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Chen L, Wei L, Shao A, Xu L. Immune risk assessment of residual α Gal in xenogeneic decellularized cornea using GTKO mice. Regen Biomater 2020; 7:427-434. [PMID: 32793387 PMCID: PMC7414996 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbaa020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The xenogeneic decellularized corneal matrix (DCM) was expected to be used in lamellar keratoplasty in clinic as the substitute of allogeneic cornea. After decellularization treatment, the remaining risk of xenograft rejection needed to be assessed. The galactose-α1,3-galactose, as the most abundant and closely rejection-related xenogeneic antigen, should be one of the important factors concerned in immunological evaluation. In this study, residual αGal in the DCM was first determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method with qualified accuracy and specificity. Then the DCM was implanted subcutaneously into the α1,3-galactosyltransferase gene-knockout (GTKO) mice, accompanied by the implantation in the wild-type C57BL/6 mice as a comparison. The total serum antibody levels, anti-Gal antibody levels, inflammatory cytokines and ratios of splenic lymphocyte subtypes were detected and the histopathological analysis of implants were performed to systematically evaluate the immune responses. The experimental result showed the fresh porcine corneal matrix samples had (9.90 ± 1.54) × 1012 αGal epitope per mg while the content of residual αGal in the DCM was (7.90 ± 2.00) × 1012 epitope per mg. The GTKO mice had similar potential of reaction to immune stimulation to that of wild-type C57BL/6 mice. At 4 weeks after implantation of DCM, in WT mice and GTKO mice there were both innate immunity response to the DCM characterized by macrophage infiltration. But the elevations of anti-Gal IgG level and the percentage of splenic natural killer cells were only detected in GTKO mice. These changes were thought to be pertinent to the residual αGal antigen, which could not be detected in WT mice. No further αGal antibody-mediated cellular immunity and significant changes of serum cytokine contents were found in GTKO mice, which perhaps suggested that the immune reactions to the DCM after 4 weeks of implantation were moderate and had minor effect on the survival of the corneal graft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- Department of Medical Device, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Huatuo Road 31, Biomedical Production Zone, Daxing District, 102629 Beijing, China
| | - Lina Wei
- Department of Medical Device, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Huatuo Road 31, Biomedical Production Zone, Daxing District, 102629 Beijing, China
| | - Anliang Shao
- Department of Medical Device, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Huatuo Road 31, Biomedical Production Zone, Daxing District, 102629 Beijing, China
| | - Liming Xu
- Department of Medical Device, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Huatuo Road 31, Biomedical Production Zone, Daxing District, 102629 Beijing, China
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Tector AJ, Mosser M, Tector M, Bach JM. The Possible Role of Anti-Neu5Gc as an Obstacle in Xenotransplantation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:622. [PMID: 32351506 PMCID: PMC7174778 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Seventy to ninety percentage of preformed xenoreactive antibodies in human serum bind to the galactose-α(1,3)-galactose Gal epitope, and the creation of Gal knockout (KO) pigs has eliminated hyperacute rejection as a barrier to xenotransplantation. Now other glycan antigens are barriers to move ahead with xenotransplantation, and the N-glycolyl neuraminic acid, Neu5Gc (or Hanganutziu-Deicher antigen), is also a major pig xenoantigen. Humans have anti-Neu5Gc antibodies. Several data indicate a strong immunogenicity of Neu5Gc in humans that may contribute to an important part in antibody-dependent injury to pig xenografts. Pig islets express Neu5Gc, which reacted with diet-derived human antibodies and mice deleted for Neu5Gc reject pancreatic islets from wild-type counterpart. However, Neu5Gc positive heart were not rejected in Neu5Gc KO mice indicating that the role of Neu5Gc-specific antibodies has to be nuanced and depend of the graft situation parameters (organ/tissue, recipient, implication of other glycan antigens). Recently generated Gal/Neu5Gc KO pigs eliminate the expression of Gal and Neu5Gc, and improve the crossmatch of humans with the pig. This review summarizes the current and recent experimental and (pre)clinical data on the Neu5Gc immunogenicity and emphasize of the potential impact of anti-Neu5Gc antibodies in limiting xenotransplantation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Joseph Tector
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Mathilde Mosser
- Immuno-Endocrinology Unit (IECM), USC1383, Oniris, INRA, Nantes, France
| | - Matthew Tector
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Jean-Marie Bach
- Immuno-Endocrinology Unit (IECM), USC1383, Oniris, INRA, Nantes, France
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Reuven EM, Leviatan Ben-Arye S, Marshanski T, Breimer ME, Yu H, Fellah-Hebia I, Roussel JC, Costa C, Galiñanes M, Mañez R, Le Tourneau T, Soulillou JP, Cozzi E, Chen X, Padler-Karavani V. Characterization of immunogenic Neu5Gc in bioprosthetic heart valves. Xenotransplantation 2016; 23:381-92. [PMID: 27610947 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The two common sialic acids (Sias) in mammals are N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and its hydroxylated form N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc). Unlike most mammals, humans cannot synthesize Neu5Gc that is considered foreign and recognized by circulating antibodies. Thus, Neu5Gc is a potential xenogenic carbohydrate antigen in bioprosthetic heart valves (BHV) that tend to deteriorate in time within human patients. METHODS We investigated Neu5Gc expression in non-engineered animal-derived cardiac tissues and in clinically used commercial BHV, and evaluated Neu5Gc immunogenicity on BHV through recognition by human anti-Neu5Gc IgG. RESULTS Neu5Gc was detected by immunohistochemistry in porcine aortic valves and in porcine and bovine pericardium. Qualitative analysis of Sia linkages revealed Siaα2-3>Siaα2-6 on porcine/bovine pericardium while the opposite in porcine aortic/pulmonary valve cusps. Similarly, six commercial BHV containing either porcine aortic valve or porcine/bovine/equine pericardium revealed Siaα2-3>Siaα2-6 expression. Quantitative analysis of Sia by HPLC showed porcine/bovine pericardium express 4-fold higher Neu5Gc levels compared to the porcine aortic/pulmonary valves, with Neu5Ac at 6-fold over Neu5Gc. Likewise, Neu5Gc was expressed on commercial BHV (186.3±16.9 pmol Sia/μg protein), with Neu5Ac at 8-fold over Neu5Gc. Affinity-purified human anti-Neu5Gc IgG showing high specificity toward Neu5Gc-glycans (with no binding to Neu5Ac-glycans) on a glycan microarray, strongly bound to all tested commercial BHV, demonstrating Neu5Gc immune recognition in cardiac xenografts. CONCLUSIONS We conclusively demonstrated Neu5Gc expression in native cardiac tissues, as well as in six commercial BHV. These Neu5Gc xeno-antigens were recognized by human anti-Neu5Gc IgG, supporting their immunogenicity. Altogether, these findings suggest BHV-Neu5Gc/anti-Neu5Gc may play a role in valve deterioration warranting further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliran Moshe Reuven
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Tal Marshanski
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michael E Breimer
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Imen Fellah-Hebia
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Institut du Thorax, University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Jean-Christian Roussel
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Institut du Thorax, University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Cristina Costa
- Infectious Diseases and Transplantation Division, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Galiñanes
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Reparative Therapy of the Heart, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron and Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Mañez
- Infectious Diseases and Transplantation Division, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thierry Le Tourneau
- Department of Cardiology, Institut du Thorax, University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Jean-Paul Soulillou
- Institut de Transplantation-Urologie-Néphrologie, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche 1064, Centre Hospitalo Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Emanuele Cozzi
- Transplant Immunology Unit, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Schuurman HJ. Commentary on “Characterization of acid and non-acid glycosphingolipids of porcine heart valve cusps as potential immune targets in biological heart valve grafts” (by Barone et al.): bioprosthetic products from animal origin are xenotransplantation produc. Xenotransplantation 2014; 21:507-9. [DOI: 10.1111/xen.12146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Burlak C. Xenotransplantation literature update, January-February 2014. Xenotransplantation 2014; 21:196-9. [PMID: 25268251 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Burlak
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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