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Traverson M, Laws AC, Wood M, Harrysson OLA. Novel 3D Custom-Made Silicone Tumor Model as a Support for Teaching Surgical Oncology Principles. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION 2023:e20220148. [PMID: 37276546 DOI: 10.3138/jvme-2022-0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Alternative laboratory teaching methods are becoming increasingly desirable and effective in medical education environments. While ethical concerns associated with the use of live animals in terminal surgery laboratories have been reduced with cadaveric models, availability, and lack of pathology can limit their ability to adequately convey surgical principles and replicate clinical training. We have developed a three-dimensional (3D) custom-made silicone soft tissue tumor model using 3D-printed molds derived from canine soft tissue sarcoma computed tomography images. This novel teaching model allows users to apply surgical oncology principles and perform basic technical tasks such as incisional biopsy, margin demarcation, marginal and wide surgical excision, and inking of surgical margins. A large cohort of students in addition to a small number of professional veterinarians at different levels of specialty training followed the laboratory guidelines and evaluated the simulated tumor model based on a qualitative survey. All participants were able to successfully complete the practical training. The model also allowed the students to identify and correct technical errors associated with biopsy sampling and margin dissection, and to understand the clinical impacts related to those errors. Face and content validity of the model were assessed using Likert-style questionnaires with overall average instructors' scores of 3.8/5 and 4.6/5, respectively. Content validity assessment of the model by the students approximated instructors' evaluation with an overall average score of 4.4/5. This model development emphasizes the efficacy of alternative non-cadaveric laboratory teaching tools and could become a valuable aid in the veterinary curricula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Traverson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina. Center for Additive Manufacturing and Logistics, Fitts Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, College of Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Abigail Cox Laws
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Maddie Wood
- Center for Additive Manufacturing and Logistics, Fitts Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, College of Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Ola L A Harrysson
- Center for Additive Manufacturing and Logistics, Fitts Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, College of Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina. Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, Department of Material Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Thompson JL, MacKay J, Bowlt Blacklock K. Evaluation of veterinary students' confidence and competence with surgical entrustable professional activities after repeated use of low-fidelity training models. Vet Rec 2023; 192:e2779. [PMID: 36912203 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.2779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to evaluate whether low-fidelity surgical training models increased veterinary students' surgical confidence and competence and decreased procedural stress related to core surgical entrustable professional activities (EPAs). METHODS Final-year veterinary students repeatedly performed one of three surgical EPAs on a low-fidelity surgical training model (canine castration, subcutaneous lump removal and eyelid laceration repair) and completed a survey at set time points. In addition, a grading rubric was used to assess participants' competence in performing the assigned EPA at two different time points. Survey results and competency gradings were compiled and analysed. RESULTS Students' self-assessed confidence significantly increased, and stress significantly decreased, between assessment points on all three EPA surgical training models. Graded competence significantly improved between the assessment points on all training models, and most students deemed the models to be realistic and helpful for student practices. LIMITATIONS Limitations relate to the study involving a single cohort from a single institute and the reliance on student self-assessment. CONCLUSIONS Repeated exposure to low-fidelity surgical training models increased final-year students' surgical confidence and competence and reduced procedural stress related to three key surgical EPAs. Assessment of competence using a grading rubric was successful and could be incorporated into a competence-based veterinary education assessment framework to allow screening of competence prior to graduation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie-Leigh Thompson
- Department of Small Animal Surgery, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jill MacKay
- Department of Veterinary Medical Education, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kelly Bowlt Blacklock
- Department of Small Animal Surgery, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Edinburgh, UK
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Simons MC, Pulliam D, Hunt JA. The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Veterinary Clinical and Professional Skills Teaching Delivery and Assessment Format. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION 2023; 50:61-76. [PMID: 35038389 DOI: 10.3138/jvme-2021-0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The limitations posed by the COVID-19 pandemic have been particularly challenging for courses teaching clinical and professional skills. We sought to identify how the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the delivery of veterinary clinical and professional skills courses, including modifications to teaching and assessment, and to establish educators' perceptions of the efficacy of selected delivery methods. A branching survey was deployed to 35 veterinary schools in North America in March and April 2021. The survey collected data about curriculum and assessment in spring 2020, fall 2020, and spring 2021. Educators at 16 veterinary schools completed the survey (response rate: 46%). Educators quickly adapted curriculum to meet the requirements of their institutions and governments. Early in the pandemic (spring 2020), curriculum was delayed, delivered remotely, or canceled. Assessment methods frequently included virtual objective structured clinical examinations (OSCEs) and video-recorded skills assessments. Later in the pandemic (fall 2020, spring 2021), in-person clinical skills sessions resumed at many schools, often in smaller groups. Professional skills instruction typically remained virtual, as benefits were noted. Assessment methods began to normalize with in-person OSCEs resuming with precautions, though some schools maintained virtual assessments. Educators noted some advantages to instructional methods used during COVID, including smaller group sizes, better prepared students, better use of in-person lab time, more focus on essential course components, provision of models for at-home practice, and additional educators' remote involvement. Following the pandemic, educators should consider retaining some of these changes while pursuing further advancements, including improving virtual platforms and relevant technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micha C Simons
- Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Center for Innovation in Veterinary Education and Technology, Lincoln Memorial University College of Veterinary Medicine, 6965 Cumberland Gap Parkway, Harrogate, TN 37752 USA
| | - Dustin Pulliam
- Professional Life Skills, Lincoln Memorial University College of Veterinary Medicine, 6965 Cumberland Gap Parkway, Harrogate, TN 37752 USA
| | - Julie A Hunt
- Clinical Sciences and Associate Professor of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University College of Veterinary Medicine, 6965 Cumberland Gap Parkway, Harrogate, TN 37752 USA
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Simons MC, Hunt JA, Anderson SL. What's the evidence? A review of current instruction and assessment in veterinary surgical education. Vet Surg 2022; 51:731-743. [PMID: 35543678 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Veterinary surgical education is improved by studying the relevant literature. The aim of this literature review was to report the theory and methods used to provide surgical education to veterinary students; to discuss the training most likely to create a competent general practitioner; and to review assessment methods for simulated and live surgeries. The literature reviewed demonstrates that new graduates are expected to perform small animal sterilization, dental extraction, onychectomy, abscess treatment, aural hematoma repair, and mass removal with little or no supervision. Students require repetitive practice to reach competence; some practice can take place in a clinical skills laboratory on models or cadavers. When training novices, distributing practice over a longer time improves retention, but months without practice causes skills to decay. Suturing skills may be taught on models at a ratio of 1 instructor per 10 students. Veterinary students require 6-10 repetitions of each small animal sterilization surgery to reach competence; however, learning curves for other surgeries have not been established. Assessment of surgical skills has been undertaken using objective structured clinical examinations (OSCEs) and observed model and live surgeries. Additional validated rubrics are needed in the field. Surgical educators are urged to continue to search for innovative ways to foster deliberate practice, assess skill, and provide feedback for students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micha C Simons
- Lincoln Memorial University College of Veterinary Medicine, Harrogate, Tennessee, USA
| | - Julie A Hunt
- Lincoln Memorial University College of Veterinary Medicine, Harrogate, Tennessee, USA
| | - Stacy L Anderson
- Lincoln Memorial University College of Veterinary Medicine, Harrogate, Tennessee, USA
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Farrell RM, Gilbert GE, Betance L, Huck J, Hunt JA, Dundas J, Pope E. Evaluating validity evidence for 2 instruments developed to assess students' surgical skills in a simulated environment. Vet Surg 2022; 51:788-800. [PMID: 35261056 PMCID: PMC9314123 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Objective To gather and evaluate validity evidence in the form of content and reliability of scores produced by 2 surgical skills assessment instruments, 1) a checklist, and 2) a modified form of the Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills (OSATS) global rating scale (GRS). Study design Prospective randomized blinded study. Sample population Veterinary surgical skills educators (n =10) evaluated content validity. Scores from students in their third preclinical year of veterinary school (n = 16) were used to assess reliability. Methods Content validity was assessed using Lawshe's method to calculate the Content Validity Index (CVI) for the checklist and modified OSATS GRS. The importance and relevance of each item was determined in relation to skills needed to successfully perform supervised surgical procedures. The reliability of scores produced by both instruments was determined using generalizability (G) theory. Results Based on the results of the content validation, 39 of 40 checklist items were included. The 39‐item checklist CVI was 0.81. One of the 6 OSATS GRS items was included. The 1‐item GRS CVI was 0.80. The G‐coefficients for the 40‐item checklist and 6‐item GRS were 0.85 and 0.79, respectively. Conclusion Content validity was very good for the 39‐item checklist and good for the 1‐item OSATS GRS. The reliability of scores from both instruments was acceptable for a moderate stakes examination. Impact These results provide evidence to support the use of the checklist described and a modified 1‐item OSAT GRS in moderate stakes examinations when evaluating preclinical third‐year veterinary students' technical surgical skills on low‐fidelity models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin M Farrell
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gregory E Gilbert
- ΣigmaΣtats Consulting, LLC, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Biostatistics and Medical Writing, Real World Evidence Strategy & Analytics, ICON Commercialization & Outcomes Services, North Wales, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Larry Betance
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Ross University, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Jennifer Huck
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Julie A Hunt
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, Tennessee, USA
| | - James Dundas
- Atlantic Veterinary College, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Eric Pope
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Ross University, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
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Hunt JA, Schmidt P, Perkins J, Newton G, Anderson SL. Educational Research Report Comparison of Three Canine Models for Teaching Veterinary Dental Cleaning. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION 2021; 48:573-583. [PMID: 33226907 DOI: 10.3138/jvme-2020-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Veterinary dental cleaning prevents and treats periodontal disease, one of the most common diagnoses in small animal practice. Students learn to perform dental cleaning through deliberate practice, which can be gained through working on models. This study compared educational outcomes after students (n = 36) were randomized to practice on one of three dental cleaning models: a low-fidelity ceramic tile, a mid-fidelity three-dimensional (3D) printed canine skull model, or a high-fidelity canine head model. Students provided survey feedback about their model and later performed a dental cleaning on a canine cadaver head while being video-recorded. Experts (n = 10) provided feedback on each model. Experts agreed that all models were suitable for teaching dental cleaning, but the 3D skull and full head models were more suitable for assessing student skill (p = .002). Students were also more positive about the realism and features of those two models compared to the tile model. Students practicing on each of the models were equally effective at removing calculus from the cadavers' teeth. Students who learned on the tile model were a median of 4 minutes slower to remove calculus from their cadaver's teeth than students who trained on the canine head model. Although students may be more accepting of the 3D skull and full head models, all three models were equally effective at teaching the skill. Experts approved all models for teaching, but recommended the 3D skull or full head model if student skills were to be assessed. Low-fidelity models remain effective training tools with comparable learning outcomes.
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Hunt JA, Simons MC, Anderson SL. If you build it, they will learn: A review of models in veterinary surgical education. Vet Surg 2021; 51:52-61. [PMID: 34270115 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Surgical skills are learned through deliberate practice, and veterinary educators are increasingly turning to models for teaching and assessing surgical skills. This review article sought to compile and review the literature specific to veterinary surgical skills models, and to discuss the themes of fidelity, educational outcomes, and validity evidence. Several literature searches using broad terms such as "veterinary surgery model," "veterinary surgical model," and "veterinary surgical simulator" were performed using PubMed, CAB abstracts, and Google scholar. All articles describing a model created and utilized for veterinary surgical training were included. Other review articles were used as a source for additional models. Commercially available models were found using review articles, internet browser searches, and communication with veterinary clinical skills educators. There has been an explosion of growth in the variety of small animal surgical task trainers published in the last several decades. These models teach orthopedic surgery, ligation and suturing, open celiotomy and abdominal surgery, sterilization surgeries, and minimally invasive surgeries. Some models were published with accompanying rubrics for learner assessment; these rubrics have been noted where present. Research in veterinary surgical models is expanding and becoming an area of focus for academic institutions. However, there is room for growth in the collection of validity evidence and in development of models for teaching large animal surgery, training surgical residents, and providing continuing education to practitioners. This review can assist with evaluation of current surgical models and trends, and provide a platform for additional studies and development of best practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Hunt
- Lincoln Memorial University College of Veterinary Medicine, Harrogate, Tennessee, USA
| | - Micha C Simons
- Lincoln Memorial University College of Veterinary Medicine, Harrogate, Tennessee, USA
| | - Stacy L Anderson
- Lincoln Memorial University College of Veterinary Medicine, Harrogate, Tennessee, USA
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