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Maxwell EA, Howell T, Mester R, Bennett RA, Cruz-Espindola C, Boothe D. In vitro elution of amikacin, cefazolin, gentamicin, ampicillin/sulbactam, and meropenem from a commercially available calcium sulfate delivery kit. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1419769. [PMID: 39161462 PMCID: PMC11331797 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1419769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The use of implantable antibiotic beads has become a frequent treatment modality for the management of surgical site infections in human and veterinary medicine. The objective of this study is to describe the elution kinetics of five antibiotics from a commercially available calcium sulfate antibiotic delivery kit. A secondary goal was to compare elution concentrations with minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for commonly encountered bacteria from the University of Florida's veterinary microbiology laboratory database. Methods Calcium sulfate powder was combined with amikacin, cefazolin, gentamicin, ampicillin/sulbactam, and meropenem. Triplicates of three antibiotic-loaded beads were immersed in 5 mL of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and kept at 37°C under constant agitation. Antibiotic-conditioned PBS was sampled at 14 time points from 1-h to 30 days and analyzed by liquid chromatography to determine the antibiotic concentration. Results All beads eluted concentrations of antibiotics for the 30-day sampling period, except for ampicillin/sulbactam, with the most antibiotics being eluted within the first week. The concentration of antibiotics within the eluent within the first 3-9 days (3- and 5-mm beads, respectively) was greater than the MIC of common isolates. The 5 mm bead samples were superior in maintaining higher concentrations for a longer period, compared to the 3-mm beads. Discussion CSH beads eluted antibiotics over the 30-day course of the study. Most of the antibiotic elution occurred within the first week and was maintained above the MIC of commonly encountered isolates. This information may be useful for clinical decision making for treatment of local infections encountered in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Maxwell
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Taylor Howell
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Rachel Mester
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - R. Avery Bennett
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Crisanta Cruz-Espindola
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Dawn Boothe
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL, United States
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Po E, Allen MJ, Whitelock RG, Elsayed SH. Use of antimicrobial impregnated calcium sulphate beads in the surgical management of mandibular osteomyelitis in an 8‐year‐old huacaya alpaca. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Po
- Department of Veterinary Medicine University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
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Merkatoris P, Schleining J, Krull A, Borts D, Fajt V. In vitro Elution of Penicillin, Ampicillin, Tetracycline, Tulathromycin, and Florfenicol From Plaster of Paris Beads. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:585423. [PMID: 33330710 PMCID: PMC7734027 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.585423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to report a recipe for making antibiotic impregnated Plaster of Paris (AI-PoP) beads using penicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, tulathromycin, and florfenicol and to determine the in vitro elution rates of those antibiotics in the beads. The AI-PoP beads were made using Plaster of Paris powder, antibiotic, and water, cured for 24 h, sterilized by ethylene oxide, and stored up to 5 months before testing. For each antibiotic, 20 beads were combined with bovine serum in sterile tubes and incubated at 37°C on a rocker. Serum was replaced at intervals over the 14 days study period, and antibiotic concentrations were determined by high pressure liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. Separately, in a proof-of-concept study, the growth of E. coli and T. pyogenes in eluent from 10 beads for each antibiotic was quantified by flow cytometry. Antibiotic was detected in AI-PoP bead eluent for 14 days for all but the ampicillin beads, for which antibiotic was detected for 8 days. The concentration of antibiotic in eluent was greater than the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of tested bacteria for the entire study period for penicillin, tetracycline, tulathromycin, and florfenicol. The concentration of ampicillin remained greater than the MIC of E. coli for 4 days and T. pyogenes for 6 days. The colony forming units (CFU)/ml of live E. coli and T. pyogenes was reduced over a 72-h period by 1-3 log10 CFU, with the exception of tetracycline, which reduced CFU/ml of T. pyogenes by
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Merkatoris
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jennifer Schleining
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Adam Krull
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - David Borts
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Virginia Fajt
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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Ding Y, Pang Y, Vara Prasad CVNS, Wang B. Formation of inclusion complex of enrofloxacin with 2-hydroxypropyl- β-cyclodextrin. Drug Deliv 2020; 27:334-343. [PMID: 32090640 PMCID: PMC7057344 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2020.1724210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Enrofloxacin, a third-generation fluoroquinolone, is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial drug against a lot of veterinary bacterial diseases. However, bactericidal activity of enrofloxacin is concentration-dependent and its poor aqueous solubility and bitter taste limit its development and application. Meanwhile, 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD), a widely used cyclodextrin analog, is a safe and an effective drug carrier. It forms inclusion complexes with its drug substrates and improves their physiochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. Enrofloxacin was also found to form a stable inclusion complex with HP-β-CD and different research groups have shown improved solubility for enrofloxacin by 32.5%, 9.25 and 165-fold. Our own efforts in this direction resulted in manifold improvement (916-fold) in its solubility compared to the previous studies. It was further shown that pharmaceutical properties, absorption and bioavailability, of enrofloxacin have also been significantly improved by complexation with HP-β-CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yili Ding
- Life Science Department, Foshan University, Foshan, P. R. China
| | - Yuchang Pang
- Life Science Department, Foshan University, Foshan, P. R. China
| | | | - Bingyun Wang
- Life Science Department, Foshan University, Foshan, P. R. China
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Worth DB, Risselada M, Cooper BR, Moore GE. Repeatability of in vitro carboplatin elution from carboplatin-impregnated calcium sulfate hemihydrate beads made in a clinic setting. Vet Surg 2020; 49:1609-1617. [PMID: 32870533 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the intra-lot and inter-lot consistency and total carboplatin elution over 25 days from carboplatin-impregnated calcium sulfate hemihydrate (C-I CSH) beads manufactured in a clinic setting. STUDY DESIGN In vitro elution study. METHODS Two volumes of carboplatin were mixed with CSH to yield 4 mg and 8 mg C-I CSH doses. Two lots of beads were made for each concentration and split into five doses (n = 10 per concentration). Beads hardened in molds and were placed in a covered six-well plate, submerged in phosphate-buffered saline, and incubated with samples collected at 12 time points (0, 6, 12, and 24 hours and 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 18, and 25 days). The amount of carboplatin in each sample was evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Correction for carboplatin degradation and dilution was applied, and eluted carboplatin was calculated. Intra-lot and inter-lot coefficient of variation (CV) was calculated for each concentration. RESULTS The intra-lot CV ranged between 7.9% and 23.1%, and the inter-lot CV ranged from 3.5% to 10.3%, with improvement noted in each successive lot of beads. Mean peak eluted carboplatin was 2.45 ± 0.43 mg (61%) and 3.68 ± 0.41 mg (45.9%) for the 4-mg and 8-mg C-I CSH beads, respectively, with both occurring at the 12-hour timepoint. CONCLUSION Progressive improvement in variability with successive lots of beads indicated a learning curve with bead manufacturing with a low variation both within and between lots of C-I CSH beads. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE On-site mixing of carboplatin with commercial CSH bead powder leads to a low variation of carboplatin per bead dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Worth
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, Indiana
| | - Marije Risselada
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, Indiana
| | | | - George E Moore
- Department of Veterinary Administration, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, Indiana
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Ghirardelli S, Fidanza A, Prati P, Iannotti F, Indelli PF. Debridement, antibiotic pearls, and retention of the implant in the treatment of infected total hip arthroplasty. Hip Int 2020; 30:34-41. [PMID: 32907425 DOI: 10.1177/1120700020929314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this article the authors describe a modified surgical technique developed to enhance the classical irrigation and debridement procedure to improve the possibilities of retaining a total hip arthroplasty (THA) undergoing acute periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). This technique, debridement antibiotic pearls and retention of the implant (DAPRI), aims to remove the intra-articular biofilm allowing a higher and prolonged local antibiotic concentration by using calcium sulphate antibiotic-added beads. The combination of 3 different surgical techniques (tumour-like synovectomy, Argon Beam application and chlorhexidine gluconate brushing) might enhance the disruption and removal of the bacterial biofilm which is the main responsible of antibiotics and antibodies resistance. The timing of the diagnosis (6 weeks from the original surgery or 1 week from clinical symptoms appearance in the case of an hematogenous infection) and the preoperative isolation of the germ are fundamental in order to obtain a satisfactory outcome. A 12-week course of postoperative antibiotic therapy (6 weeks I.V. and 6 weeks oral) complete the postoperative protocol used by the authors.The DAPRI technique might represent a safe and more conservative treatment for acute and early hematogenous PJI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Ghirardelli
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Andrea Fidanza
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Paolo Prati
- ASST Bergamo Ovest, Treviglio Hospital, Treviglio, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Iannotti
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Pier F Indelli
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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Maxwell EA, Phillips H, Clark-Price SC, Vieson MD, Selmic LE, Schaeffer DJ, Fan TM. Pharmacokinetics of platinum and safety evaluation of carboplatin-impregnated calcium sulfate hemihydrate beads after implantation in healthy cats. Vet Surg 2020; 49:748-757. [PMID: 31944331 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the pharmacokinetics (PK) of platinum (Pt) and safety of carboplatin-impregnated calcium sulfate hemihydrate (C-I CSH) beads after implantation in healthy cats. STUDY DESIGN In vivo experimental study. ANIMALS Six healthy adult cats. METHODS Three C-I CSH beads were implanted in muscle pockets over the right and left hemithoraces of each cat (~3.9 mg/kg of Pt; 60.4 mg/m2 of calculated carboplatin). Hematology and blood chemistry were tested at baseline and 3, 7, 14, and 21 days postimplantation. Serum was analyzed for Pt at specific times from 1 hour to 21 days. Tissue was obtained for histopathology and analysis of Pt at 3, 7, 14, and 21 days at standardized distances from implantation sites. RESULTS Platinum was detected in tissues at all times and distances (range, 0.1-4.19 μg/g). Serum Pt increased up to 2.6 hours (3.25 μg/mL) then decreased sharply. Samples containing muscle had higher Pt compared with samples without muscle (P = .004). Mild hypercalcemia was noted in four cats, and mild inflammatory reaction was noted on histopathology of all samples. CONCLUSION Platinum was released from C-I CSH beads differentially into surrounding tissues over 21 days. Systemic absorption of Pt was minimal, but mild hypercalcemia occurred. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Implantation was well tolerated by healthy adult cats. Securing beads within muscle may limit Pt diffusion to targeted tissue. Although Pt concentrations did not achieve levels reported to be cytotoxic for feline sarcoma cells in culture, results provide evidence to support evaluation of efficacy in the tumor microenvironment of cats with locally invasive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Maxwell
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Heidi Phillips
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Stuart C Clark-Price
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Miranda D Vieson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Laura E Selmic
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - David J Schaeffer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Timothy M Fan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, Illinois
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Phillips H, Maxwell EA, Schaeffer DJ, Fan TM. Simulation of spatial diffusion of platinum from carboplatin-impregnated calcium sulfate hemihydrate beads by use of an agarose gelatin tissue phantom. Am J Vet Res 2018; 79:592-599. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.79.6.592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Powers LV, Davidson G. Compounding and Extralabel Use of Drugs in Exotic Animal Medicine. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2018; 21:195-214. [PMID: 29655467 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Extralabel drug use is the use of a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug in a manner different from what is stipulated on the approved label. Compounding is the process of preparing a medication in a manner not indicated on the label to create a formulation specifically tailored to the needs of an individual patient. Extralabel drug use and compounding are vital aspects of safe and effective drug delivery to patients in exotic animal practice. There are few FDA-approved drugs for exotic animal species, and many approved drugs for other species are not available in suitable formulations for use in exotic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren V Powers
- Avian and Exotic Pet Service, Carolina Veterinary Specialists, 12117 Statesville Road, Huntersville, NC 28078, USA.
| | - Gigi Davidson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
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Maxwell EA, Phillips H, Schaeffer DJ, Fan TM. In vitro chemosensitivity of feline injection site-associated sarcoma cell lines to carboplatin. Vet Surg 2017; 47:219-226. [DOI: 10.1111/vsu.12709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Maxwell
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine; University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine; Urbana Illinois
| | - Heidi Phillips
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine; University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine; Urbana Illinois
| | - David J. Schaeffer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine; University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine; Urbana Illinois
| | - Timothy M. Fan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine; University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine; Urbana Illinois
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Tulipan RJ, Phillips H, Garrett LD, Dirikolu L, Mitchell MA. Characterization of long-term elution of platinum from carboplatin-impregnated calcium sulfate hemihydrate beads in vitro by two distinct sample collection methods. Am J Vet Res 2017; 78:618-623. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.78.5.618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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