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Sikiric P, Kokot A, Kralj T, Zlatar M, Masnec S, Lazic R, Loncaric K, Oroz K, Sablic M, Boljesic M, Antunovic M, Sikiric S, Strbe S, Stambolija V, Beketic Oreskovic L, Kavelj I, Novosel L, Zubcic S, Krezic I, Skrtic A, Jurjevic I, Boban Blagaic A, Seiwerth S, Staresinic M. Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157-Possible Novel Therapy of Glaucoma and Other Ocular Conditions. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1052. [PMID: 37513963 PMCID: PMC10385428 DOI: 10.3390/ph16071052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 therapy by activation of collateral pathways counteracted various occlusion/occlusion-like syndromes, vascular, and multiorgan failure, and blood pressure disturbances in rats with permanent major vessel occlusion and similar procedures disabling endothelium function. Thereby, we revealed BPC 157 cytoprotective therapy with strong vascular rescuing capabilities in glaucoma therapy. With these capabilities, BPC 157 therapy can recover glaucomatous rats, normalize intraocular pressure, maintain retinal integrity, recover pupil function, recover retinal ischemia, and corneal injuries (i.e., maintained transparency after complete corneal abrasion, corneal ulceration, and counteracted dry eye after lacrimal gland removal or corneal insensitivity). The most important point is that in glaucomatous rats (three of four episcleral veins cauterized) with high intraocular pressure, all BPC 157 regimens immediately normalized intraocular pressure. BPC 157-treated rats exhibited normal pupil diameter, microscopically well-preserved ganglion cells and optic nerve presentation, normal fundus presentation, nor- mal retinal and choroidal blood vessel presentation, and normal optic nerve presentation. The one episcleral vein rapidly upgraded to accomplish all functions in glaucomatous rats may correspond with occlusion/occlusion-like syndromes of the activated rescuing collateral pathway (azygos vein direct blood flow delivery). Normalized intraocular pressure in glaucomatous rats corresponded to the counteracted intra-cranial (superior sagittal sinus), portal, and caval hypertension, and aortal hypotension in occlusion/occlusion-like syndromes, were all attenuated/eliminated by BPC 157 therapy. Furthermore, given in other eye disturbances (i.e., retinal ischemia), BPC 157 instantly breaks a noxious chain of events, both at an early stage and an already advanced stage. Thus, we further advocate BPC 157 as a therapeutic agent in ocular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Predrag Sikiric
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Antonio Kokot
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Tamara Kralj
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mirna Zlatar
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sanja Masnec
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ratimir Lazic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Kristina Loncaric
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Katarina Oroz
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marko Sablic
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Marta Boljesic
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Marko Antunovic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Suncana Sikiric
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sanja Strbe
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vasilije Stambolija
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Ivana Kavelj
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Luka Novosel
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Slavica Zubcic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Krezic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anita Skrtic
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Jurjevic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Alenka Boban Blagaic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sven Seiwerth
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mario Staresinic
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Feline Glaucoma. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2023; 53:367-387. [PMID: 36813391 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Feline glaucoma is best categorized as either secondary, congenital and anterior segment dysgenesis associated, or primary. More than 90% of all feline glaucoma develops secondary to uveitis or intraocular neoplasia. The uveitis is usually idiopathic and assumed to be immune-mediated, whereas lymphosarcoma and diffuse iridal melanoma account for many of the intraocular neoplastic-induced glaucoma in cats. Several topical and systemic therapies are useful in the control of the inflammation and elevated intraocular pressures associated with feline glaucoma. Enucleation remains the recommended therapy for blind glaucomatous feline eyes. Enucleated globes from cats with chronic glaucoma should be submitted to an appropriate laboratory for histologic confirmation of the type of glaucoma.
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Tuleski GLR, Pscheidt MJGR, dos Santos JP, Sousa MG. Timolol 0.5% ophthalmic solution influences cardiac function in healthy cats. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:e57-e69. [PMID: 35470745 PMCID: PMC11104227 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x221083372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to ascertain the effect of a drop of timolol 0.5% ophthalmic solution on the systolic function of the left ventricle (LV) and left atrium (LA), and to confirm if timolol helped appraisal of diastolic function by reducing heart rate (HR) and separating the transmitral outflow waves from tissue Doppler imaging (TDI). METHODS A total of 41 client-owned healthy cats underwent two echocardiograms 20 mins apart. The timolol group (33 cats) received a drop of timolol solution after the first examination. Standard and speckle-tracking echocardiography evaluated the LV and LA function of both groups at the two time points evaluated. RESULTS Timolol reduced HR (19%), and fractional shortening from LV (20.3%) and LA (16.6%). Septal S' decreased by 51% (from 7.7 to 5.2 cm/s) and lateral S' dropped by 43.1% (7.3 to 5.1 cm/s). Most longitudinal techniques did not change after timolol, including the mitral annular plane systolic excursion from the interventricular annulus, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, LV longitudinal strain and LV tissue motion annular displacement. The isovolumic relaxation time increased by 15.2% (from 54 to 64.6 ms), with most cats presenting this variable above the reference (>60 ms). Timolol did not support diastolic assessment, enabling evaluation in only 2/11 cats when using lateral TDI and 1/9 cats using septal TDI. Regarding side effects, miosis occurred in 18 cats (54.5%). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Timolol reduced systolic function, decreasing standard echocardiographic variables. Regarding diastolic evaluation, although timolol decreased HR, it did not separate the mitral diastolic waves, as expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovana LR Tuleski
- Laboratory of Comparative Cardiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Júlio Pereira dos Santos
- Laboratory of Comparative Cardiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marlos Gonçalves Sousa
- Laboratory of Comparative Cardiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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Diehl KA, Hofmeister EH, Keys DA, Kennedy CR. Single instead of triplicate intraocular pressure measurements in dogs do not substantially lower accuracy and precision but do slightly reduce statistical power. Am J Vet Res 2022; 83:349-355. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.21.08.0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
OBJECTIVE
To compare single and triplicate applanation tonometry values across previous intraocular pressure (IOP) studies in dogs.
ANIMALS
116 ophthalmologically normal dogs.
PROCEDURES
Triplicate IOP readings (n = 1432) from studies evaluating effect of anesthetic protocols were analyzed to estimate a range of probable differences between averaged triplicate and first, averaged and lowest, and first and lowest IOPs. The decrease in variability with triplicate measurements and the magnitude of effects on statistical power were quantified.
RESULTS
The 2.5th to 97.5th interpercentile range for differences of averaged triplicate values minus first IOP readings was –3 to 2.7 mm Hg; for averaged minus lowest: 0 to 3.7 mm Hg; for first minus lowest: 0 to 5 mm Hg. The 95% prediction interval for differences in study group means (n = 160 groups, n = 5 to 11 eyes per group) based on averaged minus first measurements was –1.0 to 0.9 mm Hg with associated SDs reduced by 4% on average. Analysis of previous studies using averaged instead of first IOP values resulted in minimal decreases in SEs of 3–9% (0.03 to 0.09 mm Hg). Of 11 comparisons found significant with averaged data, 2 (18%) were found nonsignificant with first measurements. Of 96 comparisons found nonsignificant with averaged data, 3 (3%) were found significant with first measurements.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
With applanation tonometry in ophthalmologically normal dogs, no clinically meaningful difference was found between the first, lowest, or averaged triplicate IOP measurements, but the first reading has a larger variance and hence will result in lower statistical power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A. Diehl
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Erik H. Hofmeister
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Deborah A. Keys
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Chris R. Kennedy
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
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Ziadi A, Ozmaie S, Asghari A, Mehdi Rajaei S. Effect of topically applied 0.5% apraclonidine versus 0.5% timolol maleate on intraocular pressure of healthy horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 111:103886. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.103886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Therapy of Rat Glaucoma. Biomedicines 2021; 10:biomedicines10010089. [PMID: 35052769 PMCID: PMC8773185 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cauterization of three episcleral veins (open-angle glaucoma model) induces venous congestion and increases intraocular pressure in rats. If not upgraded, one episcleral vein is regularly unable to acquire and take over the whole function, and glaucoma-like features persist. Recently, the rapid upgrading of the collateral pathways by a stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 has cured many severe syndromes induced by permanent occlusion of major vessels, veins and/or arteries, peripherally and centrally. In a six-week study, medication was given prophylactically (immediately before glaucoma surgery, i.e., three episcleral veins cauterization) or as curative treatment (starting at 24 h after glaucoma surgery). The daily regimen of BPC 157 (0.4 µg/eye, 0.4 ng/eye; 10 µg/kg, 10 ng/kg) was administered locally as drops in each eye, intraperitoneally (last application at 24 h before sacrifice) or per-orally in drinking water (0.16 µg/mL, 0.16 ng/mL, 12 mL/rat until the sacrifice, first application being intragastric). Consequently, all BPC 157 regimens immediately normalized intraocular pressure. BPC 157-treated rats exhibited normal pupil diameter, microscopically well-preserved ganglion cells and optic nerve presentation, normal fundus presentation, normal retinal and choroidal blood vessel presentation and normal optic nerve presentation. As leading symptoms, increased intraocular pressure and mydriasis, as well as degeneration of retinal ganglion cells, optic nerve head excavation and reduction in optic nerve thickness, generalized severe irregularity of retinal vessels, faint presentation of choroidal vessels and severe optic nerve disc atrophy were all counteracted. In conclusion, we claim that the reversal of the episcleral veins cauterization glaucoma appeared as a consequence of the BPC 157 therapy of the vessel occlusion-induced perilous syndrome.
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Dongo PS, Pinto DG, Guimarães MB, Otsuki DA, Safatle AM, Bolzan AA. Effects of bilateral topical administration of repeated doses of rocuronium bromide as a mydriatic agent in Amazon parrots (Amazona aestiva and Amazona amazonica). J Exot Pet Med 2021. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Shokoohimand A, Arfaee F, Asghari A, Khaksar E. Effects of topical administration of tafluprost and combination of tafluprost and timolol or tafluprost and betaxolol on Schirmer tear test, intraocular pressure, and pupil size in clinically healthy dogs. Int Ophthalmol 2020; 40:2585-2592. [PMID: 32504308 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-020-01439-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of 0.0015% preservative-free (PF) tafluprost alone and in combination with 0.5% timolol maleate or 0.5% betaxolol HCl on Schirmer tear test (STT), intraocular pressure (IOP), and pupil diameter (PD) in clinically normal dogs. METHODS Twenty-one healthy adult castrated male cross-bred dogs were used in this study. Dogs were randomly divided into three groups. The first group received one drop of (PF) tafluprost (Taf), in a randomly selected eye. The second group received one drop of (PF) tafluprost plus one drop of timolol maleate (Taf-Tim), and the last group received one drop of (PF) tafluprost plus one drop of betaxolol HCl, (Taf-Bet). In all groups, the fellow eyes were served as control and received one drop of saline as a placebo. IOP, STT, and PD measurements were performed at the baseline and every 30 min for the first 2 h, every 2 h for the next 10 h, and at 24 h and 36 h post-instillation (PI). RESULTS In all groups, significant differences in IOP values were observed between treated and untreated eyes (Taf: p < 0.001, Taf-Tim: p = 0.014, Taf-Bet: p = 0.008). The maximum reduction in mean IOP after unilateral administration of Taf, Taf-Tim, and Taf-Bet was 8.3 mmHg, 10.7 mmHg, and 13 mmHg, respectively. No significant differences in STT values were observed between treated and untreated eyes at any time points. In all groups, significant differences in PD values were observed between treated and untreated eyes in all time points except the baseline and 36 h post-drug instillation (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Tafluprost alone or in combination with timolol and betaxolol was able to reduce intraocular pressure. The greatest effect of the drugs occurred 6 and 8 h PI. The present study revealed that the combination of tafluprost/betaxolol is more potent in decreasing IOP than tafluprost alone or a combination of tafluprost/timolol in healthy dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Shokoohimand
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Specialized Veterinary Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hesarak, Tehran, 1477893855, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Farnoosh Arfaee
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Specialized Veterinary Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hesarak, Tehran, 1477893855, Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | - Ahmad Asghari
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Specialized Veterinary Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hesarak, Tehran, 1477893855, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Ehsan Khaksar
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Garmsar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar, 3581631167, Islamic Republic of Iran
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Slenter IJM, Djajadiningrat-Laanen SC, Elders DJ, de Gee R, Koele LE, Vermeer LW, Boevé MH. The effects of topical dorzolamide 2% and brinzolamide 1%, either alone or combined with timolol 0.5%, on intraocular pressure, pupil diameter, and heart rate in healthy cats. Vet Ophthalmol 2019; 23:16-24. [PMID: 31099474 PMCID: PMC7004053 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Objective To investigate the effects of topical dorzolamide 2% q8h and brinzolamide 1% q8h, administered either alone (A and B, respectively) or in combination with topical timolol 0.5% q12h (C and D, respectively), on the circadian pattern of intraocular pressure (IOP), the pupil size, and heart rate in healthy cats. Methods In this prospective, randomized, double‐blinded study, 10 healthy, adult cats were randomly assigned to one of four groups and the eye to be medicated was randomly assigned. IOP, pupil diameter, and heart rate were measured at 3‐hour intervals. A 5 days’ adjustment period was followed by a 5 days’ placebo (baseline) period. Then, all groups of cats received all four treatments (A‐D) according to a Latin square‐based rotating schedule. Five days’ medication periods were alternated with 3 days’ washout periods. Results Mean baseline IOP was 13.6 ± 2.7 mm Hg. All treatments resulted in a statistically significant decrease in mean IOP in the treated eye: A: −2.33 mm Hg (95% CI: −2.71, −1.94), B: −1.91 mm Hg (95% CI: −2.30, −1.53), C: −2.36 mm Hg (95% CI: −2.74, −1.97), and D: −2.37 mm Hg (95% CI: −2.76, −1.98) and the nontreated eye: A: −0.19 mm Hg (95% CI: −0.28, −0.11), B: −0.18 mm Hg (95% CI: −0.27, −0.10), C −0.31 mm Hg (95% CI: −0.40, −0.23), and D: −0.24 mm Hg (95% CI: −0.32, −0.15). Timolol resulted in an additional, significant decrease in IOP of 4% and 5%, respectively, compared to A and B, and in mild bradycardia and miosis. Conclusions Topical administration of dorzolamide 2% and brinzolamide 1% q8h significantly decreased IOP in healthy cats. Supplemental timolol 0.5% eye drops q12h resulted in an additional, statistically significant reduction of IOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge J M Slenter
- Ophthalmology Section, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvia C Djajadiningrat-Laanen
- Ophthalmology Section, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Daphne J Elders
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Reinoud de Gee
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Linda E Koele
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Loes W Vermeer
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michael H Boevé
- Ophthalmology Section, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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