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Müller EMT, Vanderperren K, Merle R, Rheinfeld S, Leelamankong P, Lischer CJ, Ehrle A. Findings consistent with equine proximal suspensory desmitis can be reliably detected using computed tomography and differ between affected horses and controls. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2023; 64:1005-1014. [PMID: 37605336 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this retrospective, observational, controlled study was to evaluate bone and soft tissue window CT images of the proximoplantar metatarsus III region in twenty horses with pain localized to the proximal suspensory ligament (PSL) and 20 horses with findings nonrelated to tarsal pain. All horses underwent CT and radiographic examination. Images were reviewed by three independent observers who graded the severity and localization of findings. Bone-related categories as well as soft tissue-related categories were evaluated. For the comparison of imaging findings in horses with and without proximal suspensory desmitis (PSD), mixed linear regression was performed. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated to assess intraobserver agreement, and kappa statistics were employed to evaluate interobserver agreement. CT examination identified significantly more abnormalities in the diseased group. The scores for osseous exostosis (p = .015) and PSL enlargement (p = .004) were notably higher in PSD horses compared to controls. Intraobserver agreement was overall high (ICC .82-1.0), and interobserver agreement was substantial for the detection of mineralization (kappa = .61) and moderate for sclerosis (kappa = .43), exostosis (kappa = .43), and PSL enlargement (kappa = .48/.51). Measurements in the soft tissue window were significantly smaller than those in the bone window. Findings concurrent with PSD including osseous proliferation and sclerosis as well as soft tissue enlargement, mineralization, and avulsion can be reliably detected using CT. Findings from the current study supported the use of CT for evaluating horses with suspected PSD where high-field MRI is not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M T Müller
- Equine Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrien Vanderperren
- Department of Medical Imaging of Domestic Animals and Orthopedics of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Roswitha Merle
- Institute for Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Svenja Rheinfeld
- Equine Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pitiporn Leelamankong
- Equine Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph J Lischer
- Equine Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Ehrle
- Equine Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Hinkle FE, Selberg KT, Frisbie DD, Barrett MF. Radiographic changes of the proximal third metatarsal bone do not predict presence or severity of proximal suspensory desmopathy in a predominately Quarter Horse population. Equine Vet J 2023; 55:24-32. [PMID: 35092318 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Comparison of radiography to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can help objectively assess the value and limitations of radiographs in orthopaedic disease processes. The tarsus and proximal suspensory origin of the metatarsus are commonly imaged regions for lameness. The knowledge gained by comparison between imaging modalities will aid in improving accuracy of radiographic interpretation. OBJECTIVE To compare the radiographic and MRI findings of the proximal third metatarsal bone (MTIII) and proximal suspensory ligament using MRI as the gold standard. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective observational study. METHODS Single hindlimbs of 35 horses with radiographic and high-field (3Tesla (3T)) MRI studies were blindly evaluated by two board-certified veterinary radiologists and a radiology resident. Severity and location of the following parameters were assessed: radiographic MTIII sclerosis and lucent regions, MRI endosteal metatarsal sclerosis and bone marrow lesions, plantar cortical proliferation and resorption, and proximal suspensory desmopathy (PSD). RESULTS Radiographic osseous changes of MTIII were identified in 54% of limbs, whereas 40% limbs had osseous changes on MRI: 43% of limbs had PSD on MRI. No significant association was found between the presence of radiographic changes in MTIII and PSD on MRI (P = .7). A statistically significant association and positive correlation was found between the severity of radiographic changes and MTIII plantar cortical proliferation and resorption on MRI (P = .01). MAIN LIMITATIONS Retrospective study with no histopathology. Ability to correlate findings with lameness was limited by the lack of standardised time intervals between onset of lameness, diagnostic analgesia and advanced imaging. CONCLUSION Radiographic bony changes of proximal MTIII do not reliably predict presence or severity of PSD but are associated with osseous changes at the proximal MTIII. The presence of radiographic changes should warrant additional diagnostics in the region prior to making conclusions about the presence or absence of PSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances E Hinkle
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Kurt T Selberg
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - David D Frisbie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Myra F Barrett
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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Johnson SA, Richards RB, Frisbie DD, Esselman AM, McClure SR. Equine shock wave therapy ‐ where are we now? Equine Vet J 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.13890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sherry A. Johnson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Orthopaedic Research Center at the Translational Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | | | - David D. Frisbie
- Department of Clinical Sciences Orthopaedic Research Center at the Translational Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - Angie M. Esselman
- Department of Clinical Sciences Orthopaedic Research Center at the Translational Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
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Zimmerman M, Schramme M, Eberlé O, Drumond B, Carter J, Carter‐Arnold J, Thomas‐Cancian A, Ségard‐Weisse E. Low‐field MRI findings and follow‐up of central tarsal bone fractures in four non‐racehorses. EQUINE VET EDUC 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Zimmerman
- Diagnostic Imaging Department of Clinical Science VetAgro Sup, Veterinary Campus University of Lyon Marcy l’Etoile France
- Via Nova Equine Services Bree Belgium
| | - Michael Schramme
- Diagnostic Imaging Department of Clinical Science VetAgro Sup, Veterinary Campus University of Lyon Marcy l’Etoile France
| | - Olivia Eberlé
- Diagnostic Imaging Department of Clinical Science VetAgro Sup, Veterinary Campus University of Lyon Marcy l’Etoile France
| | - Bianca Drumond
- Diagnostic Imaging Department of Clinical Science VetAgro Sup, Veterinary Campus University of Lyon Marcy l’Etoile France
| | - Joe Carter
- Oklahoma Equine Hospital Washington Oklahoma USA
| | | | - Aurelie Thomas‐Cancian
- Diagnostic Imaging Department of Clinical Science VetAgro Sup, Veterinary Campus University of Lyon Marcy l’Etoile France
| | - Emilie Ségard‐Weisse
- Diagnostic Imaging Department of Clinical Science VetAgro Sup, Veterinary Campus University of Lyon Marcy l’Etoile France
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Baccarin RYA, Seidel SRT, Michelacci YM, Tokawa PKA, Oliveira TM. Osteoarthritis: a common disease that should be avoided in the athletic horse's life. Anim Front 2022; 12:25-36. [PMID: 35711506 PMCID: PMC9197312 DOI: 10.1093/af/vfac026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Yvonne Arantes Baccarin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sarah Raphaela Torquato Seidel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Yara Maria Michelacci
- Department of Biochemistry, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula Keiko Anadão Tokawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tiago Marcelo Oliveira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Garrett KS. When radiography and ultrasonography are not enough: the use of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging for equine lameness cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 260:1113-1123. [PMID: 35544423 DOI: 10.2460/javma.22.03.0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
MRI and CT have enhanced our diagnostic abilities for equine lameness beyond what is available using radiography and ultrasonography. This has allowed veterinarians to better prognosticate and treat lameness conditions, improving patient outcomes. This article discusses the basic principles behind MRI and CT, their advantages and disadvantages, the different types of equipment available for clinical use in horses, the typical diagnostic workup prior to pursuing advanced imaging, and common regions where MRI and CT are used clinically. The companion Currents in One Health by Spriet, AJVR, July 2022, discusses even more advanced equine imaging in the form of positron emission tomography. Combined, these future directions of MRI, CT, and positron emission tomography may include improved ability to image standing horses or screen for injury prevention.
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Kozłowska N, Wierzbicka M, Jasiński T, Domino M. Advances in the Diagnosis of Equine Respiratory Diseases: A Review of Novel Imaging and Functional Techniques. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:381. [PMID: 35158704 PMCID: PMC8833607 DOI: 10.3390/ani12030381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The horse, as a flight animal with a survival strategy involving rapid escape from predators, is a natural-born athlete with enormous functional plasticity of the respiratory system. Any respiratory dysfunction can cause a decline in ventilation and gas exchange. Therefore, respiratory diseases often lead to exercise intolerance and poor performance. This is one of the most frequent problems encountered by equine internists. Routine techniques used to evaluate respiratory tract diseases include clinical examination, endoscopic examination, radiographic and ultrasonographic imaging, cytological evaluation, and bacterial culture of respiratory secretions. New diagnostic challenges and the growing development of equine medicine has led to the implementation of advanced diagnostic techniques successfully used in human medicine. Among them, the use of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging significantly broadened the possibilities of anatomical imaging, especially in the diagnosis of upper respiratory tract diseases. Moreover, the implementation of spirometry, electrical impedance tomography (EIT), and impulse oscillation system (IOS) sheds new light on functional diagnostics of respiratory tract diseases, especially those affecting the lower part. Therefore, this review aimed to familiarize the clinicians with the advantages and disadvantages of the advanced diagnostic techniques of the equine respiratory tract and introduce their recent clinical applications in equine medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Małgorzata Wierzbicka
- Department of Large Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (N.K.); (T.J.)
| | | | - Małgorzata Domino
- Department of Large Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (N.K.); (T.J.)
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Smith MA. Update on advanced imaging techniques applicable for lesions within long bones in equines. EQUINE VET EDUC 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Smith
- Image Equine Ashwell End Farm Loves Lane Ashwell UK
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Magnetic resonance imaging of the normal dromedary camel tarsus. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:101. [PMID: 33653330 PMCID: PMC7923829 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02811-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most versatile and informative imaging modality for the diagnosis of locomotor injuries in many animal species; however, veterinary literature describing the MRI of the dromedary camel tarsus is lacking. Our purpose was to describe and compare the MRI images of twelve cadaveric tarsi, examined in a 1.5 Tesla MRI scanner, with their corresponding anatomical gross sections. Turbo spin-echo (TSE) T1-weighted (T1), T2-weighted (T2), proton density-weighted (PD), and short tau inversion recovery (STIR) sequences were obtained in 3 planes. Tarsi were sectioned in sagittal, dorsal, and transverse planes. MRI images from different sequences and planes were described and compared with the anatomical sections. Results The soft and osseous tissues of the dromedary camel tarsus could be clearly defined on MRI images and corresponded extensively with the gross anatomic sections. The obtained MRI images enabled comprehensive assessment of the anatomic relationships among the osseous and soft tissues of the camel tarsus. Several structure were evaluated that cannot be imaged using radiography or ultrasonography, including the transverse inter-tarsal ligaments, the talocalcaneal ligament, the short dorsal ligament, branches of the short medial and lateral collateral ligaments and the tarsometatarsal ligaments. Specific anatomical features regarding the dromedary camel tarsus were identified, including the fused second and third tarsal bone, an additional bundle of the short medial collateral ligament connecting the talus and metatarsus and the medial and lateral limbs of the long plantar ligament. Conclusions MRI images provided a thorough evaluation of the normal dromedary camel tarsus. Information provided in the current study is expected to serve as a basis for interpretation in clinical situations.
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Dyson S, Nagy A, Murray R. Letter to the Editor: Regarding recent paper by Pezzanite et al. EQUINE VET EDUC 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Dyson
- The Cottage Market Weston, Suffolk UK
| | - A. Nagy
- Equine Clinic University of Veterinary Medicine Üllő Dóramajor Hungary
| | - R. Murray
- Rossdales LLP Exning, Newmarket, Suffolk UK
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in the Proximal Metacarpal Region of 359 Horses and Proximal Metatarsal Region of 64 Horses Acquired Under Standing Sedation. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 94:103268. [PMID: 33077090 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Standing magnetic resonance (MR) images of proximal metacarpal/metatarsal regions are increasingly being acquired. This study aimed at describing ranges of abnormalities detected in sport/racehorses, using retrospective evaluation of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reports from horses with lameness isolated to proximal metacarpal/metatarsal regions with images acquired standing. It was hypothesized that MRI features are different between metacarpal and metatarsal regions and between horses doing different sports. Reports from 359 forelimbs and 64 hindlimbs were included. Palmar/plantar metacarpal/metatarsal bone injury and suspensory desmopathy, which often occurred concurrently, were most frequently reported. Third metacarpal abnormalities were more likely at palmar/medial locations, including cortical (86.4%) and trabecular (38.2%) pathology with frequent thickening, irregularity, and periosteal/endosteal abnormalities. Fluid signal was reported in cortical (38.7%) and trabecular (22.6%) bone. Medial intermetacarpal articulation abnormalities were more frequently reported (52.5%) than lateral. Suspensory ligament pathology was reported in 83.8% forelimbs, frequently with cortical (74.1%) or trabecular (32.9%) pathology. Tarsal-joint abnormalities were significantly more likely than carpal-joint abnormalities. Third metatarsal cortical (57.8%) and trabecular (20.3%) pathology was most frequently plantar, but significantly more likely to be dorsal than forelimbs. Metatarsal fluid signal was significantly less likely than metacarpal. Lateral intermetatarsal articulation pathology (23.4%) was more frequent than medial; medial was significantly more likely in forelimbs. Suspensory ligament abnormalities were reported in 64.1% hindlimbs, 39.1% having concurrent cortical pathology. Metacarpal fluid signal was significantly more likely in endurance/racehorses than dressage/show jumping horses. Dressage was overrepresented in hindlimb suspensory origin pathology. These findings indicate different pathology patterns between forelimb/hindlimb and between different sports and may be useful for MRI interpretation.
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Labens R, Schramme MC, Murray RC, Bolas N. Standing low-field MRI of the equine proximal metacarpal/metatarsal region is considered useful for diagnosing primary bone pathology and makes a positive contribution to case management: A prospective survey study. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2019; 61:197-205. [PMID: 31800146 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
High-field MRI of the proximal metacarpal/metatarsal region has been associated with great diagnostic potential and clinical reports of standing low-field MRI of the forelimb suggest the same. To better understand diagnostic outcomes with standing low-field MRI of the proximal suspensory region, a prospective survey study was conducted and users of a widely available system questioned on their experience, operating procedures, and interpretation of standing low-field MRI findings. Response data included scores on a modified Likert scale from which weighted ratings were calculated for statistical analyses. Depending on the question, responses were obtained from 17 to 29 of the 38 invited facilities. Users indicated that standing low-field MRI was most frequently performed in the face of equivocal diagnostic findings; compared to Sports horses, general purpose riding horses were thought less likely to have detectable abnormalities and standing low-field MRI was rated most useful for the detection of primary bone pathology in the proximal metacarpal region. Standing low-field MRI signal change involving both the suspensory ligament and adjacent bone concurrently was rated most relevant and abnormalities solely affecting the muscle/adipose tissue bundles least relevant for diagnosing suspensory ligament injury. Transverse scans and in decreasing order T1-weighted gradient echo, short-tau inversion recovery FSE, T2*-weighted gradient echo, and T2-weighted FSE sequences were most frequently acquired and judged most useful by the majority of users experienced in imaging of the target area. This survey supports the relevant impact of standing low-field MRI on clinical case management, particularly in the context of imaging the proximal metacarpal region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Labens
- Faculty of Science, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael C Schramme
- VetAgro Sup, Campus Veterinaire de Lyon, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Rachel C Murray
- Rossdales Equine Hospital and Veterinary Diagnostic Centre, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK
| | - Nick Bolas
- Hallmarq Veterinary Imaging Ltd, Guildford, UK
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Giunta K, Donnell JR, Donnell AD, Frisbie DD. Prospective randomized comparison of platelet rich plasma to extracorporeal shockwave therapy for treatment of proximal suspensory pain in western performance horses. Res Vet Sci 2019; 126:38-44. [PMID: 31430578 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Proximal suspensory desmitis (PSD) is a frequent cause of lameness in the performance horse. Extracorporeal shockwave therapy (EST) and platelet rich plasma (PRP) have become common treatments for PSD yet clinical data on efficacy is limited. The main objective of this randomized, prospective clinical study was to compare long-term effectiveness of EST and PRP in Western performance horses. One hundred horses with lameness localized to the proximal suspensory ligament received treatment with either PRP or EST following baseline ultrasonographic evaluation. A veterinarian and agent evaluated the horses for lameness independently four days following the first treatment and long-term follow up was obtained from the agent at six and twelve months. Four days post treatment, horses treated with EST had significantly greater lameness improvement compared to PRP. At one-year horses with less severe baseline ultrasound changes (grades 0-1) appeared to respond better (degree of lameness) with EST treatment whereas horses with more severe ultrasound changes (grade 2) responded better to PRP. Horses with baseline lameness graded 1 or 2 were 5.1 times more likely to be back in work at 1 year compared to those presenting with grade 3 or 4. EST treatment was associated with going back to work 3.8 times more at one year compared to PRP independent of baseline ultrasound score. Both PRP and EST can be expected to yield favorable therapeutic responses in Western performance horses with lameness localized to the proximal suspensory region. Baseline ultrasound may guide treatment selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Giunta
- Blue Ridge Equine Clinic, 4510 Mockernut Lane, Earlysville, VA 22936, USA.
| | - Josh R Donnell
- La Mesa Equine Lameness Center, 8386 FM 455E, Pilot Point, TX 76258, USA.
| | - Alan D Donnell
- La Mesa Equine Lameness Center, 8386 FM 455E, Pilot Point, TX 76258, USA.
| | - David D Frisbie
- Colorado State University, Equine Orthopaedic Research Center, 300 W Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Wright S. Highlights of recent clinically relevant papers. EQUINE VET EDUC 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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