1
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Kim HW, Kim JY. Randomized comparison of in vivo performance of TearLab® and I-PEN® osmometry in normal dogs. Vet Ophthalmol 2023; 26:440-445. [PMID: 37565779 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare tear film (TF) osmolarity measured using TearLab® and I-PEN® osmometers in the same dogs without any ocular surface disease. ANIMAL STUDIED Fifty-two dogs (98 eyes) of different breeds were evaluated. PROCEDURES Tear film (TF) osmolarity was evaluated at 2-min intervals. The test was randomly determined, and single measurements were performed using each osmometer. Subsequently, complete ophthalmologic examinations were performed based on Schirmer tear test-1 (STT-1) analysis, tear film breakup time (TFBUT), and slit-lamp biomicroscopy. For each osmometer, the mean ± standard deviation of the TF osmolarity was calculated, and a paired Student's t-test was used to compare the values obtained. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to assess the association between osmolarity and other values such as STT-1, TFBUT, and age. RESULTS Tear film osmolarity determined using TearLab® (340.42 ± 15.87 mOsm/L) and I-PEN® (321.58 ± 17.39 mOsm/L) were significantly different (p < .001). However, statistical significance could not be confirmed between osmolarity and other values, such as STT-1, TFBUT, and age. CONCLUSIONS In dogs, the TF osmolarity values obtained using TearLab® tend to be higher than those obtained using I-PEN®, contrary to that observed in humans. These findings can serve as a reference for establishing normal values for each osmometer for clinical use in measuring TF osmolarity in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Wook Kim
- Department of Veterinary Ophthalmology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joon-Young Kim
- Department of Veterinary Ophthalmology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
- KU Center for Animal Blood Medical Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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2
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James-Jenks EM, Pinard CL. Topical Ocular Therapeutics in Small Animals. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2023; 53:473-492. [PMID: 36813396 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2022.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews the administration of common topical ophthalmic medications, in relation to factors influencing absorption including composition of topical ophthalmic preparations, and potential systemic effects. Commonly prescribed, commercially available topical ophthalmic medications are discussed with respect to pharmacology, their indications for use, and adverse effects. Knowledge of topical ocular pharmacokinetics is essential for the management of veterinary ophthalmic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M James-Jenks
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Ontario Veterinary College, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Chantale L Pinard
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Ontario Veterinary College, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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3
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Hisey EA, Galor A, Leonard BC. A comparative review of evaporative dry eye disease and meibomian gland dysfunction in dogs and humans. Vet Ophthalmol 2023; 26 Suppl 1:16-30. [PMID: 36786010 PMCID: PMC10175238 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Dry eye disease is a complex ophthalmic disorder that consists of two main subtypes, aqueous deficient dry eye (ADDE) and evaporative dry eye disease (EDED). Due to the complex underlying physiology, human dry eye disease can be difficult to model in laboratory animal species. Thus, the identification and characterization of a spontaneous large animal model of dry eye disease is desirable. Dogs have been described as an ideal spontaneous model of ADDE due to the similar pathophysiology between dogs and humans. Recently, EDED and meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) have been increasingly recognized and reported in dogs. These reports on EDED and MGD in dogs have identified similarities in pathophysiology, clinical presentations, and diagnostic parameters to humans with the comparable disorders. Additionally, the tests that are used to diagnose EDED and MGD in humans are more easily applicable to dogs than to laboratory species due to the comparable globe sizes between dogs and humans. The reported response of dogs to EDED and MGD therapies are similar to humans, suggesting that they would be a valuable preclinical model for the development of additional therapeutics. Further research and clinical awareness of EDED and MGD in dogs would increase their ability to be utilized as a preclinical model, improving the positive predictive value of therapeutics for EDED and MGD in both humans and dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A Hisey
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Anat Galor
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Health System, Miami, Florida, USA.,Miami Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Brian C Leonard
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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4
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Estanho GJG, Passareli JVGC, Pando LDS, Vieira DE, Nai GA, Santarém CL, Andrade SF. Comparison of topical 0.03% tacrolimus and homologous injectable platelet-rich plasma in the treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca in dogs. Vet World 2023; 16:134-143. [PMID: 36855346 PMCID: PMC9967714 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.134-143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) is predominantly an immune-mediated chronic inflammatory ocular disease that is commonly diagnosed in dogs. This study aimed to compare the conventional use of topical immunosuppressant tacrolimus 0.03% eye drops and a new therapy injectable homologous platelet-rich plasma (HPRP) into the third eyelid gland and inferior and superior palpebral conjunctiva of dogs with KCS. Materials and Methods A total of 66 eyes from 33 dogs were evaluated. The eyes were divided into three equal groups: Negative control group, tacrolimus group (TG), and homologous platelet-rich plasma group (HPRPG). The animals were evaluated using the Schirmer's tear test-1 (STT-1), osmolarity test (OT), strip meniscometry test (SMT), tear film break-up test (TBUT), fluorescein test, lissamine green test (LGT), and cytological and histopathological analyses. Results In TG, there was a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the STT-1 and SMT values, and goblet cell count in the palpebral conjunctiva by the end of the study. In HPRPG, 36% (four dogs) received three applications, 55% (six dogs) received two applications, and 9% (one dog) received one application before the initial ocular signs improved. There was a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the lymphocyte and neutrophil counts of the palpebral conjunctiva in HPRPG than in TG. Both groups showed equivalent improvements in TBUT, OT, and LGT values. Conclusion Tacrolimus 0.03% eye drops were more efficient than HPRP in increasing tear production and the number of goblet cells. However, injectable HPRP was more efficient than tacrolimus in decreasing the number of conjunctival inflammatory cells. Treatment with injectable HPRP requires an average of two to three applications, is safe and feasible, and can be used as a cheaper alternative or as an adjuvant to conventional treatment with topical immunosuppressants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - João Victor Goulart Consoni Passareli
- Post-graduate Program in Animal Science, UNOESTE, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil,Corresponding author: João Victor Goulart Consoni Passareli, e-mail: Co-authors: GJGE: , LSP: , DEV: , GAN: , CLS: , SFA:
| | | | | | - Gisele Alborghetti Nai
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, UNOESTE, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Silvia Franco Andrade
- Department of Veterinary Ophthalmology, Veterinary Hospital, UNOESTE, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
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5
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Iwashita H, Sebbag L, Leonard BC, Saito A. A review of diagnostic tests for qualitative and quantitative tear film deficiency in dogs. Vet Ophthalmol 2022; 26 Suppl 1:5-15. [PMID: 36575128 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED) is a complex multifactorial condition caused by loss of ocular surface homeostasis from quantitative and/or qualitative tear film deficiency. Schirmer tear test (STT) is often the only diagnostic test used to assess for DED in veterinary practice. STT is invaluable in the diagnosis and monitoring of quantitative tear film deficiency (i.e., keratoconjunctivitis sicca); however, it is not sufficient to optimize therapy and fully recognize other contributing factors for the disturbance in ocular surface homeostasis. The present work reviews diagnostic tests for assessing aqueous tear production in veterinary medicine, as well as the quality of tears, corneal epithelial barrier integrity, and the lacrimal functional unit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lionel Sebbag
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Brian C Leonard
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, California, USA
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6
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Corsi F, Arteaga K, Corsi F, Masi M, Cattaneo A, Selleri P, Crasta M, Peruccio C, Guandalini A. Clinical parameters obtained during tear film examination in domestic rabbits. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:398. [DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03492-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
One of the contributing factors to ocular surface health is a stable precorneal tear film. Considering the increasing interest in rabbits as pets and the limited literature available on domestic rabbit tearing, the aim of this study was to establish normative data for examination of the tear film in domestic rabbits.
Results
The study included 75 client-owned domestic Holland Lop rabbits (150 eyes). The following examinations were performed in each eye: Schirmer tear test-1, tear osmometry, interferometry, tear meniscus height measurement and meibography (quantifying meibomian gland loss as a percentage). The resulting median (95% central range) values were 10.0 (5.0–17.3) mm/min for the Schirmer tear test-1, 345.0 (280.5–376.1) mOsm/L for tear osmolarity, grade 2 (1–4) of interferometry, 0.28 (0.20–0.47) mm for tear meniscus height and 0.0 (0.0–67.6) % meibomian gland loss. A significant association was found between tear osmolarity and age, with an estimated decrease of − 4.0 mOsm/L with each additional year of age (p < 0.001). The distributions of interferometry grades were significantly different between males and females (p < 0.001), with grade 1 and grade 2 being the most frequent in females and males, respectively. A weak negative correlation was also observed between interferometry grade and the percentage of meibomian gland loss (r = − 0.22, p = 0.006).
Conclusions
This is an original study that documents extensive tear film parameters in healthy Holland Lop rabbits. The results can be used as normative data for the examination of the tear film in this lagomorph breed.
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7
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Sebbag L, Silva APSM, Santos ÁPB, Raposo ACS, Oriá AP. An eye on the Shih Tzu dog: Ophthalmic examination findings and ocular surface diagnostics. Vet Ophthalmol 2022; 26 Suppl 1:59-71. [PMID: 36057776 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the ocular surface parameters and determine the prevalence of ocular pathology in Shih Tzu dogs. ANIMAL STUDIED Fifty Shih Tzu dogs (28 male, 22 female). PROCEDURES Each dog underwent a complete ophthalmic examination (recording any pathology) and a series of diagnostics, allowing for a 10 min-interval between tests: intraocular pressure (IOP), blink rate, palpebral fissure length (PFL), corneal tactile sensation (CTS), Schirmer tear test, and nasolacrimal reflex without (STT-1, NL-STT1) and with topical anesthesia (STT-2, NL-STT2), tear ferning, strip meniscometry test (SMT), tear film breakup time (TFBUT), and punctate fluorescein staining (PFS) of the cornea. RESULTS Mean ± SD test values were as follows: IOP (17.9 ± 3.7 mmHg), blink rate (2.4 ± 1.4 blinks/min), PFL (23.8 ± 1.8 mm), CTS (1.8 ± 0.7 cm), STT-1 (22.0 ± 5.5 mm/min), NL-STT1 (24.2 ± 4.7 mm/min), STT-2 (16.9 ± 6.5 mm/min), NL-STT2 (18.5 ± 7.5 mm/min), SMT (7.5 ± 3.5 mm/5 s), TFBUT (5.3 ± 2.4 s), tear ferning (1.3 ± 0.7), and PFS (1.6 ± 0.6). PFL was significantly greater in male vs. female Shih Tzus (p< .001). Age was negatively correlated with TFBUT results (r = -0.31, p = .027). Lagophthalmos was observed in 82% eyes. Ocular surface pathology was common, including adnexal abnormalities (100% eyes with caruncular trichiasis and medial lower lid entropion) and corneal opacification (27% pigmentation, 20% fibrosis, 12% neovascularization). CONCLUSIONS Qualitative tear film deficiency (low TFBUT), along with several anatomical abnormalities that promote ocular irritation and reduce globe protection, together help explain the concerningly high prevalence of ocular surface disease in the Shih Tzu breed. Prophylactic measures (e.g., medial canthoplasty, topical lubrication) could be considered to improve ocular health in Shih Tzus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Sebbag
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ana Paula S M Silva
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia, UFBA, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Álex P B Santos
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia, UFBA, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia S Raposo
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia, UFBA, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Arianne P Oriá
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia, UFBA, Salvador, Brazil
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8
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Brito FLDC, Voitena JN, Marinho TOC, Moore BA, Montiani-Ferreira F. Assessment of tear film osmolarity using the IPen ® Vet osmometer in Pug and Shih-Tzu dogs with and without keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Vet Ophthalmol 2021; 25:219-224. [PMID: 34929058 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish tear film osmolarity (TFO) values in Pugs and Shih-Tzus, with and without keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS). ANIMALS STUDIED A total of 82 adult dogs were evaluated. PROCEDURE The inclusion criteria for the healthy group was a Schirmer tear test (STT-1) ≥15 mm/min with no clinical signs of KCS, whereas those with KCS had clinical signs and a STT-1 ≤10 mm/min. All animals underwent complete ophthalmological evaluation prior to STT-1 and TFO. Student's t tests were used to compare STT-1 and TFO in KCS and healthy eyes as well as possible differences in TFO between breeds. In addition, a linear regression to model the relationship between the two variables (STT-1 and TFO) was performed. A P-value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS STT-1 results were significantly lower (p = 0.0001) in the KCS group (4.46 ± 1.74) compared with the control group (18.80 ± 2.02). Mean TFO results were significantly higher in the KCS group (353.02 ± 16.58 mOsm/L) (p < 0.0001) compared with the control group (315.27 ± 6.15 mOsm/L). The formula Y = 365.059-2.625 * X significantly predicts (p < 0.001) the value of the variable Y (TFO mOsm/L) as a function of the variable X (STT-1 mm/min), with a coefficient of determination of 0.71. CONCLUSIONS The results revealed differences in TFO and STT-1 between KCS and healthy dogs. Additionally, STT-1 and TFO values were correlated with the aim to use STT-1 values to predict TFO values in brachycephalic breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jéssica N Voitena
- Faculdade Qualittas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Pós-graduadas em Oftalmologia Veterinária e Microcirurgia Ocular, Faculdade Qualittas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tatiane O C Marinho
- Faculdade Qualittas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Pós-graduadas em Oftalmologia Veterinária e Microcirurgia Ocular, Faculdade Qualittas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bret A Moore
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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9
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Brito F, Kuner A, Voitena J, Marinho T. Oral mucosa transplantation may improve tear film osmolarity in dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca - a preliminary study. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-12421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of cyclosporine 1% alone or associated with oral mucosa transplantation (OMT) in dogs with dry keratoconjunctivitis (KCS). Schirmer Tear Test (STT-1) and Tear Film Osmolarity (TFO) were measured in both eyes of 30 adult dogs (before and 45 days after treatment. The animals were divided into three groups (10 dogs for group): control (normal dogs), group I (GI, treated with 1% cyclosporine alone), and group II (GII, treated with 1% cyclosporine and OMT). All STT-1 and TFO values were subjected to the Shapiro-Wilk normality test, and all were normally distributed. STT-1 and TFO values before and after treatment were subjected to the T-Student Test. The STT‐1 and TFO values of the right eye were subjected to Repeated Measures ANOVA followed by a Tukey Test for comparison between groups I and II. Means with a value of p≤0.05 were considered significant. There was a decreased osmolarity in both groups after treatment. Mean osmolarity in GII (322.60±16.56 mOsm/L) was significantly lower than GI (336.40±5.66 mOsm/L). The OMT associated with cyclosporine 1% improved the osmolarity of the tear film in dogs with KCS with a seeming synergism between the clinical and surgical treatments.
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10
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Boss CK, Gibson DJ, Schultz G, Whitley RD, Hernandez JA, Abbott JR, Plummer CE. Therapeutic effects of equine amniotic membrane suspension on corneal re-epithelialization and haze in a modified lagomorph ex vivo wound healing model. Vet Ophthalmol 2021; 25:153-164. [PMID: 34787351 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the therapeutic effects of topical equine amniotic membrane (eAM) suspension following corneal wounding in a controlled experimental setting. PROCEDURES Equine amniotic membrane was collected, gamma irradiated, homogenized for topical suspension preparation, and cryopreserved. Corneoscleral rims harvested from fresh rabbit globes were wounded via keratectomy and were maintained in an air-liquid interface ex vivo corneal culture model. Treatment groups included topical gamma irradiated eAM suspension (n = 20) and a control group (n = 20). Re-epithelialization of the wound was assessed with daily photographic evaluation of area of fluorescein uptake (mm2 ). Corneal wound haze after a 21-day period was assessed by photographic analysis of haze area (mm2 ) and pixel intensity (0-255). Histologic processing of corneal tissue was performed, and protein identification of eAM suspension using Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). RESULTS The average day of complete corneal re-epithelialization in controls (5.5 ± 1.1) and topically treated (5.5 ± 0.6) corneas, and rates of reduction in area of fluorescein uptake over time did not significantly differ (p = .44). The corneal wound haze was significantly reduced in mean area by approximately 52% and intensity by 57% in corneas treated with topical eAM suspension (p < .05), compared to controls 21 days following wounding. Protein analysis identified numerous proteins, specifically decorin, dermatopontin, and lumican, which have previously been documented in eAM. CONCLUSIONS Area and intensity of corneal wound haze were significantly reduced in corneas treated with gamma irradiated eAM suspension, which may be due to previously identified therapeutic proteins which promote corneal clarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine K Boss
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Daniel J Gibson
- College of Nursing, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Gregory Schultz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - R David Whitley
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jorge A Hernandez
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Caryn E Plummer
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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11
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Kim Y, Kang S, Kim S, Shim J, Go S, Seo K. Reference values for selected dry eye tests in normal Beagle dogs: a pilot study. J Vet Sci 2021; 23:e10. [PMID: 34841748 PMCID: PMC8799949 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.21169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dry eye disease (DED) cannot be diagnosed by a single test because it is a multifactorial disorder of the ocular surface. Although studies on various dry eye tests (DETs) in dogs have been reported, standard criteria have not been established except for the Schirmer tear test 1 (STT-1). OBJECTIVES To establish reference values for DETs in dogs with normal STT-1 values (≥ 15 mm/min) and to analyze the correlation between DETs. METHODS The STT-1 was performed in 10 healthy Beagle dogs (20 eyes). After 20 min, interferometry (IF) for estimating the lipid layer thickness (LLT) of the tear film, tear meniscus height (TMH), non-invasive tear breakup time (NIBUT), and meibomian gland loss rate of the upper eyelid (MGLRU) and lower eyelid (MGLRL), were measured using an ocular surface analyzer. RESULTS Mean values for STT-1, TMH, and NIBUT were as follows: 21.7 ± 3.4 mm/min, 0.41 ± 0.21 mm, and 19.1 ± 9.5 sec, respectively. The most frequent LLT range, measured by IF, was 30-80 nm (11 eyes), followed by 80 nm (5 eyes) and 80-140 nm (4 eyes). MGLRU ≤ 25% was measured in 11 eyes and 26%-50% in 9 eyes; MGLRL ≤ 25% in 8 eyes and 26%-50% in 12 eyes. Besides positive correlation between TMH and NIBUT (P = 0.038), there were no significant associations between DETs. CONCLUSIONS Data obtained in this study provided normative references that could be useful for diagnosing DED and for further research into correlation between DETs in dogs with DED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngsam Kim
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.,Dana Animal Hospital Eye Center, Seoul 07014, Korea
| | - Seonmi Kang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Sunhyo Kim
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jaeho Shim
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Seokmin Go
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Kangmoon Seo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
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12
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Kim Y, Kang S, Kim S, Shim J, Go S, Seo K. Reference values for selected dry eye tests in normal Beagle dogs: a pilot study. J Vet Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2021.22.e89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Youngsam Kim
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Dana Animal Hospital Eye Center, Seoul 07014, Korea
| | - Seonmi Kang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Sunhyo Kim
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jaeho Shim
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Seokmin Go
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Kangmoon Seo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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13
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Saito A, Iwashita H, Kitamura Y, Miwa Y, Arita R. Punctate fluorescein staining scores in dogs with or without aqueous tear deficiency. Vet Ophthalmol 2021; 24:28-36. [PMID: 32961030 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the superficial punctate fluorescein staining in dogs with and without aqueous tear deficiency. PROCEDURES An eye from each client-owned dogs presented to Triangle Animal Eye Clinic between January and December 2018 underwent tear and ocular surface tests, which included the Schirmer tear test (STT), phenol red thread test (PRT), and strip meniscometry tube tear test (SMT). Punctate fluorescein staining of the cornea (PFS-C) and the upper palpebral conjunctiva (PFS-UPC) were also performed. Fifty-seven dogs with STT results of <15 mm/min had aqueous tear deficiency (AD); 31 dogs had <10 mm/min and 26 dogs had ≥10 mm/min. The 162 dogs with STT results of ≥15 mm/min did not have AD. The test results of the groups were compared using Kruskal-Wallis and Steel-Dwass multiple comparison tests. RESULTS Two hundred and nineteen eyes from 219 dogs were enrolled in this study. The PRT and SMT results, presented as mean ± SD, were significantly lower in the AD group than in the non-AD group (PRT: 29.5 ± 8.1 vs 36.9 ± 5.6 mm/15 s; SMT: 6.2 ± 3.8 vs 10.8 ± 2.8 mm/5 s). The PFS scores were significantly higher in the AD group than in the non-AD group (PFS-C: 4.4 ± 0.7 and 3.7 ± 0.8; PFS-UPC: 2.3 ± 0.5 and 1.7 ± 0.5). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that aqueous tear deficiency is not only reflected by PRT and SMT but also PFS-C and PFS-UPC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yasunari Kitamura
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
- Yakumo Animal Hospital, Yakumo-cho, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Miwa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Sebbag L, Mochel JP. An eye on the dog as the scientist's best friend for translational research in ophthalmology: Focus on the ocular surface. Med Res Rev 2020; 40:2566-2604. [PMID: 32735080 DOI: 10.1002/med.21716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical animal studies provide valuable opportunities to better understand human diseases and contribute to major advances in medicine. This review provides a comprehensive overview of ocular parameters in humans and selected animals, with a focus on the ocular surface, detailing species differences in ocular surface anatomy, physiology, tear film dynamics and tear film composition. We describe major pitfalls that tremendously limit the translational potential of traditional laboratory animals (i.e., rabbits, mice, and rats) in ophthalmic research, and highlight the benefits of integrating companion dogs with clinical analogues to human diseases into preclinical pharmacology studies. This One Health approach can help accelerate and improve the framework in which ophthalmic research is translated to the human clinic. Studies can be conducted in canine subjects with naturally occurring or noninvasively induced ocular surface disorders (e.g., dry eye disease, conjunctivitis), reviewed herein, and tear fluid can be easily retrieved from canine eyes for various bioanalytical purposes. In this review, we discuss common tear collection methods, including capillary tubes and Schirmer tear strips, and provide guidelines for tear sampling and extraction to improve the reliability of analyte quantification (drugs, proteins, others).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Sebbag
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, SMART Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Jonathan P Mochel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, SMART Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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15
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Lamkin ID, Zimmerman KL, Smith Fleming KM, Martins BC. Osmolarity of basal and reflex tears of normal dogs. Vet Ophthalmol 2020; 23:747-753. [PMID: 32584492 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare basal and reflex tear osmolarity in healthy dogs and to evaluate for correlation among tear film osmolarity, tear production, and tear fern pattern. ANIMALS STUDIED The population consisted of 22 healthy adult dogs. PROCEDURES Reflex tear osmolarity was measured in both eyes using the I-PEN® VET osmometer 30 minutes following the Schirmer tear test (STT-1) measurement. Subsequently, two minutes following topical anesthetic application, the lacrimal lake and conjunctival fornices were dried, and 3 minutes later, basal tear osmolarity was measured. Tears were extracted from the dye-free STT-1 strip by centrifugation, placed on a glass slide, and the ferning pattern was determined by light microscopy. Comparisons between basal and reflex tears were performed with one-way ANOVA. Correlations between tear osmolarity, STT-1, and tear ferning were verified by Pearson's correlation coefficient. RESULTS No statistical difference was found between right and left eyes for STT-1, tear fern pattern, and osmolarity of reflex or basal tears (P < .05). There was no statistical difference between osmolarity of basal and reflex tears among individuals (P < .05). No correlation was detected between tear fern pattern and osmolarity of reflex tears. A weak positive correlation was detected between STT-1 values and osmolarity of reflex, but not basal tears. CONCLUSIONS The osmolarity of basal tears did not differ from that of reflex tears. A positive weak correlation exists between tear production and osmolarity of reflex tears. No correlation was detected between tear osmolarity measured by handheld osmometer and tear ferning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irini D Lamkin
- Veterinary Clinical Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois - Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Kelli L Zimmerman
- Veterinary Clinical Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois - Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Kathryn M Smith Fleming
- Veterinary Clinical Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois - Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Bianca C Martins
- Veterinary Clinical Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois - Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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16
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Dees DD, Kent MS. Efficacy of adjunctive therapy using Vizoovet in improving clinical signs of keratoconjunctivitis sicca in dogs: A pilot study. Vet Ophthalmol 2020; 23:632-639. [PMID: 32386123 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the clinical safety and efficacy of adjunctive therapy using Vizoovet to ameliorate clinical signs of keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) in dogs. ANIMALS STUDIED Twenty client-owned dogs. PROCEDURES Canine patients diagnosed with KCS were enrolled in this prospective study. Patients were randomly selected to receive either Vizoovet or GenTeal drops twice daily in addition to twice daily tacrolimus 0.03% solution. Data were collected from only one eye of each patient and included STT-1, IOP, TFBUT, and results of objective clinical scoring performed by pet owners. Statistical significance was set at P ≤ .05. RESULTS In all, 20 dogs (20 eyes) were enrolled in this prospective randomized study. Females (n = 12; 60%) outnumbered males (n = 8; 40%) and all dogs were spayed/neutered. Mean age of all dogs was 10.6 ± 3.79 years. In both treatment groups, the improvement in STT-1 values over the course of the study was significant (P = .002). When comparing the STT-1 improvements between groups, no significance was found (P = .78). In both groups, the improvement in TFBUT was significant (P = .0018). When comparing the TFBUT improvements between groups, no significance was found (P = .14). Squinting, rubbing, ocular discharge, and medication administration scores all significantly improved throughout the course of the study; however, they did not differ significantly between groups. Throughout the study, no adverse side effects were noted clinically or by the pet owner in either group. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Adjunctive treatment with Vizoovet was as safe and effective as GenTeal drops at improving clinical signs of dry eye in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael S Kent
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California
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17
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Bolzanni H, Oriá AP, Raposo ACS, Sebbag L. Aqueous tear assessment in dogs: Impact of cephalic conformation, inter-test correlations, and test-retest repeatability. Vet Ophthalmol 2020; 23:534-543. [PMID: 32162773 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize diagnostic findings, test-retest repeatability, and correlations among lacrimal tests in dogs of diverse cephalic conformations. ANIMAL STUDIED Fifty healthy dogs (25 brachycephalic, 25 nonbrachycephalic). PROCEDURES A series of diagnostics were performed in each dog, allowing for a 10-minute interval between tests and repeating each test 24 hours later under similar conditions: corneal tactile sensation (CTS), strip meniscometry test (SMT), phenol red thread test (PRTT), endodontic absorbent paper point tear test (EAPPTT), Schirmer tear test-1 without (STT-1) or with nasolacrimal stimulation (NL-STT1), and Schirmer tear test-2 (STT-2). RESULTS Mean ± SD test values were lower in brachycephalic vs. nonbrachycephalic dogs (except for SMT; 7.4 ± 2.0 mm/5 seconds vs 7.3 ± 2.4 mm/5 seconds), with statistically significant differences noted for CTS (1.8 ± 0.5 cm vs 3.4 ± 0.8 cm), PRTT (37.2 ± 4.0 mm/15 seconds vs 41.1 ± 5.5 mm/15 seconds), STT-1 (20.1 ± 3.4 mm/min vs 23.3 ± 5.7 mm/min), STT-2 (13.0 ± 3.4 mm/min vs 16.9 ± 3.9 mm/min), and NL-STT1 (23.2 ± 3.6 mm/min vs 27.1 ± 5.4 mm/min), and nonsignificant differences for EAPPTT (16.6 ± 2.7 mm/15 seconds vs 17.5 ± 2.9 mm/15 seconds). Nasolacrimal stimulation increased STT-1 values by 18% on average. Correlations among tests were generally weak to moderate (r < .70) except for a strong correlation between STT-1 and NL-STT1 (r = .83, P < .001). Test reliability was good although test-retest repeatability was generally poor to moderate, as depicted by low intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC ≤ 0.75) and wide 95% limits of agreement, except for CTS (ICC = 0.91). CONCLUSIONS Corneal sensitivity and aqueous tear secretion are lower in brachycephalic dogs. A comprehensive assessment of the ocular surface requires the combination of several diagnostic tests. The nasolacrimal reflex may provide a useful diagnostic and therapeutic tool in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hellen Bolzanni
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Arianne P Oriá
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia S Raposo
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Lionel Sebbag
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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Uhl LK, Saito A, Iwashita H, Maggs DJ, Mochel JP, Sebbag L. Clinical features of cats with aqueous tear deficiency: a retrospective case series of 10 patients (17 eyes). J Feline Med Surg 2019; 21:944-950. [PMID: 30417738 PMCID: PMC11132248 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x18810867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to describe the clinical findings, diagnostic test results and response to therapy of cats with Schirmer tear test 1 (STT-1) values below the reference interval. METHODS The medical records of three institutions were searched for cats with ocular surface disease and STT-1 values <9 mm/min, confirmed at two or more separate visits. RESULTS Ten cats (17 eyes) were included. The mean ± SD (range) age and STT-1 values in affected eye(s) were 6.1 ± 5.7 (0.2-16) years and 2.4 ± 3.1 (0-8) mm/min, respectively. Concurrent ocular surface disease was bilateral in 5/10 cats. Clinical signs included conjunctivitis (14/17 eyes), corneal ulceration (6/17 eyes), non-ulcerative keratitis (4/17 eyes), symblepharon (4/17 eyes), eosinophilic keratitis (3/17 eyes), corneal sequestrum (3/17 eyes), corneal fibrosis (2/17 eyes) and meibomitis (2/17 eyes). Management included: topically applied lacrimomimetics, antiviral drugs, corticosteroids or immunomodulatory drugs; orally administered famciclovir; or surgical procedures, in various combinations. Response to therapy (defined as an increase in STT-1 value of ⩾5 mm/min) was transient (seen at a single reassessment) in 65% of eyes and sustained (seen at ⩾2 consecutive reassessments) in 18% of eyes. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Clinical features seen in cats with low STT-1 values are described, although the association between aqueous deficiency and the reported ocular changes is unknown at this time. We encourage clinicians to assess the tear film in cats with ocular surface disease, and initiate therapy with lacrimomimetics if STT-1 values are repeatedly below normal. Such information will further define aqueous tear deficiency in cats, providing a better understanding of disease prevalence, pathogenesis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K Uhl
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | | | - David J Maggs
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California–Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan P Mochel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Lionel Sebbag
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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Haeussler DJ. Improving the diagnosis of canine keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Vet Rec 2019; 184:676-677. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.l3138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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20
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Zhong L, Ketelaar CF, Braun RJ, Begley CG, King-Smith PE. Mathematical modelling of glob-driven tear film breakup. MATHEMATICAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE IMA 2019; 36:55-91. [PMID: 29390061 PMCID: PMC6416486 DOI: 10.1093/imammb/dqx021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Evaporation is a recognized contributor to tear film thinning and tear breakup (TBU). Recently, a different type of TBU is observed, where TBU happens under or around a thick area of lipid within a second after a blink. The thick lipid corresponds to a glob. Evaporation alone is too slow to offer a complete explanation of this breakup. It has been argued that the major reason of this rapid tear film thinning is divergent flow driven by a lower surface tension of the glob (via the Marangoni effect). We examine the glob-driven TBU hypothesis in a 1D streak model and axisymmetric spot model. In the model, the streak or spot glob has a localized high surfactant concentration, which is assumed to lower the tear/air surface tension and also to have a fixed size. Both streak and spot models show that the Marangoni effect can lead to strong tangential flow away from the glob and may cause TBU. The models predict that smaller globs or thinner films will decrease TBU time (TBUT). TBU is located underneath small globs, but may occur outside larger globs. In addition to tangential flow, evaporation can also contribute to TBU. This study provides insights about mechanism of rapid thinning and TBU which occurs very rapidly after a blink and how the properties of the globs affect the TBUT.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zhong
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, USA
| | - C F Ketelaar
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, USA
| | - R J Braun
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, USA
| | - C G Begley
- School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, USA
| | - P E King-Smith
- College of Optometry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
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Amalfitano C, Pasolini MP, Nieddu A, Della Valle G, Fiorentin PG, Lamagna F, Lamagna B. The Effect of Periocular Fatty Acids and 0.15% Hyaluronate Eye Drops Application on Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca in Dogs: An Exploratory Study. Top Companion Anim Med 2019; 35:18-25. [PMID: 31122683 DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this exploratory study was to evaluate the efficacy of a periophthalmic cream of a pool of fatty acids (FAG®) in association with 0.15% hyaluronate eye drops in alleviating the clinical symptoms of keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) in a case series of dogs. The study was conducted on 10 dogs diagnosed with idiopathic KCS. All dogs had been previously treated with topical tobramycin alone, which had been ineffective in improving clinical signs. The affected eyes were treated with 2 applications daily of a periophthalmic cream of FAG® and 1 drop 3 times a day of 0.15% of hyaluronate eye drops for 8 weeks. Schirmer tear test I (STT I) values were recorded and ocular signs (conjunctival hyperemia, ocular discharge, corneal opacity, vascularization and pigmentation, and discomfort level) were collected, scored on a 3-point scale (grade 0, grade 1, and grade 2). Differences between scores and STT data recorded at baseline and at 8 weeks of therapy were statistically analysed. The effect of treatment was pronounced (increase in STT values by more than 4 mm/min, no signs of inflammation) in 8/18 eyes; moderate (increase in STT values of 3-4 mm/min or mild improvement in signs of corneal/conjunctival inflammation) in 3/18 eyes; and unsatisfactory in 7 of 18 eyes. Median of STT values significantly improved compared with baseline levels, while statistically significant decreases in clinical-sign scores of conjunctival hyperemia, ocular discharge, and discomfort were recorded. However, in moderate and advanced stages, reduction of neovascularization or corneal pigmentation was not observed throughout the treatment period. No noticeable adverse reactions were recorded. Preliminary results indicate that the application of periocular FAG and topical 0.15% hyaluronate eye drops may be a suitable treatment for KCS in dogs in selected cases. A larger comparative study is necessary to further confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Pia Pasolini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Annalisa Nieddu
- Medical Manager (Veterinary Division Aurora Biofarma), Italy
| | - Giovanni Della Valle
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Lamagna
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Barbara Lamagna
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
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Zhong L, Braun RJ, Begley CG, King-Smith PE. Dynamics of Fluorescent Imaging for Rapid Tear Thinning. Bull Math Biol 2018; 81:39-80. [PMID: 30324271 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-018-0517-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A previous mathematical model has successfully simulated the rapid tear thinning caused by glob (thicker lipid) in the lipid layer. It captured a fast spreading of polar lipid and a corresponding strong tangential flow in the aqueous layer. With the simulated strong tangential flow, we now extend the model by adding equations for conservation of solutes, for osmolarity and fluorescein, in order to study their dynamics. We then compare our computed results for the resulting intensity distribution with fluorescence experiments on the tear film. We conclude that in rapid thinning, the fluorescent intensity can linearly approximate the tear film thickness well, when the initial fluorescein concentration is small. Thus, a dilute fluorescein is recommended for visualizing the rapid tear thinning during fluorescent imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zhong
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
| | - R J Braun
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - C G Begley
- School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - P E King-Smith
- College of Optometry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43218, USA
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23
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Raposo AC, Portela RD, Masmali A, Cardoso-Brito V, Bernardo M, Oliveira DC, Oriá AP. Evaluation of lacrimal production, osmolarity, crystallization, proteomic profile, and biochemistry of capuchin monkeys' tear film. J Med Primatol 2018; 47:371-378. [PMID: 30039860 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the composition and characteristics of capuchin monkey (CM) tear film. METHODS Eleven CM (Sapajus sp.) was evaluated. Strip meniscometry test (SMT), osmolarity, and tear ferning test (TFT) (by Rolando and Masmali scales) were assessed. Tear protein profile (SDS-PAGE), and total protein, albumin, urea, glucose, and cholesterol levels in tear film and blood serum were screened. RESULTS Median ± semi-interquatil range for SMT and osmolarity values were 8.0 ± 1.625 and 303.0 ± 9.875, respectively. TFT for Rolando was 2.0 ± 0.5, and Masmali was 2.0 ± 0.0. Monkeys's tear obtained type II and III for Rolando, and 1 and 2 for Masmali. Tear components showed protein bands among 23-217 kDa, and presence of albumin, urea, glucose, and cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS The results of SMT, osmolarity, TFT, SDS-PAGE, and tear biochemistry may serve as a reference baseline for CM, and the data may serve as a basis for future experimental model evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cláudia Raposo
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | | | - Ali Masmali
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vinicius Cardoso-Brito
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Marcos Bernardo
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Dayse Cury Oliveira
- Brazilian Institute of Ophthalmology and Prevention of Blindness, Bahia School of Medicine and Public Health, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Arianne Pontes Oriá
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
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Braus BK, Riedler D, Tichy A, Spergser J, Schwendenwein I. The effects of two different types of bandage contact lenses on the healthy canine eye. Vet Ophthalmol 2018; 21:477-486. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniela Riedler
- Tierklinik Hofheim; Katharina Kemmler Straße 7 65719 Hofheim Germany
| | - Alexander Tichy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Veterinary Medicine; Veterinärplatz 1 1210 Vienna Austria
| | - Joachim Spergser
- Institute of Microbiology; University of Veterinary Medicine; Veterinärplatz 1 1210 Vienna Austria
| | - Ilse Schwendenwein
- Clinical Pathology Platform; University of Veterinary Medicine; Veterinärplatz 1 1210 Vienna Austria
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