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Ozawa SM, Pierce KV, Alexander AB, Keller KA, Tarbert DK, Guzman DSM, Sadar MJ, Sheldon JD, Meritet DM. Cardiovascular disease in central bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps): 54 cases (2007-2022). Am J Vet Res 2024; 85:ajvr.23.10.0241. [PMID: 38382200 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.23.10.0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical features, histopathologic lesions, and outcome of cardiovascular disease in central bearded dragons. ANIMALS 54 bearded dragons. METHODS Retrospective evaluation of captive bearded dragons with antemortem imaging or postmortem diagnosis of cardiovascular disease from 2007 to 2022 from 6 hospitals. RESULTS The total prevalence of cardiovascular disease was 3.3% (54/1,655). Physical examination findings were available in 46 cases with change in mentation being the most common finding (n = 28/46 [60.9%]), followed by dehydration (17/46 [37%]), palpable coelomic mass (13/46 [28.3%]), dyspnea (10/46 [21.7%]), and sunken eyes (10/46 [21.7%)]. Doppler auscultation revealed an arrhythmia in 5/34 (14.7%) animals. Diagnostic imaging was only performed on 21 animals, and 10 (47.6%) had cardiovascular abnormalities described. In total, 84 cardiovascular diagnoses were found in 54 animals. The most common diagnosis was myocarditis (n = 14) followed by aneurysms (11), pericardial effusion (9), atherosclerosis (7), epicarditis (7), and myocardial degeneration/necrosis (7). Overall, 62 causes of death were identified in 52 cases, with cardiovascular disease being the most common (n = 18/52 [34.5%]). Only 3/54 animals were diagnosed with congestive heart failure. Animals with aneurysms were more likely to die to due cardiovascular disease compared to other types of cardiovascular diagnoses (OR, 43.75; 95% CI, 4.88 to 392.65; P < .001). CLINICAL RELEVANCE Diagnosis of cardiovascular disease in bearded dragons is challenging given the inconsistent clinical presentation; however, it should remain a differential in animals with nonspecific signs of illness. Antemortem diagnostics are recommended in suspected cases, including diagnostic imaging. Of the cardiovascular diseases described, aneurysms most often contributed to clinical demise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Ozawa
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Kursten V Pierce
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Amy B Alexander
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Krista A Keller
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Danielle K Tarbert
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | | | - Miranda J Sadar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Julie D Sheldon
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - Danielle M Meritet
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
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Rodriguez P, Tarbert DK, Ridgley F, Conley KJ, Steeil J, Burns RE, Sutherland-Smith M, Rosenthal K, Paul-Murphy JR. CLINICAL AND PATHOLOGIC FINDINGS IN IGUANIDS WITH SODIUM URATE CHOLELITHIASIS. J Zoo Wildl Med 2024; 55:256-267. [PMID: 38453510 DOI: 10.1638/2023-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Four green iguanas (Iguana iguana) and one blue iguana (Cyclura lewisi) from five facilities were diagnosed with sodium urate cholelithiasis. One case was diagnosed antemortem via ultrasonography, and the iguana underwent a choledochotomy for treatment. The other four cases were identified at necropsy. Pathologic hepatic and biliary changes were present in four of the five cases at necropsy. Histologically, four iguanas had hepatic fibrosis, three had bile duct hyperplasia, and one had cholangiohepatitis and pancreaticocholedochitis. Two iguanas had pathologic renal changes. This is the first report of sodium urate cholelithiasis in reptiles. This case series highlights the potential significant clinical disease caused by sodium urate cholelithiasis and the importance of biliary system evaluation. Further investigation is recommended to explore the pathogenesis of reptilian sodium urate cholelith formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Rodriguez
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Danielle K Tarbert
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA,
| | - Frank Ridgley
- Conservation and Research Department, Zoo Miami, Miami, FL 33177, USA
| | - Kenneth J Conley
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Zoological Health Program, Bronx, NY 10460, USA
| | - James Steeil
- Wildlife Health Sciences Department of Smithsonian National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C. 20008, USA
| | - Rachel E Burns
- Conservation Science and Wildlife Health, San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, San Diego, CA 92112, USA
| | - Meg Sutherland-Smith
- Conservation Science and Wildlife Health, San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, San Diego, CA 92112, USA
| | | | - Joanne R Paul-Murphy
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Iyer ML, Guzman DSM, Sosa-Higareda M, Tarbert DK, McLarty E, Herman A, Alex CE. Multifocal Hepatocellular Carcinoma in a Malayan Wreathed Hornbill ( Rhyticeros undulatus). J Avian Med Surg 2024; 37:321-329. [PMID: 38363164 DOI: 10.1647/23-00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
A 30-year-old female intact Malayan wreathed hornbill (Rhyticeros undulatus) was presented for presumed nesting behavior, progressive anorexia, dropping food, and coelomic distension. A complete blood count and plasma biochemistry analysis revealed marked inflammation, severe electrolyte abnormalities, elevated liver enzyme activities and bile acids, and normal plasma iron concentrations. Radiographic images of the patient were consistent with hepatomegaly and loss of serosal detail in the coelomic cavity. A computed tomography study revealed multiple poorly contrast-enhancing hepatic nodules, hepatoperitoneal and intestinal peritoneal fluid and gas, and a contrast-enhancing mass in the ventral coelom. Cytologic samples of the liver were consistent with necrosis, and the coelomic effusion was characterized as an aseptic suppurative exudate. An exploratory coeliotomy was performed and biopsy samples of the liver and a mesenteric mass were histologically interpreted as a tubular carcinoma with metastasis to the liver and secondary portal hepatitis. Euthanasia was elected and multiple liver masses and a peripancreatic mass were identified on necropsy. Histopathological samples collected during the postmortem gross examination showed multiple well-demarcated hepatic masses consisting of neoplastic hepatocytes encapsulated by fibrous tissue and proliferation of dysplastic biliary ductules, as well as a peripancreatic heterophilic granuloma with adjacent pancreatic atrophy and ductular proliferation. Ultimately, the patient was diagnosed with multifocal hepatocellular carcinoma and chronic granulomatous and heterophilic pancreatitis, steatitis, and coelomitis with intralesional bacteria. Malignant hepatobiliary neoplasia has been poorly documented in hornbills despite high anecdotal incidence in this and other avian species predisposed to iron storage disease. This report illustrates clinical and pathological information, including advanced imaging, which could aid in the diagnosis of this condition in hornbills and other avian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya L Iyer
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | | | | - Danielle K Tarbert
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ehren McLarty
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Alex Herman
- University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA; and the Oakland Zoo Veterinary Hospital, Oakland, CA 94605, USA
| | - Charles E Alex
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Tarbert DK, Bolin LL, Stout AE, Schaefer DMW, Ruby RE, Rodriguez-Ramos Fernandez J, Duhamel GE, Whittaker GR, de Matos R. Persistent infection and pancytopenia associated with ferret systemic coronaviral disease in a domestic ferret. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 32:616-620. [PMID: 32589111 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720937105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferret systemic coronaviral disease (FSCD) is a well-established cause of mortality in domestic ferrets. We describe herein novel findings in a case of FSCD that was diagnosed and medically managed following virus detection by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of surgical biopsy samples. Hematologic changes in this ferret suggested spread of the virus to the bone marrow, which was confirmed by IHC staining of a postmortem sample. Genotyping of the virus indicated that the virus grouped with alphacoronaviruses and was most closely related to ferret enteric coronavirus (FRECV) MSU-2. Our clinical case demonstrates that a FRECV MSU-2-like ferret coronavirus associated previously with the enteric pathotype may cause systemic disease, including bone marrow involvement causing persistent pancytopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle K Tarbert
- Companion Exotic Animal Medicine & Surgery Service, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA (Tarbert).,Departments of Clinical Sciences, Section of Zoological Medicine (de Matos), Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology (Duhamel), and Microbiology and Immunology (Bolin, Stout, Whittaker), College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.,Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (Schaefer).,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Ruby).,IDEXX Laboratories, Wetherby, West Yorkshire, UK (Rodriguez-Ramos Fernandez)
| | - Lisa L Bolin
- Companion Exotic Animal Medicine & Surgery Service, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA (Tarbert).,Departments of Clinical Sciences, Section of Zoological Medicine (de Matos), Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology (Duhamel), and Microbiology and Immunology (Bolin, Stout, Whittaker), College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.,Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (Schaefer).,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Ruby).,IDEXX Laboratories, Wetherby, West Yorkshire, UK (Rodriguez-Ramos Fernandez)
| | - Alison E Stout
- Companion Exotic Animal Medicine & Surgery Service, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA (Tarbert).,Departments of Clinical Sciences, Section of Zoological Medicine (de Matos), Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology (Duhamel), and Microbiology and Immunology (Bolin, Stout, Whittaker), College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.,Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (Schaefer).,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Ruby).,IDEXX Laboratories, Wetherby, West Yorkshire, UK (Rodriguez-Ramos Fernandez)
| | - Deanna M W Schaefer
- Companion Exotic Animal Medicine & Surgery Service, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA (Tarbert).,Departments of Clinical Sciences, Section of Zoological Medicine (de Matos), Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology (Duhamel), and Microbiology and Immunology (Bolin, Stout, Whittaker), College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.,Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (Schaefer).,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Ruby).,IDEXX Laboratories, Wetherby, West Yorkshire, UK (Rodriguez-Ramos Fernandez)
| | - Rebecca E Ruby
- Companion Exotic Animal Medicine & Surgery Service, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA (Tarbert).,Departments of Clinical Sciences, Section of Zoological Medicine (de Matos), Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology (Duhamel), and Microbiology and Immunology (Bolin, Stout, Whittaker), College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.,Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (Schaefer).,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Ruby).,IDEXX Laboratories, Wetherby, West Yorkshire, UK (Rodriguez-Ramos Fernandez)
| | - Julia Rodriguez-Ramos Fernandez
- Companion Exotic Animal Medicine & Surgery Service, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA (Tarbert).,Departments of Clinical Sciences, Section of Zoological Medicine (de Matos), Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology (Duhamel), and Microbiology and Immunology (Bolin, Stout, Whittaker), College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.,Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (Schaefer).,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Ruby).,IDEXX Laboratories, Wetherby, West Yorkshire, UK (Rodriguez-Ramos Fernandez)
| | - Gerald E Duhamel
- Companion Exotic Animal Medicine & Surgery Service, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA (Tarbert).,Departments of Clinical Sciences, Section of Zoological Medicine (de Matos), Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology (Duhamel), and Microbiology and Immunology (Bolin, Stout, Whittaker), College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.,Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (Schaefer).,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Ruby).,IDEXX Laboratories, Wetherby, West Yorkshire, UK (Rodriguez-Ramos Fernandez)
| | - Gary R Whittaker
- Companion Exotic Animal Medicine & Surgery Service, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA (Tarbert).,Departments of Clinical Sciences, Section of Zoological Medicine (de Matos), Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology (Duhamel), and Microbiology and Immunology (Bolin, Stout, Whittaker), College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.,Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (Schaefer).,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Ruby).,IDEXX Laboratories, Wetherby, West Yorkshire, UK (Rodriguez-Ramos Fernandez)
| | - Ricardo de Matos
- Companion Exotic Animal Medicine & Surgery Service, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA (Tarbert).,Departments of Clinical Sciences, Section of Zoological Medicine (de Matos), Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology (Duhamel), and Microbiology and Immunology (Bolin, Stout, Whittaker), College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.,Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (Schaefer).,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Ruby).,IDEXX Laboratories, Wetherby, West Yorkshire, UK (Rodriguez-Ramos Fernandez)
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