in CCT measurements between the 5 and 20 lux groups was statistically significant (p < .05), and the corneal thickness of the 5 lux group animals was found to be statistically significant and higher than the 20 lux group (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, light intensity has an influence on eye health in broilers. Present results may attribute to the future studies as a reference value for broilers raised under different light intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahime Yaygingul
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Evrim Dereli Fidan
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Erdi Ziya Okur
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Yalçın Alper Özturan
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Akin
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
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Occelli LM, Pirie CG, Petersen‐Jones SM. Non‐invasive optical coherence tomography angiography: A comparison with fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography in normal adult dogs and cats. Vet Ophthalmol 2022; 25 Suppl 1:164-178. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurence M. Occelli
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA
| | - Chris G. Pirie
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA
| | - Simon M. Petersen‐Jones
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA
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Ivan D, Ohlerth S, Richter H, Verdino D, Rampazzo A, Pot S. 3T high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging, conventional ultrasonography and ultrasound biomicroscopy of the normal canine eye. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:67. [PMID: 35144606 PMCID: PMC8829979 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-03108-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Advances in MRI coil technology and increased availability of high-field MRI in veterinary medicine enable the acquisition of images of increasingly high spatial resolution while preserving signal-to-noise ratio.The purpose of the present study was to compare 3T high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (HR-MRI) with ultrasound (US) and ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) in the normal canine eye, to assess its potential to depict normal ocular anatomy. Results HR-MRI was compared with US and UBM in 10 eyes from 10 healthy beagle dogs. Ocular structures (cornea, anterior chamber, iridocorneal angle, iris, lens, ciliary body, choroid, vitreous body, posterior wall of the eye, optic nerve and optic nerve sheath, extraocular muscles) were assessed subjectively and central corneal thickness (CCT), anterior chamber depth (ACD), aqueous depth (AQD), anteroposterior, mediolateral and dorsoventral lens diameter (APLD, MLLD, DVLD), anteroposterior diameter of the globe including and excluding the scleroretinal rim (APDSRR, APD), vitreous chamber depth (VCD) and optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) were measured in HR-MRI and in US. Optic nerve diameter (OND) was measured in HR-MRI. HR-MRI and UBM appearance of the anterior segment were subjectively compared. Detailed reference high-resolution MRI images of normal eyes of Beagle dogs are provided. Conclusions HR-MRI allowed assessment of all structures identified with US and UBM. The MRI examinations were performed under general anesthesia with the addition of a neuromuscular blocking agent, while US and UBM examinations were performed in conscious animals. Visibility of the entire ocular wall, the lens, the structures caudal to the ciliary body and the optic nerve and its sheath was superior with HR-MRI. HR-MRI allowed the distinction of retina, choroid and sclera, and the delineation of structures not previously identified in canine eyes with MRI, including Tenon’s capsule and the sub-Tenon’s space.Plane selection was more accurate with HR-MRI compared to US. In general, the range of measurements was narrower for MRI than for US. CCT, AQD, APLD, MLLD, APD, APDSRR and ONSD differed significantly between HR-MRI and US, respectively (p = 0.005-0.027).Micro-MRI may be useful for the assessment of ocular pathologies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ivan
- Clinic for Diagnostic Imaging, Department for Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Stefanie Ohlerth
- Clinic for Diagnostic Imaging, Department for Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Henning Richter
- Clinic for Diagnostic Imaging, Department for Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dagmar Verdino
- Veterinary Anesthesia Services International GmbH, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Antonella Rampazzo
- Ophthalmology Section, Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Pot
- Ophthalmology Section, Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, Zurich, Switzerland
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Knickelbein KE, Lassaline ME, Kim S, Scharbrough MS, Thomasy SM. Corneal thickness and anterior chamber depth of the normal adult horse as measured by ultrasound biomicroscopy. Vet Ophthalmol 2022; 25 Suppl 1:17-24. [PMID: 35084084 PMCID: PMC9246829 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine corneal thickness (CT) and axial anterior chamber depth (ACD) using ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) in normal adult horses. To compare corneal thickness measurements between UBM and ultrasonic pachymetry. ANIMALS STUDIED Sixty eyes of 30 healthy adult horses aged 8-24 years. PROCEDURES Ultrasonic pachymetry (velocity of 1640 m/s) was utilized to obtain measurements of the central, superior, temporal, inferior, and nasal cornea. Triplicate images of the same corneal locations were acquired using UBM (50 MHz). Images of the axial anterior chamber were used to measure ACD. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was estimated using rebound tonometry, and axial globe length was measured using ultrasonographic biometry. RESULTS CT (mean ± SD µm) measured by UBM was 854 ± 61 (central), 994 ± 58 (superior), 930 ± 57 (temporal), 979 ± 55 (inferior), and 898 ± 48 (nasal). CT measured by UBM was greater than that measured by ultrasonic pachymetry at all locations and was statistically significant at all locations except inferior (p = 0.0006-0.048). No sex nor age effect was detected for CT at any location. The repeatability of ultrasonic pachymetry was superior to that of UBM. Mean ± SD ACD was 5.74 ± 0.41 mm. A weak positive correlation was identified between central CT and IOP and between central CT and axial globe length. CONCLUSIONS Normal data for CT and ACD of the adult horse obtained using UBM are provided. CT determined by UBM was greater relative to pachymetry at all corneal locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E Knickelbein
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Mary E Lassaline
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Soohyun Kim
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Machal S Scharbrough
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Sara M Thomasy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
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Jeong Y, Kang S, Shim J, Lee E, Jeong D, Park S, Lee S, Kim SA, Seo K. The feasibility of clinical evaluation for anterior uveitis through spectral-domain optical coherence tomography in dogs. Vet Ophthalmol 2021; 25 Suppl 1:111-121. [PMID: 34793607 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the clinical application of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) for anterior uveitis in dogs. ANIMALS AND PROCEDURES Client-owned dogs presenting with anterior uveitis and clinically healthy dogs were enrolled in this study. Included eyes were divided into 5 groups by flare grade and 3 groups by cell grade through slit-lamp biomicroscopy. Each eye was examined using SD-OCT following slit-lamp biomicroscopy. The ratio of aqueous signal intensity to air signal intensity, which is called the aqueous-to-air relative intensity (ARI) index, was used to evaluate the flare grade. Cell number, central corneal thickness (CCT), and the presence of keratic precipitates (KPs) were analyzed on SD-OCT. The OCT parameters, including ARI index, cell number, and CCT, were compared to the slit-lamp clinical flare and cell grade. RESULTS Thirty-six eyes with anterior uveitis and 27 healthy eyes were enrolled. The ARI index showed a significant correlation with clinical flare grade (rs = 0.811, p < .001). In multiple regression analysis, the ARI index and CCT showed a significant negative correlation (r = -0.258, p = .044). The number of cells on SD-OCT significantly increased with cell grade on slit-lamp biomicroscopy (rs = 0.653, p < .001). The clinical flare grade and CCT were significantly correlated in the partial correlation analysis after controlling for age (partial correlation coefficient = 0.471, p = .002). KPs were observed in 61% of the eyes with flare using SD-OCT (22/36 eyes). CONCLUSIONS Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography could provide quantitative information, including the ARI index, cell counts, and CCT in dogs. SD-OCT is an auxiliary modality for slit-lamp biomicroscopy when evaluating anterior uveitis in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngseok Jeong
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seonmi Kang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaeho Shim
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eunji Lee
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dajeong Jeong
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sanghyun Park
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Songhui Lee
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su An Kim
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kangmoon Seo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Roy Chowdhury U, Kudgus RA, Holman BH, Rinkoski TA, Hann CR, Bahler CK, McCloud E, Appt SE, Reid JM, Dosa PI, Fautsch MP. Pharmacological Profile and Ocular Hypotensive Effects of Cromakalim Prodrug 1, a Novel ATP-Sensitive Potassium Channel Opener, in Normotensive Dogs and Nonhuman Primates. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2021; 37:251-260. [PMID: 33784195 PMCID: PMC8215408 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2020.0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate pharmacokinetic parameters and ocular hypotensive effects of cromakalim prodrug 1 (CKLP1) in normotensive large animal models. Methods: Optimal CKLP1 concentration was determined by dose response and utilized in short- (5-8 days) and long-term (60 days) evaluation in hound dogs (n = 5) and African Green Monkeys (n = 5). Blood pressure was recorded 3-5 times per week with a tail cuff. Concentrations of CKLP1 and the parent compound levcromakalim were assessed in hound dog plasma and select tissues by LC-MS/MS after bilateral ocular treatment with CKLP1 for 8 days. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated from days 1, 4, and 8 data. After necropsy, histology was assessed in 43 tissue samples from each animal. Results: In hound dogs and African Green monkeys, 10 mM CKLP1 (optimal concentration) significantly lowered intraocular pressure (IOP) by 18.9% ± 1.1% and 16.7% ± 6.7%, respectively, compared with control eyes (P < 0.05). During treatment, no significant change in systolic or diastolic blood pressure was observed in either species (P > 0.1). Average values for half-life of CKLP1 was 295.3 ± 140.4 min, Cmax, 10.5 ± 1.6 ng/mL, and area under the concentration vs. time curve (AUClast) 5261.4 ± 918.9 ng·min/mL. For levcromakalim, average values of half-life were 96.2 ± 27 min, Cmax 1.2 ± 0.2 ng/mL, and AUClast 281.2 ± 110.8 ng·min/mL. No significant pathology was identified. Conclusions: CKLP1 lowered IOP in hound dogs and African green monkeys with no effect on systemic blood pressure. Ocular topical treatment of CKLP1 showed excellent tolerability even after extended treatment periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttio Roy Chowdhury
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Rachel A. Kudgus
- Department of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Bradley H. Holman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Tommy A. Rinkoski
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Cheryl R. Hann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Cindy K. Bahler
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Eric McCloud
- Department of Pathology, Section of Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Susan E. Appt
- Department of Pathology, Section of Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Joel M. Reid
- Department of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Peter I. Dosa
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Michael P. Fautsch
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Leonard BC, Kermanian CS, Michalak SR, Kass PH, Hollingsworth SR, Good KL, Maggs DJ, Thomasy SM. A Retrospective Study of Corneal Endothelial Dystrophy in Dogs (1991-2014). Cornea 2021; 40:578-583. [PMID: 32947393 PMCID: PMC7960559 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000002488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To retrospectively evaluate the clinical data, diagnostic tests, treatments, and outcomes for dogs with corneal endothelial dystrophy (CED) and determine risk factors for CED when compared with a canine reference population. METHODS Medical records of 99 dogs (1991-2014) diagnosed with CED at the University of California Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital were reviewed and compared with 458,680 dogs comprising the general hospital population during the study period. Retrieved data included signalment, examination findings, diagnoses, treatments, and outcomes associated with CED. The exact Pearson χ2 test or exact Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare parameters between the groups. Progression of corneal edema was assessed using 3 independent Kaplan-Meier curves, identifying clinically significant changes in corneal opacity. RESULTS Boston terriers, German wirehaired pointers, and Dachshunds were overrepresented in the CED-affected group, whereas Labradors were underrepresented. Dogs older than 11 years were overrepresented in the CED-affected group, whereas intact dogs were underrepresented. Surgical intervention was performed (n = 11) based on the severity of disease and secondary complications from CED. Median time to progression of corneal edema was 1) 368 days when an at-risk eye initially without edema developed edema at a subsequent visit, 2) 701 days when there was progression from mild to marked corneal edema, and 3) 340 days when there was progression from focal to diffuse corneal edema. CONCLUSIONS Many CED-affected dogs progress over months to years without surgical intervention, making dogs with CED a useful model for studying genetic predispositions and development of novel therapeutics for Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C. Leonard
- Departments of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Celine S. Kermanian
- Departments of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Sarah R. Michalak
- Departments of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Philip H. Kass
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Steven R. Hollingsworth
- Departments of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Kathryn L. Good
- Departments of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - David J. Maggs
- Departments of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Sara M. Thomasy
- Departments of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
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12
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Guresh AM, Horvath SJ, Gemensky-Metzler A, Miller E, Yildiz V, Myers JV, Newbold GM. The effect of central corneal thickness on intraocular pressure values using various tonometers in the dog. Vet Ophthalmol 2021; 24 Suppl 1:154-161. [PMID: 33616274 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare intraocular pressure readings from three different tonometers, the Tono-Pen AVIA® (TP), TonoVet® (TV) and TonoVet Plus® (TV+) and to determine how measurements from each tonometer are affected by central corneal thickness (CCT). ANIMALS Ninety dogs. PROCEDURES Normal dogs and dogs with ocular disease were selected for study inclusion. Central corneal thickness measurements were gathered with the Pachette 4 ultrasonic pachymeter, and IOP measurements were gathered with the three tonometers in random order. ANOVA or Wilcoxon tests were utilized for overall group comparisons. Linear regression analyses were utilized to determine the association between IOP and CCT. RESULTS When comparing tonometers to each other, for all dogs, readings from the TV+were significantly different compared to the TV (p = <.0001) and TP (p = <.0001); however, there was no significant difference between the TV and the TP (p = .999). Linear regression did not find any significant correlation between corneal thickness and IOP readings with any tonometer when looking at normal dogs or when including dogs with ocular abnormalities. DISCUSSION This study did not find a significant correlation between an increase in CCT and increase in IOP reading in any tonometer comparison amongst normal and dogs with ocular abnormalities. The TV+produced consistently and significantly higher readings, but measurements did not exceed the expected IOP range in normal dogs. For consistency, the same tonometer should be used when monitoring IOP over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Guresh
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Stephen J Horvath
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Anne Gemensky-Metzler
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Eric Miller
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Vedat Yildiz
- Department of Medicine, Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - John V Myers
- Department of Medicine, Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Georgina M Newbold
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
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13
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THE EYE OF CRAB-EATING FOX ( CERDOCYON THOUS): ANATOMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND NORMATIVE VALUES OF SELECTED DIAGNOSTIC TESTS, MORPHOMETRY OF CORNEAL TISSUE, AND ARRANGEMENTS OF CORNEAL STROMAL COLLAGEN FIBERS. J Zoo Wildl Med 2020; 51:280-289. [PMID: 32549556 DOI: 10.1638/2018-0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the ophthalmic parameters, morphometric features of corneal tissue, and arrangements of corneal stromal collagen fibers in crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous), a species of neotropical wild canid. We conducted the study on six juvenile crab-eating foxes (12 eyes), whilst 16 eyes were obtained post mortem from eight adult crab-eating foxes. The research was divided into two stages. In the first stage, eye anatomical characteristics, tear production (Schirmer 1 tear test, STT1), intraocular pressure (IOP), ocular echobiometry, and specular microscopy parameters related to morphology of corneal endothelium were studied in juvenile animals. In the second stage, morphometric features of corneal tissue (central corneal thickness [CCT] and corneal epithelium thickness) and arrangements of stromal collagen fibers were studied using eyes from adult animals. The main findings were that crab-eating fox eyes have vertical-slit pupils, holangiotic retina, and reference values (mean ± SD) of 13.37 ± 3.79 mm/min for STT1 and of 10.43 ± 3.84 mmHg for IOP. The ocular echobiometric features observed in crab-eating foxes are different from those reported for domestic dogs (Canis familiaris). Conversely, the corneal endothelial parameters are similar to those of domestic dogs. The CCT measured by tissue morphometry was 0.54 ± 0.06 mm, and the corneal epithelium thickness was 60.13 ± 8.71 µm. Mean coherency related to alignment of collagen fibers was 0.66 ± 0.12. The crab-eating fox cornea had predominantly thick collagen fibers. Crab-eating fox eyes have morphofunctional peculiarities. They resemble the eyes of domestic dogs in some aspects, but diverge in others.
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14
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Snyder K, Terhaar H, Bentley E, Miller PE. Wound leakage rates of ex vivo uniplanar versus biplanar phacoemulsification clear corneal incisions in dogs. Vet Ophthalmol 2019; 23:325-330. [PMID: 31799807 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to compare the leakage rates of perilimbal uniplanar and biplanar clear corneal incisions in dogs when subjected to increased intraocular pressure (IOP) both from within the eye and via external pressure. PROCEDURE Uniplanar clear corneal incisions were created in eight freshly enucleated canine eyes using a 3.2 mm straight slit knife while 8 fellow eyes received a biplanar clear corneal incision consisting of an approximately 300 μm deep groove followed by a 3.2 mm straight slit knife entry into the anterior chamber. Both wounds were reapposed using three simple interrupted 8-0 polyglactin 910 sutures. Eyes were cannulated with two 25 g needles: One connected to a pressure transducer, and the other connected to a reservoir of isotonic saline. The IOP at which the wound leaked was recorded when the intraocular pressure was increased internally by raising the height of the fluid bag, and again when the cornea was externally compressed. Kaplan-Meier survival curves compared incision types for each method of increasing IOP and were evaluated using Mantel-Cox log-rank analysis. RESULTS Both wound types resisted leakage at IOP in the physiologically achievable range and no significant differences were observed between clear corneal incisions when pressure was applied externally (P = .353) or was increased from within the globe (P = .615). CONCLUSION Ex vivo uniplanar and biplanar clear corneal incisions in dogs are equally strong, with no significant differences in leakage rates when IOP is increased internally or externally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Snyder
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Hannah Terhaar
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ellison Bentley
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Paul E Miller
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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15
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Villar T, Pascoli AL, Klein A, Chacaltana FC, Capistrano E, Shipley CF, Martins BC. Tear production, intraocular pressure, and central corneal thickness in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Vet Ophthalmol 2019; 23:123-128. [PMID: 31309707 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the tear production, intraocular pressure, and central corneal thickness in healthy white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and assess for seasonal variability. ANIMALS STUDIED Nineteen healthy fawns (3-10 days old) and 8 healthy adult white-tailed deer (164-280 days old) were studied. PROCEDURES All fawns were manually restrained for the study, while adult animals were immobilized with an intramuscular injection of combined xylazine (2.2 mg/kg), tiletamine (1 mg/kg), and zolazepam (1 mg/kg). Tear production (STT-1) was evaluated in both eyes of all fawns. Intraocular pressure (applanation and rebound tonometry) and central corneal thickness (ultrasound pachymetry) were determined in both eyes of all fawns and adult deer. RESULTS Mean ± SD tear production in fawns was 12.32 ± 4.46 mm/min. Mean ± SD IOP values in the fawns were 16.21 ± 4.97 mm Hg (TonoPen® ) and 14.05 ± 5.03 mm Hg (TonoVet® ). In adult deer, mean ± SD IOP values were 15.57 ± 2.88 mm Hg with TonoPen® and 12.87 ± 2.57 with TonoVet® , and TonoPen® significantly overestimated the IOP, compared to TonoVet® (P < 0.005). The IOP was not significantly different between young and adult animals (P = 0.22). A significant difference (P < 0.005) in CCT values was observed between fawns (528.42 ± 27.65 μm) and adult deer (747.55 ± 41.60 μm). CONCLUSIONS This study reports normal values of tear production in healthy fawns, and intraocular pressure and central corneal thickness in healthy young and adult white-tailed deer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane Villar
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Ana L Pascoli
- Veterinary Clinical Medicine Department, Regional University of Blumenau, Blumenau, Brazil
| | - Aislinn Klein
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Flor C Chacaltana
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Erotides Capistrano
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Cliff F Shipley
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Bianca C Martins
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana, IL, USA
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16
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Hoehn AL, Thomasy SM, Kass PH, Horikawa T, Samuel M, Shull OR, Stewart KA, Murphy CJ. Comparison of ultrasonic pachymetry and Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography for measurement of corneal thickness in dogs with and without corneal disease. Vet J 2018; 242:59-66. [PMID: 30503546 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Several ultrasonic and Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT) pachymeters are used to measure corneal thickness in canine patients and research subjects. This study assessed the reliability of and consistency between two ultrasonic pachymetry (USP) devices, Pachette 3 and Accupach VI, as well as automated and manual measurements obtained using FD-OCT in dogs with and without corneal disease. Corneal thickness measurements were compiled from 108 dogs and analyzed using mixed effects linear regression, with Bonferonni adjustments for post-hoc comparisons, to determine the effects of age, weight and disease state. Data are presented as predicted mean±standard error. Canine corneal disease can result in marked increases in thickness that frequently exceed the upper limits of measurement of some pachymetry devices developed for human use. In this study, the corneas of dogs with endothelial disease or injury frequently exceeded the upper limits of quantitation of 999 and 800μm for the Accupach VI and automated FD-OCT pachymeters, respectively. Using values <800μm, the Pachette 3 generated significantly greater values for central corneal thickness (CCT) than the Accupach VI, manual FD-OCT and automated FD-OCT at 625±7.0, 615±7.2, 613±7.2, and 606±7.4μm respectively (P<0.001). Of the two devices where measurements >1000μm were obtained, manual FD-OCT demonstrated less variability than the Pachette 3. Corneal thickness increased linearly with age and weight with an increase of 6.9±1.8μm/year and 1.6±0.8μm/kg body weight (P<0.005 and P=0.038, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Hoehn
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - S M Thomasy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, 4610 X St., Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
| | - P H Kass
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - T Horikawa
- Animal Eye Center, 5175 Pacific St., Rocklin, CA 95677, USA
| | - M Samuel
- Eye Care for Animals, 21160 W. Capitol Drive Suite B, Pewaukee, WI 53072, USA
| | - O R Shull
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - K A Stewart
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - C J Murphy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, 4610 X St., Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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17
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Samuel M, Thomasy SM, Calderon AS, Kass PH, Collins K, Murphy CJ. Effects of 5% sodium chloride ophthalmic ointment on thickness and morphology of the normal canine cornea. Vet Ophthalmol 2018; 22:229-237. [PMID: 29927055 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of 5% sodium chloride ophthalmic ointment (5% NaCl) on thickness and morphology of the normal canine cornea using ultrasonic pachymetry (USP), in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM), and Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT). METHODS Five healthy laboratory Beagles received ophthalmic examinations including USP, IVCM, and FD-OCT prior to and at fixed intervals following treatment. The right and left eyes were treated with 5% NaCl and artificial tears ophthalmic ointment (AT), respectively, every 2 hours for 4 treatments/d (days 2-9), and then hourly for 7 treatments/d (day 10). Treatment groups were statistically compared using mixed-effects linear regression. RESULTS Treatment with 5% NaCl resulted in a 12 μm decrease in corneal thickness from baseline (P < .001), while there was no significant difference in corneal thickness between values obtained at baseline and following treatment with AT (P = .82). Epithelial cell density significantly increased from baseline (530 ± 52 cells/mm2 ) to 577 ± 43 and 567 ± 15 cells/mm2 with 5% NaCl and AT, respectively (P = .003 and .005, respectively). However, keratocyte cell density in the anterior and posterior stroma and endothelial cell density did not significantly differ following treatment with 5% NaCl or AT ointment (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS Short-term topical treatment with 5% NaCl decreased corneal thickness in normal dogs with no observable changes in corneal morphology or signs of ocular toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara M Thomasy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, UC Davis Eye Center, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Allison S Calderon
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Philip H Kass
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Christopher J Murphy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, UC Davis Eye Center, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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18
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Comparison of central corneal thickness in dogs measured by ultrasound pachymetry and ultrasound biomicroscopy. Vet J 2017; 232:13-14. [PMID: 29428083 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound pachymetry (UP) is currently the most common technique used to evaluate central corneal thickness (CCT). New devices which allow assessment of CCT without corneal contact have been compared, but there are discrepancies among instruments. The aim of this study was to compare CCT measurements obtained by UP and ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) in 28 eyes of 14 healthy Beagles dogs. Mean CCT±standard deviation (SD) were 552±63μm for UP and 551±55μm for UBM. UBM showed both a fixed and proportional bias when compared to ultrasound pachymetry, but this was not considered to be clinically important. Measured CCT did not differ between UP and UBM (P=0.796). The intra-class correlation coefficient indicated a strong agreement between methods (0.990). The CCT measurements between left (548±61μm) and right (555±59μm) eyes did not differ (P=0.760). Male dogs had higher CCT measurements than female dogs (P=0.038).
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19
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Jeong S, Kang S, Park S, Park E, Lim J, Nam T, Seo K. Comparison of corneal thickness measurements using ultrasound pachymetry, ultrasound biomicroscopy, and digital caliper in frozen canine corneas. Vet Ophthalmol 2017; 21:339-346. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seowoo Jeong
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science; Seoul National University; 1 Gwanak-ro Gwanak-gu Seoul 08826 Korea
| | - Seonmi Kang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science; Seoul National University; 1 Gwanak-ro Gwanak-gu Seoul 08826 Korea
| | - Sangwan Park
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science; Seoul National University; 1 Gwanak-ro Gwanak-gu Seoul 08826 Korea
| | - Eunjin Park
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science; Seoul National University; 1 Gwanak-ro Gwanak-gu Seoul 08826 Korea
| | - Jaegook Lim
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science; Seoul National University; 1 Gwanak-ro Gwanak-gu Seoul 08826 Korea
| | - Taekjin Nam
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science; Seoul National University; 1 Gwanak-ro Gwanak-gu Seoul 08826 Korea
| | - Kangmoon Seo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science; Seoul National University; 1 Gwanak-ro Gwanak-gu Seoul 08826 Korea
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20
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Wolfel AE, Pederson SL, Cleymaet AM, Hess AM, Freeman KS. Canine central corneal thickness measurements via Pentacam-HR®
, optical coherence tomography (Optovue iVue®
), and high-resolution ultrasound biomicroscopy. Vet Ophthalmol 2017; 21:362-370. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Allison E. Wolfel
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO 80523 USA
| | - Samantha L. Pederson
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO 80523 USA
| | - Allison M. Cleymaet
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO 80523 USA
| | - Ann M. Hess
- Department of Statistics; College of Natural Sciences; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO 80523 USA
| | - Kate S. Freeman
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO 80523 USA
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21
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Inomata T, Mashaghi A, Hong J, Nakao T, Dana R. Scaling and maintenance of corneal thickness during aging. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185694. [PMID: 28985226 PMCID: PMC5630165 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Corneal thickness is tightly regulated by its boundary endothelial and epithelial layers. The regulated set-point of corneal thickness likely shows inter-individual variations, changes by age, and response to stress. Using anterior segment-optical coherence tomography, we measure murine central corneal thickness and report on body size scaling of murine central corneal thickness during aging. For aged-matched mice, we find that corneal thickness depends on sex and strain. To shed mechanistic insights into these anatomical changes, we measure epithelial layer integrity and endothelial cell density during the life span of the mice using corneal fluorescein staining and in vivo confocal microscopy, respectively and compare their trends with that of the corneal thickness. Cornea thickness increases initially (1 month: 114.7 ± 3.0 μm, 6 months: 126.3 ± 1.6 μm), reaches a maximum (9 months: 129.3 ± 4.4 μm) and then reduces (12 months: 127 ± 2.9 μm, 13 months: 119.5 ± 7.6 μm, 14 months: 110.6 ± 10.6 μm), while the body size (weight) increases with age. We find that endothelial cell density reduces from 2 months old to 8 months old as the mice age and epithelial layer accumulates damages within this time frame. Finally, we compare murine corneal thickness with those of several other mammals including humans and show that corneal thickness has an allometric scaling with body size. Our results have relevance for organ size regulation, translational pharmacology, and veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takenori Inomata
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Alireza Mashaghi
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jiaxu Hong
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Takeshi Nakao
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Reza Dana
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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LoPinto AJ, Pirie CG, Bedenice D, Ayres SL. Corneal thickness of eyes of healthy goats, sheep, and alpacas manually measured by use of a portable spectral-domain optical coherence tomography device. Am J Vet Res 2017; 78:80-84. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.78.1.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Cleymaet AM, Hess AM, Freeman KS. Comparison between Pentacam-HR and optical coherence tomographycentral corneal thickness measurements in healthy feline eyes. Vet Ophthalmol 2016; 19 Suppl 1:105-14. [PMID: 27370363 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Allison M. Cleymaet
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Colorado State University; Veterinary Teaching Hospital; 300 West Drake Road Fort Collins CO 80523 USA
| | - Ann M. Hess
- Department of Statistics; College of Natural Sciences; Colorado State University; Veterinary Teaching Hospital; 300 West Drake Road Fort Collins CO 80523 USA
| | - Kate S. Freeman
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Colorado State University; Veterinary Teaching Hospital; 300 West Drake Road Fort Collins CO 80523 USA
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Fornazari GA, Montiani-Ferreira F, Filho IRDB, Somma AT, Moore B. The eye of the Barbary sheep or aoudad (Ammotragus lervia): reference values for selected ophthalmic diagnostic tests, morphologic and biometric observations. Open Vet J 2016; 6:102-13. [PMID: 27419103 PMCID: PMC4935764 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v6i2.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to describe the normal ocular anatomy and establish reference values for ophthalmic tests in the Barbary sheep or aoudad (Ammotragus lervia). Aoudad eyes are large and laterally positioned in the head with several specialized anatomic features attributed to evolutionary adaptations for grazing. Normal values for commonly used ophthalmic tests were established, Schirmer tear test (STT) - 27.22 ± 3.6 mm/min; Predominant ocular surface bacterial microbiota - Staphylococcus sp.; Corneal esthesiometry- 1.3 ± 0.4 cm; Intraocular pressure by rebound tonometry- 19.47 ± 3.9 mmHg; Corneal thickness- 630.07 ± 20.67 µm, B-mode ultrasonography of the globe-axial eye globe length 29.94 ± 0.96 mm, anterior chamber depth 5.03 ± 0.17 mm, lens thickness 9.4 ± 0.33 mm, vitreous chamber depth 14.1 ± 0.53 mm; Corneal diameter-horizontal corneal diameter 25.05 ± 2.18 mm, vertical corneal diameter 17.95 ± 1.68 mm; Horizontal palpebral fissure length- 34.8 ± 3.12 mm. Knowledge of these normal anatomic variations, biometric findings and normal parameters for ocular diagnostic tests may assist veterinary ophthalmologists in the diagnosis of ocular diseases in this and other similar species.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Fornazari
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Rua dos Funcionários 1540, 8035-050, Curitiba, PR. Brazil
| | - F Montiani-Ferreira
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Rua dos Funcionários 1540, 8035-050, Curitiba, PR. Brazil
| | - I R de Barros Filho
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Rua dos Funcionários 1540, 8035-050, Curitiba, PR. Brazil
| | - A T Somma
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Rua dos Funcionários 1540, 8035-050, Curitiba, PR. Brazil
| | - B Moore
- Veterinary Specialty Hospital of San Diego, 10435 Sorrento Valley Road, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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Zhao HX, Zhang L, Guan WY. Difference in normal corneal thickness and curvature between Mongolian and Han nationalities. Int J Ophthalmol 2015; 8:399-402. [PMID: 25938063 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2015.02.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the differences in central corneal thickness (CCT) and curvature in myopic patients with different genders between Mongolian and Han nationalities in the Inner Mongolia region. METHODS Patients with myopia, among whom 122 cases (244 eyes) were Mongolian and 150 cases (300 eyes) were Han, were selected. Pentacam was used to measure the corneal curvature, whereas CCT was determined by Pentacam, Orbscan and ultrasound pachymetry. RESULTS Comparisons of the curvature of men and women in Mongolia showed a significant difference (P<0.05) by comparing of the CCT values measured by three methods in Han and Mongolian in Inner Mongolia, we can draw a conclusion that the CCT values measured by Pentacam are less than the values by Orbscan and ultrasound pachymetry, and there are statistically significant difference in CCT measurement among the instruments except between the Orbscan and ultrasound pachymetry. The CCT values of Mongolians are more than Han people, and the analysis exhibited statistical significance. The CCT values measured by Orbscan in Mongolia of women are more than men, the difference showed statistical significance. CONCLUSION Corneal curvature in Mongolian females was significantly higher than that in males. However, no significant difference was observed among Han males and females. The CCT values of Mongolian females were higher than those of males. The normal CCT values measured by Pentacam in Mongolian myopic patients were smaller than those obtained by Orbscan or ultrasound. The normal CCT values of Mongolian patients with myopia were higher than those reported for domestic people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Xia Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Monogolia Medical University, Huhhot 010050, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Monogolia Medical University, Huhhot 010050, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Wen-Ying Guan
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Monogolia Medical University, Huhhot 010050, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
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Strom AR, Cortés DE, Rasmussen CA, Thomasy SM, McIntyre K, Lee SF, Kass PH, Mannis MJ, Murphy CJ. In vivo evaluation of the cornea and conjunctiva of the normal laboratory beagle using time- and Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography and ultrasound pachymetry. Vet Ophthalmol 2015; 19:50-6. [PMID: 25676065 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To obtain normative data for the canine cornea and conjunctiva using high-resolution time- and Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (TD-OCT and FD-OCT) and ultrasound pachymetry (USP). ANIMALS One hundred sixty-eight eyes of 133 healthy young intact laboratory beagles. PROCEDURES The cornea and conjunctiva of 16 eyes of 8 healthy young intact female beagles were imaged using FD-OCT. Corneal thickness was measured with FD-OCT and USP, while corneal epithelial thickness and conjunctival epithelial thickness were measured with FD-OCT. The central corneal thickness (CCT) was determined in 152 eyes of 125 healthy young adult intact female (35) and male (90) beagles using TD-OCT. Mixed effects linear regression was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS The CCT was (mean ± standard deviation) 497.54 ± 29.76, 555.49 ± 17.19, and 594.81 ± 33.02 μm as measured by FD-OCT, USP, and TD-OCT, respectively. The central, superior paraxial, superior perilimbal corneal epithelial thickness and superior bulbar conjunctival epithelial thickness were 52.38 ± 7.27, 56.96 ± 6.47, 69.06 ± 8.84 and 42.98 ± 6.17 μm, respectively. When comparing techniques used for measuring CCT (USP vs. FD-OCT and FD-OCT vs. TD-OCT), USP and TD-OCT generated significantly greater values in comparison with FD-OCT (both P < 0.001). For all dogs, CCT increased with increasing age and body weight (both P < 0.001) and was higher in intact males vs. females using TD-OCT (P = 0.034). CONCLUSION High-resolution FD-OCT and TD-OCT provide detailed noninvasive evaluation of in vivo canine anterior segment structures. Normative values of the canine cornea and conjunctiva are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann R Strom
- Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Dennis E Cortés
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, UC Davis Eye Center, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, 4860 Y St., Suite 2400, CA 95817, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Avenida Libertador Bernado O. Higgins 340, Chile
| | - Carol A Rasmussen
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 2828 Marshall Court Suite 200, WI 53705, USA
| | - Sara M Thomasy
- Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Kim McIntyre
- Comparative Ophthalmic Research Laboratories, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 2828 Marshall Court Suite 200, WI 53705, USA
| | - Shwu-Fei Lee
- Covance Laboratories, Inc., Madison, 3301 Kinsman Boulevard, WI 53704, USA
| | - Philip H Kass
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and School of Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Mark J Mannis
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, UC Davis Eye Center, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, 4860 Y St., Suite 2400, CA 95817, USA
| | - Christopher J Murphy
- Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, UC Davis Eye Center, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, 4860 Y St., Suite 2400, CA 95817, USA
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Alario AF, Pirie CG. Reliability of manual measurements of corneal thickness obtained from healthy canine eyes using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE 2014; 78:221-225. [PMID: 24982554 PMCID: PMC4068414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to manually measure corneal thickness in canine eyes using a spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) device and to assess intra- and inter-observer reliability of this technique. Twenty healthy dogs with a mean age of 4.7 y were examined. A 6-mm corneal pachymetry protocol was carried out by 1 operator using 1 SD-OCT device in both eyes of each animal. Measurements were obtained manually and in duplicate by 2 independent investigators (> 24 h apart), using the built-in caliper function. Measurements included epithelial thickness (ET), non-epithelial thickness (NET), and central corneal thickness (CCT). The overall mean ET, NET, and CCT for all eyes examined were 72.3 ± 4.6 μm, 538.9 ± 42.5 μm, and 611.2 ± 40.3 μm, respectively. There was no significant difference in ET, NET, or CCT based on the eye examined [oculus dexter (OD) versus oculus sinister (OS)], age, or gender of the animal. There was no significant difference in replicate measurements of ET, NET, or CCT done by the same operator, although a small but significant difference was noted between operators for ET measurements only. The mean difference in ET between operators was 0.6 μm (P = 0.03). The coefficient of variation ranged from 0.5% to 9.27% and intraclass correlation coefficient ranged from 0.35 to 0.97. Based on these results, manual measurements of corneal thickness in canine eyes using a portable SD-OCT device provided ET, NET, and CCT measurements with clinically acceptable intra- and inter-observer reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher G. Pirie
- Address all correspondence to Dr. Chris Pirie; telephone: (508) 839-5395; fax: (508) 887-4363; e-mail:
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