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Casanova MI, Park S, Mayes MA, Roszak K, Ferneding M, Echeverria N, Bowman MAW, Michalak SR, Ardon M, Wong S, Le SM, Daley N, Leonard BC, Good KL, Li JY, Thomasy SM. Topical netarsudil for the treatment of primary corneal endothelial degeneration in dogs. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6238. [PMID: 38485975 PMCID: PMC10940293 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56084-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the tolerability and efficacy of the topical rho-kinase inhibitor netarsudil for canine primary corneal endothelial degeneration (PCED). Twenty-six eyes of 21 client-owned dogs with PCED were enrolled in a prospective, randomized, vehicle control clinical trial and received topical netarsudil 0.02% (Rhopressa®) or vehicle control twice daily (BID) for the first 4 months. Then, all patients received netarsudil for the next 4 or 8 months. Complete ophthalmic examination, ultrasonic pachymetry, Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography, and in vivo confocal microscopy were performed at baseline and 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 months. Effect of netarsudil on central corneal thickness (CCT), percentage of cornea with edema, and endothelial cell density (ECD) were evaluated by repeated measures ANOVA. Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank test were used to compare corneal edema and clinical progression of eyes in netarsudil versus vehicle control groups. All dogs developed conjunctival hyperemia in at least one eye while receiving netarsudil. Unilateral transient reticulated intraepithelial bullae and stromal hemorrhage were observed respectively in 2 dogs in the netarsudil group. Two dogs showed persistently decreased tear production while receiving netarsudil, requiring topical immunomodulatory treatment. No significant differences in CCT, ECD, corneal edema or clinical progression were observed between netarsudil or vehicle treated eyes. When comparing efficacy of topical netarsudil BID and topical ripasudil 0.4% administered four times daily from our previous study, dogs receiving ripasudil had significantly less progression than those receiving netarsudil.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Isabel Casanova
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Sangwan Park
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Melaney A Mayes
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95161, USA
| | - Karolina Roszak
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Michelle Ferneding
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Nayeli Echeverria
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Morgan A W Bowman
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Sarah R Michalak
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Monica Ardon
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Sydni Wong
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Sophie M Le
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Nicole Daley
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Brian C Leonard
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Kathryn L Good
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jennifer Y Li
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Sara M Thomasy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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Shiraishi H, Vernau KM, Kim S, Good KL, Hollingsworth SR, Sebbag L, Montgomery E, Surmick JD, Freeman KS, Choi E, Casanova MI, Maggs DJ. Symblepharon in kittens: a retrospective study of 40 kittens and 54 eyes (2002-2022). J Feline Med Surg 2023; 25:1098612X221150160. [PMID: 36745097 PMCID: PMC10812067 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x221150160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the signalment, treatment, surgical technique and outcomes for feline symblepharon. METHODS A retrospective medical record review and standardized grading of clinical descriptions and photographs was undertaken. RESULTS Forty kittens (54 eyes) aged 3-46 weeks had symblepharon of five types in various combinations: eyelid deformation (24 kittens; 32 eyes); ankyloblepharon (four kittens; four eyes); conjunctiva-to-conjunctiva (11 kittens; 12 eyes); third eyelid-to-conjunctiva (24 kittens; 29 eyes); and corneoconjunctival adhesions (14 kittens; 16 eyes). At initial presentation, 23 (43%) eyes were affected by one type of symblepharon, 25 (46%) eyes by two types and six (11%) eyes by three types; 11 (20%) corneas were ulcerated. Twenty-four (44%) eyes of 18 (45%) kittens were managed medically. Surgery was performed under general anesthesia/sedation (30 occasions) or topical anesthesia (21 occasions) on 30 (56%) eyes of 22 kittens; 12 eyes (40%) underwent multiple surgeries. Four techniques were commonly employed: separation of conjunctival-to-conjunctival adhesions ± eyelid margins (14 eyes); resection of third eyelid adhesions ± temporary tacking of the third eyelid (modified Arlt's pterygium technique; 18 eyes); en bloc resection of the third eyelid (two eyes); and separation of corneoconjunctival adhesions (14 eyes). Median duration of follow-up was 55 days (range 1-1051). Median symblepharon grade in kittens treated surgically improved for all types except corneoconjunctival symblepharon. Median symblepharon grade in kittens receiving medical management remained the same or improved. Corneoconjunctival symblepharon opacity decreased for eyes treated surgically but increased for eyes treated medically. Three eyes were enucleated due to complications of corneoconjunctival symblepharon. At final presentation, symblepharon persisted in 46 (85%) eyes; however, menace response was evident in 13/16 eyes and dazzle reflex in 23/23 eyes. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Symblepharon is a heterogeneous group of conditions with diverse anatomic involvement, clinical appearance and impact, optimal treatment and prognosis for vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Shiraishi
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Karen M Vernau
- Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Soohyun Kim
- William R Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kathryn L Good
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Lionel Sebbag
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - Jennifer D Surmick
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Eunju Choi
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - M Isabel Casanova
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - David J Maggs
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Park S, Casanova MI, Bannasch DL, Daley NL, Kim S, Kuchtey J, Gomes FE, Leonard BC, Good KL, Martins BDC, Murphy CJ, Thomasy SM. Ocular morphologic traits in the American Cocker Spaniel may confer primary angle closure glaucoma susceptibility. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18980. [PMID: 36348026 PMCID: PMC9643544 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23238-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute primary angle closure glaucoma is a potentially blinding ophthalmic emergency requiring prompt treatment to lower the elevated intraocular pressure in humans and dogs. The PACG in most of canine breeds is epidemiologically similar to humans with older and female patients overrepresented with the condition. The American Cocker Spaniel (ACS) is among the most common breeds observed with PACG development in dogs. This study initially sought to identify genetic risk factors to explain the high prevalence of PACG in ACSs by using a case-control breed-matched genome-wide association study. However, the GWAS failed to identify candidate loci associated with PACG in this breed. This study then assessed intrinsic ocular morphologic traits that may relate to PACG susceptibility in this breed. Normal ACSs without glaucoma have a crowded anterior ocular segment and narrow iridocorneal angle and ciliary cleft, which is consistent with anatomical risk factors identified in humans. The ACSs showed unique features consisting of posterior bowing of iris and longer iridolenticular contact, which mirrors reverse pupillary block and pigment dispersion syndrome in humans. The ACS could hold potential to serve as an animal model of naturally occurring PACG in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwan Park
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - M. Isabel Casanova
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Danika L. Bannasch
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Nicole L. Daley
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Soohyun Kim
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - John Kuchtey
- grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - Filipe Espinheira Gomes
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XDepartment of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University Ithaca, New York, 14853 USA ,Present Address: Small Animal Specialist Hospital, North Ryde, NSW 2113 Australia
| | - Brian C. Leonard
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Kathryn L. Good
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Bianca da C. Martins
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Christopher J. Murphy
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA ,grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95817 USA
| | - Sara M. Thomasy
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA ,grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95817 USA
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Michalak SR, Kim S, Park S, Casanova MI, Bowman MAW, Ferneding M, Leonard BC, Good KL, Li JY, Thomasy SM. Topical Ripasudil for the Treatment of Primary Corneal Endothelial Degeneration in Dogs. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2022; 11:2. [PMID: 36048012 PMCID: PMC9440609 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.11.9.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the tolerability and efficacy of topical rho-kinase inhibitor ripasudil in the treatment of primary corneal endothelial degeneration (PCED) in dogs. Methods Twenty-one eyes of 12 client-owned, PCED-affected dogs received topical ripasudil 4 times daily. Ophthalmic examination, ultrasonic pachymetry (USP), Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT), and in vivo confocal microscopy were performed at baseline and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. Effects of treatment on corneal thickness, corneal edema extent, and endothelial cell density (ECD) were evaluated by repeated-measures ANOVA or Friedman test. Individual eyes were classified as improved, progressed, or stable at 12 months using clinical response criteria. Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank test were used to compare ripasudil-treated eyes to age-, breed/size-, and disease stage-matched historical controls. Results During treatment, 12 dogs developed conjunctival hyperemia, 4 demonstrated reticular bullous epithelial edema, and 2 developed corneal stromal hemorrhage. No adverse event necessitated permanent cessation of ripasudil. Central corneal thickness measured by USP significantly progressed from baseline to 12 months. Corneal thickness by FD-OCT, ECD, and edema extent did not differ over time. Considered individually, 5 eyes improved, 8 remained stable, and 8 progressed. The log-rank test found less edema progression in ripasudil-treated eyes compared to historical controls. Conclusions Ripasudil was well-tolerated in PCED-affected dogs. Response to therapy varied; 62% of eyes showed improved or stable disease whereas 38% progressed. Ripasudil-treated eyes progressed more slowly than historical controls. Translational Relevance Topical ripasudil offered a therapeutic benefit in a subset of patients using a canine model of endothelial degeneration, which may guide future trials in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Michalak
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Soohyun Kim
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Sangwan Park
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - M Isabel Casanova
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Morgan A W Bowman
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Michelle Ferneding
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Brian C Leonard
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Kathryn L Good
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Jennifer Y Li
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Sara M Thomasy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
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Mayes MA, Casanova MI, Park S, Steele K, Linton L, Kim S, Good KL, Moore BA, Newbold GM, Leonard BC, Li JY, Thomasy SM. Canine endotheliitis: Clinical characteristics, advanced imaging features, and treatment. Vet Ophthalmol 2021; 25 Suppl 1:185-192. [PMID: 34971485 PMCID: PMC9243184 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical findings, multimodal corneal imaging features and treatment in canine patients diagnosed with endotheliitis. ANIMALS STUDIED Four canine patients met inclusion criteria for bilateral corneal disease with endothelial inflammation and secondary corneal edema that responded to topical anti-inflammatory treatment. METHODS The patients selected underwent a complete ophthalmic examination with emphasis on the cornea including ultrasound pachymetry (USP), Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT), in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM), and digital slit lamp photography. RESULTS All patients in this study demonstrated thickened corneas due to edema with USP and FD-OCT. With IVCM, mild to severe polymegathism and pleomorphism of corneal endothelial cells, reduced endothelial cell density, hyperreflective keratic precipitates (KPs), and extracellular debris as well as hyporeflective pseudoguttata were observed. With FD-OCT, hyperreflective KPs were commonly observed on the inferior cornea. Clinical examination and advanced imaging results were consistent with a diagnosis of endotheliitis. All patients initially responded to topical anti-inflammatory treatment and required continued therapy; two patients also received topical netarsudil, a rho-associated coiled-coil kinase inhibitor. CONCLUSION Endotheliitis should be considered for canine patients with bilateral edema that is most severe in the inferior cornea. Careful inspection of Descemet's membrane-endothelial complex should be performed for KPs or inflammatory debris. Chronic administration of topical anti-inflammatories may be necessary to prevent flare-ups of endotheliitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melaney A Mayes
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Maria Isabel Casanova
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Sangwan Park
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | | | - Lana Linton
- Animal Eye Center, Inc, Rocklin, California, USA
| | - Soohyun Kim
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Kathryn L Good
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Bret A Moore
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Georgina M Newbold
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Brian C Leonard
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Jennifer Y Li
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Sara M Thomasy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
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Park SA, Good KL, Thomasy SM, Kass PH, Murphy CJ. Effect of Withdrawing Chronic Topical Immune Modulating Treatment on Schirmer Tear Test Values in Dogs with Dry Eye Disease: Relevance to Dry Eye Studies. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2021; 37:394-398. [PMID: 34232790 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2021.0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To determine the effect of discontinuing chronic topical immune modulating (IM) treatment on Schirmer tear test (STT) values in dogs with dry eye disease (DED). Methods: Serial measurements of STTs from 14 dogs (16 eyes) previously diagnosed with DED were obtained before and after discontinuation of topical IM agents. Dogs with moderate to severe DED that had been well controlled with a topical IM treatment were included. After initial assessment topical IM treatment was discontinued, but topical lubricant was continued, and STT values were obtained sequentially. A mixed-effects regression model was used to evaluate the effects of age, gender, breed, clinical score, frequency of treatment, baseline STT value, and drug type on final STT values after IM withdrawal. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: During the follow-up period after the IM treatment had been discontinued (136 ± 29 days), 50% of the eyes (n = 8) exhibited STT values that never decreased to <10 mm/min. In the other 50% (n = 8), STT values decreased from 15.9 ± 4.7 mm/min to 6.1 ± 0.9 mm/min. In this group, the time it took to decrease the STT to <10 mm/min was 21.1 ± 9.5 days. Severe clinical signs of DED and low baseline STT pre-IM treatment significantly affected STT post-IM treatment withdrawal (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The duration that a residual effect of topical IM treatment persists needs to be taken into consideration when studies are designed utilizing dogs with previous IM treatment for DED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Ae Park
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA.,Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Kathryn L Good
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Sara M Thomasy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Philip H Kass
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Christopher J Murphy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
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Stromberg SJ, Yan J, Wisner TG, Wisner ER, Good KL. Clinical features and MRI characteristics of retinal detachment in dogs and cats. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2021; 62:666-673. [PMID: 34086380 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this retrospective observational study was to characterize the MRI appearance of retinal detachment (RD) in a sample of dogs and cats. Study inclusion was based on the following medical record criteria: (a) had a diagnosis of RD in at least one eye by either funduscopic examination or ocular ultrasound and had an MRI evaluation including the eyes, or (b) had a diagnosis of RD documented in an MRI report for at least one eye and also had a clinical eye examination. Eighteen patients (12 dogs, 6 cats) and 35 eyes met the inclusion criteria, although four eyes that were clinically examined could not be visualized funduscopically and did not have ocular ultrasound performed (criterion 2). The MRI and clinical diagnosis (via either funduscopy or ultrasound) of RD/no RD was concordant in 27 of 31 eyes (87%). Qualitatively, RD appeared as a variable intensity curvilinear structure located internal and adjacent to the sclera on all sequences and was best delineated on T2W sequences. RDs inconsistently contrast enhanced and, although there was no statistical difference, subjectively appeared more clearly delineated on dorsal and parasagittal images. In conclusion, findings from the current study support using MRI as an ancillary diagnostic test for confirmation or further characterization of RD in dogs and cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Stromberg
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Jenny Yan
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | | | - Erik R Wisner
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Kathryn L Good
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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Leonard BC, Kermanian CS, Michalak SR, Kass PH, Hollingsworth SR, Good KL, Maggs DJ, Thomasy SM. A Retrospective Study of Corneal Endothelial Dystrophy in Dogs (1991-2014). Cornea 2021; 40:578-583. [PMID: 32947393 PMCID: PMC7960559 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000002488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To retrospectively evaluate the clinical data, diagnostic tests, treatments, and outcomes for dogs with corneal endothelial dystrophy (CED) and determine risk factors for CED when compared with a canine reference population. METHODS Medical records of 99 dogs (1991-2014) diagnosed with CED at the University of California Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital were reviewed and compared with 458,680 dogs comprising the general hospital population during the study period. Retrieved data included signalment, examination findings, diagnoses, treatments, and outcomes associated with CED. The exact Pearson χ2 test or exact Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare parameters between the groups. Progression of corneal edema was assessed using 3 independent Kaplan-Meier curves, identifying clinically significant changes in corneal opacity. RESULTS Boston terriers, German wirehaired pointers, and Dachshunds were overrepresented in the CED-affected group, whereas Labradors were underrepresented. Dogs older than 11 years were overrepresented in the CED-affected group, whereas intact dogs were underrepresented. Surgical intervention was performed (n = 11) based on the severity of disease and secondary complications from CED. Median time to progression of corneal edema was 1) 368 days when an at-risk eye initially without edema developed edema at a subsequent visit, 2) 701 days when there was progression from mild to marked corneal edema, and 3) 340 days when there was progression from focal to diffuse corneal edema. CONCLUSIONS Many CED-affected dogs progress over months to years without surgical intervention, making dogs with CED a useful model for studying genetic predispositions and development of novel therapeutics for Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C. Leonard
- Departments of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Celine S. Kermanian
- Departments of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Sarah R. Michalak
- Departments of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Philip H. Kass
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Steven R. Hollingsworth
- Departments of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Kathryn L. Good
- Departments of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - David J. Maggs
- Departments of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Sara M. Thomasy
- Departments of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
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Lucyshyn DR, Good KL, Knickelbein KE, Chang MW, Strøm AR, Hollingsworth SR, Thomasy SM, Leonard BC, Sebbag L, Wiggans KT, Maggs DJ. Subcutaneous administration of triamcinolone as part of the management of feline eosinophilic keratoconjunctivitis. J Feline Med Surg 2020; 23:575-583. [PMID: 33140999 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x20968660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this retrospective case-control study was to report the efficacy of subcutaneous triamcinolone as part of a regimen for feline eosinophilic keratoconjunctivitis (FEK). METHODS Records and clinical photographs were reviewed and lesions semiquantitatively graded for cats with cytologically confirmed FEK. Clinical data were compared between a study population of nine cats (11 eyes) treated with, and a reference population of seven cats (eight eyes) treated without, a median of 0.11 mg/kg (range 0.10-0.20 mg/kg) of triamcinolone acetonide subcutaneously. RESULTS Breed, sex, age and prevalence of corneal ulceration at presentation; corneal disease severity before and at the initiation of immunomodulation; and duration of antiviral treatment before immunomodulation did not differ significantly between populations (P ⩾0.059). Corneal plaques resolved in five cats each from the study and reference populations (P = 0.366). Median (range) time from immunomodulation to corneal plaque resolution did not significantly differ (P = 0.246) between the study (median 14 days; range 8-38 days) and reference (median 28 days, range 14-46 days) populations. No adverse reactions were attributed to triamcinolone administration, and all corneal ulcers in the study population re-epithelialized within 14 days (range 8-38 days) following triamcinolone injection. Time to corneal ulcer re-epithelialization following triamcinolone injection varied minimally in those receiving antivirals prior to (8 or 30 days until re-epithelialization), simultaneously with (38 days) or after (14 or 24 days) triamcinolone. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In otherwise healthy cats with FEK, subcutaneous administration of triamcinolone appears to be well tolerated and as efficacious as conventional topical immunomodulatory therapies. It may be especially useful in ulcerated eyes where topical immunomodulation is contraindicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danica R Lucyshyn
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kathryn L Good
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kelly E Knickelbein
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Maggie W Chang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ann R Strøm
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Steven R Hollingsworth
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sara M Thomasy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Brian C Leonard
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Lionel Sebbag
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - K Tomo Wiggans
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - David J Maggs
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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10
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Moore BA, Robertson J, Tarbert DK, Good KL, Paul-Murphy JR. A novel surgical technique for enucleation in rabbits to reduce the risk of intra- and post-operative orbital hemorrhage. Vet Ophthalmol 2020; 23:409-413. [PMID: 31944539 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A 10-year-old male castrated Holland Lop rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) was presented for severe ulcerative stromal keratitis of the right eye and a luxated hypermature cataract and glaucoma of the left eye. Staged bilateral enucleation was elected. A LigaSure™ electrosurgical bipolar vessel-sealing device was used as a means to minimize intraoperative and post-operative hemorrhage, especially that associated with the orbital venous plexus. The LigaSure™ was used to ligate and transect all extraocular muscles, the optic nerve bundle, and the base of the third eyelid with no complications encountered. Overall, the LigaSure™ was easy to use, resulted in minimal hemorrhage, and reduced surgery time. This is the first report of the use of a LigaSure™ to aid in the enucleation of a rabbit. Although only positive results were achieved as an alternative to conventional methodologies, its use in clinical practice should be that of caution until a larger study evaluating the long-term results is performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bret A Moore
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jessica Robertson
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Danielle K Tarbert
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kathryn L Good
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Joanne R Paul-Murphy
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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11
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Winer JN, Verstraete FJM, Cissell DD, Le C, Vapniarsky N, Good KL, Gutierrez CJ, Arzi B. Clinical Features and Computed Tomography Findings Are Utilized to Characterize Retrobulbar Disease in Dogs. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:186. [PMID: 30186840 PMCID: PMC6113568 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study is to describe the clinical features and computed tomography (CT) findings of dogs with retrobulbar disease. There are two facets to this study: a retrospective case series in which findings of dogs with primary vs. secondary retrobulbar disease are described, and a retrospective cross-sectional study in which computed tomography findings of dogs with retrobulbar neoplasia vs. infection/inflammation are described and compared. The medical records of 66 client-owned dogs diagnosed with retrobulbar disease between 2006 and 2016 were reviewed. Clinical information including signalment, the specialty service to which the dog was presented, clinical signs, physical examination findings, diagnostic results, treatment, and outcome were documented. Diagnostic imaging and histopathology were reviewed. Forty-one dogs (62.1%) were diagnosed with primary disease of the retrobulbar space; 25 dogs (37.9%) were considered to have secondary retrobulbar disease. Of the 41 dogs with primary retrobulbar disease, 19 were diagnosed with neoplasia, 19 with infectious/inflammatory disease, and 3 suffered traumatic insult to the retrobulbar space. Of the 25 dogs with secondary retrobulbar disease, 21 were diagnosed with neoplasia, 3 with infectious/inflammatory disease, and 1 with a cyst. Dogs had a combination of ocular, oral, and/or nasal clinical signs. CT findings of orbital osteolysis, orbital periosteal reaction, and presence of a retrobulbar mass were significantly associated with neoplasia, while zygomatic salivary gland enlargement, retrobulbar mass effect, and mandibular lymphadenopathy were more often associated with infectious/inflammatory disease. CT findings overlap among different retrobulbar diseases, but new bone formation and lysis are more often associated with neoplasia. Disease originating from the retrobulbar space was equally likely to be infectious/inflammatory (n = 19) or neoplastic (n = 19), based on definitive diagnostic results of dogs with primary retrobulbar disease. Due to the clinical ramifications of these disorders, the diagnosis and treatment of these cases should be managed with a multi-specialty approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna N Winer
- School of Veterinary Medicine, William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Frank J M Verstraete
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Derek D Cissell
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Catherine Le
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Natalia Vapniarsky
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Kathryn L Good
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Claudio J Gutierrez
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Boaz Arzi
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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12
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Martin de Bustamante MG, Good KL, Leonard BC, Hollingsworth SR, Edwards SG, Knickelbein KE, Cooper AE, Thomasy SM, Maggs DJ. Medical management of deep ulcerative keratitis in cats: 13 cases. J Feline Med Surg 2018; 21:387-393. [PMID: 29767565 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x18770514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CASE SERIES SUMMARY Described are 13 cats diagnosed with deep ulcerative keratitis and successfully managed medically without grafting procedures. Typical treatment involved frequent topical application of serum and antibiotics (usually a fluoroquinolone and a cephalosporin). Seven cats also received systemic antibiotics. Analgesia was achieved using various combinations of topical atropine and systemic buprenorphine, robenacoxib or corticosteroids. Six cats were hospitalized for a median (range) period of 2.5 (1-8) days, typically because of frequent medication administration. Median (range) follow-up time was 41.5 (9-103) days. Median (range) number of recheck examinations was 4 (2-6). Median (range) time to corneal re-epithelialization was 21 (9-103) days. Median (range) topical antibiotic course was 29.5 (16-103) days. Median (range) duration of Elizabethan collar use was 28 (13-73) days. At the time of writing, no further recheck examinations were recommended for 10 cats; median (range) time between initial to final examinations in these cats was 35 (20-103) days. All cats retained the affected globes and were apparently comfortable and visual at the latest recheck examination. RELEVANCE AND NOVEL INFORMATION These cases reveal that aggressive medical management is highly successful in select cats with deep ulcerative keratitis, and can result in a cosmetically acceptable, apparently comfortable and visual globe. However, therapy is intensive with frequent administration of multiple topical and sometimes systemic medications, and requires multiple veterinary visits over many weeks. Referral to a veterinary ophthalmologist for consideration of surgical stabilization is recommended, as not all cases may be amenable to the medical therapy described here.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathryn L Good
- 2 Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Brian C Leonard
- 2 Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Steven R Hollingsworth
- 2 Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sydney G Edwards
- 1 Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kelly E Knickelbein
- 1 Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ann E Cooper
- 1 Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sara M Thomasy
- 2 Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - David J Maggs
- 2 Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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13
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Shilo-Benjamini Y, Pascoe PJ, Maggs DJ, Hollingsworth SR, Strom AR, Good KL, Thomasy SM, Kass PH, Wisner ER. Retrobulbar vs peribulbar regional anesthesia techniques using bupivacaine in dogs. Vet Ophthalmol 2018; 22:183-191. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yael Shilo-Benjamini
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine; The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot Israel
| | - Peter J. Pascoe
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - David J. Maggs
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - Steven R. Hollingsworth
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - Ann R. Strom
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - Kathryn L. Good
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - Sara M. Thomasy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - Philip H. Kass
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - Erik R. Wisner
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
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14
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical, gross pathologic, and histopathologic findings for a visually impaired 5.8-year-old female alpaca with multiple ocular abnormalities, as well as the clinical findings for three closely related alpacas. ANIMALS STUDIED Four alpacas. PROCEDURES Ophthalmic examination was performed on a 16-month-old female alpaca following observation of visual impairment while hospitalized for an unrelated illness. Following acute systemic decline and death 4.5 years later, the alpaca's brain, optic nerves, and eyes were examined grossly and histologically. Ophthalmic examination of three closely related alpacas was subsequently performed. RESULTS The 16-month-old female alpaca (Alpaca 1) had ophthalmoscopic findings suggestive of a coloboma or hypoplasia of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and choroid, and suspected optic nerve hypoplasia OU. Histopathology performed 4.5 years later revealed moderate to severe choroidal, RPE, and retinal hypoplasia with multifocal retinal detachments OU. However, the optic nerves were normal in size and histologic appearance when compared to an age-matched control. Clinical evaluation of the 2-year-old son of Alpaca 1 revealed iris colobomata OU and choroidal dysplasia/hypoplasia OD in addition to nonpathologic variations in melanin density including heterochromia iridis and a subalbinotic fundus OU. Clinical evaluation of the 13-year-old mother of Alpaca 1 revealed heterochromia iridis, cataracts, and a subalbinotic fundus OU. A 2-year-old half-brother of Alpaca 1 had an RPE and choroidal coloboma OS. CONCLUSION The developmental ocular abnormalities diagnosed in these closely related alpacas are likely hereditary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E Knickelbein
- The Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - David J Maggs
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Christopher M Reilly
- Department of Pathology Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Kathryn L Good
- The Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Juliet R Gionfriddo
- The College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80528, USA
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15
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Auten CR, Thomasy SM, Kass PH, Good KL, Hollingsworth SR, Maggs DJ. Cofactors associated with Sudden Acquired Retinal Degeneration Syndrome: 151 dogs within a reference population. Vet Ophthalmol 2017; 21:264-272. [PMID: 28845542 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine factors associated with sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome (SARDS) diagnosed within one referral population. ANIMALS STUDIED 151 dogs diagnosed with SARDS. PROCEDURES Breed, age, sex, and body weight were compared between dogs with electroretinogram-confirmed SARDS and dogs presented to the UC Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (UCD-VMTH) from 1991 to 2014. RESULTS SARDS was diagnosed in 151 dogs, representing 1.3% of dogs presented to the UCD-VMTH for ophthalmic disease. Although dogs of 36 breeds were affected, the Dachshund (n = 31, 21%), Schnauzer (16, 11%), Pug (11, 7%), and Brittany (5, 3%) were significantly overrepresented, and the Labrador Retriever (3, 2%) was significantly underrepresented vs. the reference population (P < 0.001). Median (range) age and body weight of affected vs. reference dogs were 8.9 (3-20) vs. 6.8 (0.1-26) years and 12.4 (2.8-52.7) vs. 22.3 (0.1-60) kg, respectively. Dogs 6-10 years of age and between 10-20 kg in body weight were significantly overrepresented in the SARDS population, while dogs <6 years of age were significantly underrepresented (P < 0.01). Spayed females (59% of affected dogs) were significantly overrepresented compared to the reference population, whereas intact females (1% of affected dogs) were significantly underrepresented. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with previous studies, smaller, middle-aged, spayed female dogs may be at increased risk of developing SARDS. Unlike previous studies, this is the first study comparing a variety of SARDS-affected breeds to a reference population. Potentially increased risk of SARDS in several breeds, particularly Dachshunds, suggests a familial factor that warrants further investigation using genetic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara M Thomasy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Philip H Kass
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Kathryn L Good
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Steven R Hollingsworth
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - David J Maggs
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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16
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Tusler CA, Good KL, Maggs DJ, Zwingenberger AL, Reilly CM. Gross, histologic, and computed tomographic characterization of nonpathological intrascleral cartilage and bone in the domestic goat (Capra aegagrus hircus). Vet Ophthalmol 2016; 20:214-221. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte A. Tusler
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Kathryn L. Good
- Department of Surgical & Radiological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - David J. Maggs
- Department of Surgical & Radiological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Allison L. Zwingenberger
- Department of Surgical & Radiological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Christopher M. Reilly
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA 95616 USA
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17
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Berryhill EH, Thomasy SM, Kass PH, Reilly CM, Good KL, Hollingsworth SR, Maggs DJ, Magdesian KG, Pusterla N. Comparison of corneal degeneration and calcific band keratopathy from 2000 to 2013 in 69 horses. Vet Ophthalmol 2016; 20:16-26. [PMID: 26773714 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare signalment, presentation, treatment, and outcome in horses diagnosed with corneal degeneration (CD) or calcific band keratopathy (CBK) at a referral hospital. ANIMALS STUDIED Sixty-nine horses (87 eyes) diagnosed with either CD or CBK. PROCEDURES Medical records of horses diagnosed with CD or CBK at the University of California-Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (UCD-VMTH) between 2000 and 2013 were reviewed. Signalment, concurrent ophthalmic diagnoses, previous therapies, diagnostic tests, systemic diagnoses, treatment, follow-up, and outcomes were compared between horses diagnosed with CD or CBK. Age, breed, and gender were compared between the CD/CBK and UCD-VMTH populations. RESULTS Thirty-three horses (42 eyes) and 36 horses (45 eyes) were diagnosed with CD and CBK, respectively. Horses with CD or CBK were significantly older (P < 0.001) than the UCD-VMTH population with a median age of 16 or 18 years, respectively. Appaloosas were significantly overrepresented in the CD/CBK population (33%) in comparison with the UCD-VMTH population (1.8%, P < 0.001). Equine recurrent uveitis was concurrently diagnosed in 67% and 84% of horses with CD or CBK, respectively. Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) was diagnosed significantly less often in horses with CD vs. CBK (P = 0.03). Chemical chelation with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid was performed significantly less frequently in horses diagnosed with CD (7.1%) vs. CBK (31.1% of eyes) (P = 0.012). CONCLUSIONS Despite some differences, equine CD and CBK are relatively similar conditions and may represent a continuum of disease severity. Horses with PPID should be monitored closely for corneal disease including CBK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily H Berryhill
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Sara M Thomasy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Philip H Kass
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Christopher M Reilly
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Kathryn L Good
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Steven R Hollingsworth
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - David J Maggs
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - K Gary Magdesian
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Nicola Pusterla
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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18
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Ofri R, Reilly CM, Maggs DJ, Fitzgerald PG, Shilo-Benjamini Y, Good KL, Grahn RA, Splawski DD, Lyons LA. Characterization of an Early-Onset, Autosomal Recessive, Progressive Retinal Degeneration in Bengal Cats. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56:5299-308. [PMID: 26258614 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-16585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE A form of retinal degeneration suspected to be hereditary was discovered in a family of Bengal cats. A breeding colony was established to characterize disease progression clinically, electrophysiologically, and morphologically, and to investigate the mode of inheritance. METHODS Affected and related cats were donated by owners for breeding trials and pedigree analysis. Kittens from test and complementation breedings underwent ophthalmic and neuro-ophthalmic examinations and ERG, and globes were evaluated using light microscopy. RESULTS Pedigree analysis, along with test and complementation breedings, indicated autosomal recessive inheritance and suggested that this disease is nonallelic to a retinal degeneration found in Persian cats. Mutation analysis confirmed the disease is not caused by CEP290 or CRX variants found predominantly in Abyssinian and Siamese cats. Ophthalmoscopic signs of retinal degeneration were noted at 9 weeks of age and became more noticeable over the next 4 months. Visual deficits were behaviorally evident by 1 year of age. Electroretinogram demonstrated reduced rod and cone function at 7 and 9 weeks of age, respectively. Rod responses were mostly extinguished at 14 weeks of age; cone responses were minimal by 26 weeks. Histologic degeneration was first observed at 8 weeks, evidenced by reduced photoreceptor numbers, then rapid deterioration of the photoreceptor layer and, subsequently, severe outer retinal degeneration. CONCLUSIONS A recessively inherited primary photoreceptor degeneration was characterized in the Bengal cat. The disease is characterized by early onset, with histologic, ophthalmoscopic, and electrophysiological signs evident by 2 months of age, and rapid progression to blindness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Ofri
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Christopher M Reilly
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, United States
| | - David J Maggs
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, United States
| | - Paul G Fitzgerald
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, United States
| | - Yael Shilo-Benjamini
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel 3Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, United States
| | - Kathryn L Good
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, United States
| | - Robert A Grahn
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, United States
| | - Danielle D Splawski
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, United States
| | - Leslie A Lyons
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, United States 6Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri-Columb
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19
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Good KL, Komáromy AM, Kass PH, Ofri R. Novel retinopathy in related Gordon setters: a clinical, behavioral, electrophysiological, and genetic investigation. Vet Ophthalmol 2015; 19:398-408. [PMID: 26417729 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To conduct ophthalmic, behavioral, electrophysiological, and genetic testing on two related Gordon setters presented for day blindness and compare findings with those of nine related and unrelated Gordon setters. METHODS All dogs underwent comprehensive ophthalmic examination. Maze testing was conducted under different light intensities. Rod and cone function was assessed electroretinographically. DNA samples were screened for five canine retinal disease gene mutations. RESULTS Ophthalmic examination was unremarkable in all dogs. There was no notable difference between day blind dogs and the reference population in scotopic and mesopic maze tests. Day blind dogs performed worse in the photopic maze with slower course completion time and more obstacle collisions. Electroretinography revealed extinguished cone function in day blind dogs and depressed rod responses in all but two reference dogs. One reference population dog presented with day blindness 1 year after initial examination. Mutations that cause achromatopsia (in CNGB3) and cone-rod dystrophies (in ADAM9 and IQCB1) were not detected in any dog tested, although five reference dogs were carriers of the mutation in C2orf71 that causes rod-cone degeneration 4 (rcd4) in Gordon setters and in polski owczarek nizinny dogs. CONCLUSIONS This report describes a novel retinopathy in related Gordon setters that has clinical signs and vision testing results consistent with achromatopsia but electroretinographic results suggestive of cone-rod dystrophy. The majority of Gordon setters in this study had low rod responses on electroretinography but it is unclear whether this was indicative of rod dysfunction or normal for the breed. Longer-term observation of affected individuals is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L Good
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - András M Komáromy
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Philip H Kass
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California- Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Ron Ofri
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
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Bain MJ, Good KL. Animal Behavior Case of the Month. Vitreous degeneration. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2015. [PMID: 26225605 DOI: 10.2460/javma.247.4.352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Park SA, Taylor KT, Zwingenberger AL, Reilly CM, Toupadakis CA, Marfurt CF, Good KL, Murphy CJ. Gross anatomy and morphometric evaluation of the canine lacrimal and third eyelid glands. Vet Ophthalmol 2015; 19:230-6. [PMID: 26076886 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The lacrimal gland (LG) and the third eyelid gland (TELG) are two intraorbital glands that, in dogs, secrete the aqueous component of the tear film. Despite the central importance of these structures for maintaining ocular surface health, the gross anatomy of the glands remains understudied. We investigated the macroscopic morphometric characteristics of the LG and TELG in three different dog breeds. PROCEDURES Twenty-six dog heads were dissected to expose the LG and TELG; the length, width, thickness, and weight of each were measured. During the dissections, the relationships between the glands and adjacent ocular structures and the blood and nerve supplies to the LG were photo-documented. RESULTS The LG had a flat and irregular shape with morphological variations among dogs. The LG was located on the dorsolateral aspect of the globe underneath the orbital ligament. The average length, width, and thickness (SEM) of the LG (mm) were 16.5 ± 0.7, 12.5 ± 0.4, and 2.7 ± 0.1 and of the TELG 10.5 ± 0.6, 11.0 ± 0.3, and 3.3 ± 0.1, respectively. The mean weights (SD) of the LG and TELG (mg) were 315.7 ± 21.1 and 263.3 ± 13.2, respectively. Beagles were observed to have significantly smaller LGs compared to pit bull terriers and pointer mixed-breed dogs. CONCLUSIONS The present study provides detailed normative anatomical and morphometric data for the LG and TELG. These data will aid researchers investigating alterations induced by disease states and should inform strategies for the local delivery of pharmacologic and cellular therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Ae Park
- Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ken T Taylor
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Allison L Zwingenberger
- Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Christopher M Reilly
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Chrisoula A Toupadakis
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Carl F Marfurt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine-South Bend, South Bend, IN 95616, USA
| | - Kathryn L Good
- Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Christopher J Murphy
- Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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22
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Tripp GK, Good KL, Motta MJ, Kass PH, Murphy CJ. The effect of needle gauge, needle type, and needle orientation on the volume of a drop. Vet Ophthalmol 2015; 19:38-42. [PMID: 25643934 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geneva K. Tripp
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; University of California Davis; Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Kathryn L. Good
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; University of California Davis; Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Monica J. Motta
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; University of California Davis; Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Philip H. Kass
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction; University of California Davis; Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Christopher J. Murphy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; University of California Davis; Davis CA 95616 USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science; School of Medicine; University of California Davis; Davis CA 95616 USA
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Hollingsworth SR, Pusterla N, Kass PH, Good KL, Brault SA, Maggs DJ. Detection of equine herpesvirus in horses with idiopathic keratoconjunctivitis and comparison of three sampling techniques. Vet Ophthalmol 2015; 18:416-21. [PMID: 25594353 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the role of equine herpesvirus (EHV) in idiopathic keratoconjunctivitis in horses and to determine whether sample collection method affects detection of EHV DNA by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). ANIMALS STUDIED Twelve horses with idiopathic keratoconjunctivitis and six horses without signs of ophthalmic disease. PROCEDURES Conjunctival swabs, corneal scrapings, and conjunctival biopsies were collected from 18 horses: 12 clinical cases with idiopathic keratoconjunctivitis and six euthanized controls. In horses with both eyes involved, the samples were taken from the eye judged to be more severely affected. Samples were tested with qPCR for EHV-1, EHV-2, EHV-4, and EHV-5 DNA. Quantity of EHV DNA and viral replicative activity were compared between the two populations and among the different sampling techniques; relative sensitivities of the sampling techniques were determined. RESULTS Prevalence of EHV DNA as assessed by qPCR did not differ significantly between control horses and those with idiopathic keratoconjunctivitis. Sampling by conjunctival swab was more likely to yield viral DNA as assessed by qPCR than was conjunctival biopsy. EHV-1 and EHV-4 DNA were not detected in either normal or IKC-affected horses; EHV-2 DNA was detected in two of 12 affected horses but not in normal horses. EHV-5 DNA was commonly found in ophthalmically normal horses and horses with idiopathic keratoconjunctivitis. CONCLUSIONS Because EHV-5 DNA was commonly found in control horses and in horses with idiopathic keratoconjunctivitis, qPCR was not useful for the etiological diagnosis of equine keratoconjunctivitis. Conjunctival swabs were significantly better at obtaining viral DNA samples than conjunctival biopsy in horses in which EHV-5 DNA was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R Hollingsworth
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Nicola Pusterla
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Philip H Kass
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Kathryn L Good
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Stephanie A Brault
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - David J Maggs
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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Alhaddad H, Gandolfi B, Grahn RA, Rah HC, Peterson CB, Maggs DJ, Good KL, Pedersen NC, Lyons LA. Genome-wide association and linkage analyses localize a progressive retinal atrophy locus in Persian cats. Mamm Genome 2014; 25:354-62. [PMID: 24777202 PMCID: PMC4105591 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-014-9517-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary eye diseases of animals serve as excellent models of human ocular disorders and assist in the development of gene and drug therapies for inherited forms of blindness. Several primary hereditary eye conditions affecting various ocular tissues and having different rates of progression have been documented in domestic cats. Gene therapy for canine retinopathies has been successful, thus the cat could be a gene therapy candidate for other forms of retinal degenerations. The current study investigates a hereditary, autosomal recessive, retinal degeneration specific to Persian cats. A multi-generational pedigree segregating for this progressive retinal atrophy was genotyped using a 63 K SNP array and analyzed via genome-wide linkage and association methods. A multi-point parametric linkage analysis localized the blindness phenotype to a ~1.75 Mb region with significant LOD scores (Z ≈ 14, θ = 0.00) on cat chromosome E1. Genome-wide TDT, sib-TDT, and case–control analyses also consistently supported significant association within the same region on chromosome E1, which is homologous to human chromosome 17. Using haplotype analysis, a ~1.3 Mb region was identified as highly associated for progressive retinal atrophy in Persian cats. Several candidate genes within the region are reasonable candidates as a potential causative gene and should be considered for molecular analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Alhaddad
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- College of Science, Kuwait University, 13060 Safat, Kuwait
| | - Barbara Gandolfi
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, E109 Vet Med Building, 1600 E. Rollins St., Columbia, MO 65211 USA
| | - Robert A. Grahn
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Hyung-Chul Rah
- College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Chongju, Chungbuk Province South Korea
| | - Carlyn B. Peterson
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - David J. Maggs
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Kathryn L. Good
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Niels C. Pedersen
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Leslie A. Lyons
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, E109 Vet Med Building, 1600 E. Rollins St., Columbia, MO 65211 USA
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25
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Freeman KS, Good KL, Kass PH, Park SA, Nestorowicz N, Ofri R. Effects of chemical restraint on electroretinograms recorded sequentially in awake, sedated, and anesthetized dogs. Am J Vet Res 2013; 74:1036-42. [PMID: 23802676 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.74.7.1036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To quantitatively and qualitatively compare electroretinography (ERG) recordings in awake, sedated, and anesthetized dogs. ANIMALS Six 6-month-old Beagles. PROCEDURES A brief ERG protocol for dogs was used. Following 1-minute and subsequent 5-minute dark adaptation, mixed rod-cone responses were recorded bilaterally with a handheld multispecies ERG device with dogs in each of 3 states of consciousness: awake, sedated (dexmedetomidine and butorphanol), and anesthetized (atropine and hydromorphone, followed by propofol and midazolam and anesthetic maintenance with isoflurane). Low- and high-frequency noise levels were quantified via Fourier analysis, and the effect of consciousness state on signal amplitude, implicit time, and noise was analyzed via repeated-measures ANOVA. In addition, 13 veterinary ophthalmologists who were unaware of the dogs' consciousness states subjectively graded the ERG recording quality, and scores for each tracing were compared. RESULTS ERG amplitudes were highest in awake dogs and lowest in anesthetized dogs. Implicit times were shortest in awake dogs and longest in anesthetized dogs. Differences in b-wave amplitudes and a-wave implicit times were significant. Neither low- nor high-frequency noise levels differed significantly among consciousness states. Furthermore, no significant differences were identified among observers' scores assigned to ERG tracings. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Anesthesia and sedation resulted in significant attenuation and delay of ERG responses in dogs. Chemical restraint of dogs had no consistently significant effect on low- or high-frequency noise levels or on observer perception of signal quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate S Freeman
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Boostrom BO, Good KL, Maggs DJ, Rebhun RB, Johns JL, Kent MS. Unilateral intraocular mastocytosis and anterior uveitis in a dog with subcutaneous mast cell tumors. Vet Ophthalmol 2013; 17:131-8. [PMID: 23578200 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A 9-year-old male castrated Scottish terrier was referred to the Radiation Oncology Service at the William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital for palliative radiation therapy of an incompletely excised, recurrent subcutaneous mast cell tumor (MCT) located over the right scapula, and surgical removal of a perianal MCT. Three weeks after initial presentation and prior to the fifth radiation treatment, the patient was presented with cloudiness of the left eye of 3-7 days duration. Ophthalmic consultation revealed 3+ aqueous flare with a dependent, swirling component filling approximately one-third of the anterior chamber. Aqueocentesis was performed under general anesthesia. Cytology revealed mast cells with highly atypical morphology and considered most consistent with neoplasia. The patient died 7 months after pathologic diagnosis of MCT on the right shoulder and 2 months after the cytologic diagnosis of malignant mast cells in the left anterior chamber. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of intraocular involvement in a mammal with MCTs, described here as intraocular mastocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan O Boostrom
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California- Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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27
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Reed Z, Thomasy SM, Good KL, Maggs DJ, Magdesian KG, Pusterla N, Hollingsworth SR. Equine keratomycoses in California from 1987 to 2010 (47 cases). Equine Vet J 2012; 45:361-6. [PMID: 22943420 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00623.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Equine keratomycosis in the western USA has received little study, probably owing to its low prevalence. OBJECTIVES To determine clinical features, predominant fungal isolates, treatment modalities and outcomes of horses with keratomycosis in California and compare these with results from different geographic regions. METHODS Records of horses presented to the University of California-Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (UCD-VMTH) with confirmed keratomycosis between 1987 and 2010 were reviewed for this retrospective study. Information retrieved from the record included background, ophthalmic examination findings, treatment prior to and following presentation, visual outcome, and ocular survival. RESULTS A total of 48 eyes in 47 horses met the inclusion criteria and comprised 2% of cases presented to the UCD-VMTH ophthalmology service. Prior to presentation, 20 horses (43%) received at least one topically administered anti-inflammatory medication. Keratomycosis was confirmed by fungal culture in 38 horses (81%), by histopathology in 2 horses (4%) and by cytology in 7 horses (15%). Forty-four isolates were identified in the 38 horses cultured; Aspergillus was the most common isolate (64%) and a novel isolate, Papulospora, was identified in 2 horses. Treatment consisted of medication only (73%), medical and surgical treatment (25%), or immediate enucleation (2%). Globe retention was 77% and vision retention was 53%. Corneal perforation was significantly associated with loss of vision (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Keratomycosis is relatively uncommon in horses presented for ophthalmic conditions at UCD-VMTH. Corneal perforation was a negative prognostic indicator for vision in this population of northern Californian horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Reed
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, USA
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Backus RC, Cohen G, Pion PD, Good KL, Rogers QR, Fascetti AJ. Taurine deficiency in Newfoundlands fed commercially available complete and balanced diets. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003. [PMID: 14584742 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2003.223.1130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine taurine status in a large group of Newfoundlands related by environment, diet, or breeding to a dog with dilated cardiomyopathy and taurine deficiency. DESIGN Prospective study. ANIMALS 19 privately owned Newfoundlands between 5 months and 11.5 years old that had been fed commercial dry diets meeting established nutrient recommendations. PROCEDURE Diet histories were obtained, and blood, plasma, and urine taurine concentrations and plasma methionine and cysteine concentrations were measured. In 8 dogs, taurine concentrations were measured before and after supplementation with methionine for 30 days. Ophthalmic examinations were performed in 16 dogs; echocardiography was performed in 6 dogs that were taurine deficient. RESULTS Plasma taurine concentrations ranged from 3 to 228 nmol/mL. Twelve dogs had concentrations < 40 nmol/mL and were considered taurine deficient. For dogs with plasma concentrations < 40 nmol/mL, there was a significant linear correlation between plasma and blood taurine concentrations. For dogs with plasma concentrations > 40 nmol/mL, blood taurine concentrations did not vary substantially. Taurine-deficient dogs had been fed lamb meal and rice diets. Retinal degeneration, dilated cardiomyopathy, and cystinuria were not found in any dog examined for these conditions. The taurine deficiency was reversed by a change in diet or methionine supplementation. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicate a high prevalence of taurine deficiency among an environmentally and genetically related cohort of Newfoundlands fed apparently complete and balanced diets. Blood taurine concentrations indicative of taurine deficiency in Newfoundlands may be substantially less than concentrations indicative of a deficiency in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Backus
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8741, USA
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Backus RC, Cohen G, Pion PD, Good KL, Rogers QR, Fascetti AJ. Taurine deficiency in Newfoundlands fed commercially available complete and balanced diets. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003. [PMID: 14584742 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2003.223.1130.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine taurine status in a large group of Newfoundlands related by environment, diet, or breeding to a dog with dilated cardiomyopathy and taurine deficiency. DESIGN Prospective study. ANIMALS 19 privately owned Newfoundlands between 5 months and 11.5 years old that had been fed commercial dry diets meeting established nutrient recommendations. PROCEDURE Diet histories were obtained, and blood, plasma, and urine taurine concentrations and plasma methionine and cysteine concentrations were measured. In 8 dogs, taurine concentrations were measured before and after supplementation with methionine for 30 days. Ophthalmic examinations were performed in 16 dogs; echocardiography was performed in 6 dogs that were taurine deficient. RESULTS Plasma taurine concentrations ranged from 3 to 228 nmol/mL. Twelve dogs had concentrations < 40 nmol/mL and were considered taurine deficient. For dogs with plasma concentrations < 40 nmol/mL, there was a significant linear correlation between plasma and blood taurine concentrations. For dogs with plasma concentrations > 40 nmol/mL, blood taurine concentrations did not vary substantially. Taurine-deficient dogs had been fed lamb meal and rice diets. Retinal degeneration, dilated cardiomyopathy, and cystinuria were not found in any dog examined for these conditions. The taurine deficiency was reversed by a change in diet or methionine supplementation. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicate a high prevalence of taurine deficiency among an environmentally and genetically related cohort of Newfoundlands fed apparently complete and balanced diets. Blood taurine concentrations indicative of taurine deficiency in Newfoundlands may be substantially less than concentrations indicative of a deficiency in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Backus
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8741, USA
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30
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Backus RC, Cohen G, Pion PD, Good KL, Rogers QR, Fascetti AJ. Taurine deficiency in Newfoundlands fed commercially available complete and balanced diets. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003; 223:1130-6. [PMID: 14584742 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2003.223.1130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine taurine status in a large group of Newfoundlands related by environment, diet, or breeding to a dog with dilated cardiomyopathy and taurine deficiency. DESIGN Prospective study. ANIMALS 19 privately owned Newfoundlands between 5 months and 11.5 years old that had been fed commercial dry diets meeting established nutrient recommendations. PROCEDURE Diet histories were obtained, and blood, plasma, and urine taurine concentrations and plasma methionine and cysteine concentrations were measured. In 8 dogs, taurine concentrations were measured before and after supplementation with methionine for 30 days. Ophthalmic examinations were performed in 16 dogs; echocardiography was performed in 6 dogs that were taurine deficient. RESULTS Plasma taurine concentrations ranged from 3 to 228 nmol/mL. Twelve dogs had concentrations < 40 nmol/mL and were considered taurine deficient. For dogs with plasma concentrations < 40 nmol/mL, there was a significant linear correlation between plasma and blood taurine concentrations. For dogs with plasma concentrations > 40 nmol/mL, blood taurine concentrations did not vary substantially. Taurine-deficient dogs had been fed lamb meal and rice diets. Retinal degeneration, dilated cardiomyopathy, and cystinuria were not found in any dog examined for these conditions. The taurine deficiency was reversed by a change in diet or methionine supplementation. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicate a high prevalence of taurine deficiency among an environmentally and genetically related cohort of Newfoundlands fed apparently complete and balanced diets. Blood taurine concentrations indicative of taurine deficiency in Newfoundlands may be substantially less than concentrations indicative of a deficiency in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Backus
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8741, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare aesthesiometer-determined corneal sensitivity between diabetic and nondiabetic dogs and to investigate the correlation between corneal sensitivity and duration of diabetes or status of glycemic control, as estimated by use of glycated blood protein concentrations. ANIMALS 23 diabetic and 29 nondiabetic normoglycemic dogs. PROCEDURE A Cochet-Bonnet aesthesiometer was used to measure corneal touch threshold (CTT) in 5 corneal regions of each dog. At the time of ocular examination, duration of diabetes mellitus was estimated from the history, and blood was drawn for assessment of blood glycosylated hemoglobin and serum fructosamine concentrations. RESULTS Median CTT for central, nasal, dorsal, temporal, and ventral corneal regions in nondiabetic dogs (1.6, 2.3, 2.8, 2.8, and 5.1 g/mm2, respectively) was significantly lower than in diabetic dogs (2.8, 4.0, 5.1, 5.1, and 6.6 g/mm2, respectively). Median regional CTT in diabetic dogs was not significantly correlated with estimated duration of diabetes mellitus or blood glycated protein concentrations. No significant difference was found in regional CTT between eyes of normoglycemic dogs with unilateral cataracts. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Diabetic dogs have significantly reduced corneal sensitivity in all regions, compared with nondiabetic normoglycemic dogs. Regional variation in corneal sensitivity is similar in diabetic and normoglycemic dogs. Neither glycemic control nor duration of diabetes, as estimated, is significantly correlated with corneal hyposensitivity. Corneal nerve dysfunction may be associated with recurrent or nonhealing ulcers in diabetic dogs for which no other underlying cause can be found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L Good
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Abstract
Ocular disorders in pet ferrets are becoming more widely recognized as the popularity of these animals as companions increases. Knowledge of the anatomy of ferrets and a thorough examination are critical to accurately diagnosing ocular disease. If recognized early, some conditions can be managed successfully. Veterinarians should continue to report ocular conditions that are encountered in this species to help increase knowledge about these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L Good
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-8747, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Good
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610-0126, USA
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