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Fischer N, Gulich B, Keßler B, Längin M, Fishman JA, Wolf E, Boller K, Tönjes RR, Godehardt AW. PCR and peptide based PCMV detection in pig - development and application of a combined testing procedure differentiating newly from latent infected pigs. Xenotransplantation 2023; 30:e12803. [PMID: 37120823 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV) is widely distributed in pigs and difficult to detect due to latency. PCMV infection of source pigs was associated with early graft failure after cardiac and renal xenotransplantation into nonhuman primates. Importantly, PCMV infection of the first genetically modified pig heart into a human may have contributed to the reduced survival of the patient. Sensitive and reliable assays for detection of latent PCMV infection are thus indispensable. Here, we report the development of five peptide-induced rabbit antisera specific for PCMV glycoprotein B (gB) and their validation for detection of PCMV in infected pig fallopian tube (PFT) cells by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy (EM). The anti-gB antibodies were also used for detection by Western blot analysis of PCMV purified from the supernatant of infected PFT cells. Sera of infected versus non-infected pigs have been compared. In parallel, PCMV viral load in blood samples of the animals was quantified by a novel highly sensitive nested-PCR and qPCR assay. A combination of four partly overlapping peptides from the gB C-terminus was used to establish a diagnostic ELISA for PCMV gB specific pig antibodies which is able to differentiate infected from non-infected animals and to quantify maternal antibodies in neonates. The combination of a highly sensitive nested PCR for direct virus detection with a sensitive peptide-based ELISA detecting anti-PCMV gB-antibodies, supplemented by Western blot analysis and/or immunohistochemistry for virus detection will reliably differentiate pigs with active infection, latently infected pigs, and non-infected pigs. It may significantly improve the virologic safety of xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Fischer
- Division of Haematology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Barbara Gulich
- Division of Haematology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Barbara Keßler
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Jay A Fishman
- Transplant Infectious Disease and Compromised Host Program, MGH Transplant Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Klaus Boller
- Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Ralf R Tönjes
- Division of Haematology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Antonia W Godehardt
- Division of Haematology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
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2
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Rodrigues Costa M, Fischer N, Gronewold A, Gulich B, Godehardt AW, Tönjes RR. Isolation of an Ecotropic Porcine Endogenous Retrovirus PERV-C from a Yucatan SLA D/D Inbred Miniature Swine. J Virol 2023; 97:e0006223. [PMID: 36883860 PMCID: PMC10062142 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00062-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Xenotransplantation may compensate the limited number of human allografts for transplantation using pigs as organ donors. Porcine endogenous retroviruses inherit infectious potential if pig cells, tissues, or organs were transplanted to immunosuppressed human recipients. Particularly, ecotropic PERV-C that could recombine with PERV-A to highly replication-competent human-tropic PERV-A/C should be excluded from pig breeds designed for xenotransplantation. Because of their low proviral background, SLAD/D (SLA, swine leukocyte antigen) haplotype pigs are potential candidates as organ donors as they do not bear replication-competent PERV-A and -B, even if they carry PERV-C. In this work, we characterized their PERV-C background isolating a full-length PERV-C proviral clone number 561 from a SLAD/D haplotype pig genome displayed in a bacteriophage lambda library. The provirus truncated in env due to cloning in lambda was complemented by PCR, and the recombinants were functionally characterized, confirming an increased infectivity in vitro compared to other PERV-C. Recombinant clone PERV-C(561) was chromosomally mapped by its 5'-proviral flanking sequences. Full-length PCR using 5'-and 3'-flanking primers specific to the PERV-C(561) locus verified that this specific SLAD/D haplotype pig harbors at least one full-length PERV-C provirus. The chromosomal location is different from that of the previously described PERV-C(1312) provirus, which was derived from the porcine cell-line MAX-T. The sequence data presented here provide further knowledge about PERV-C infectivity and contribute to targeted knockout in order to generate PERV-C-free founder animals. IMPORTANCE Yucatan SLAD/D haplotype miniature swine are candidates as organ donors for xenotransplantation. A full-length replication-competent PERV-C provirus was characterized. The provirus was chromosomally mapped in the pig genome. In vitro, the virus showed increased infectivity compared to other functional PERV-C isolates. Data may be used for targeted knockout to generate PERV-C free founder animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole Fischer
- Division of Hematology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Antonia Gronewold
- Division of Hematology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Barbara Gulich
- Division of Hematology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Antonia W. Godehardt
- Division of Hematology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Ralf R. Tönjes
- Division of Hematology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
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3
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Liu Y, Niu Y, Ma X, Xiang Y, Wu D, Li W, Wang T, Niu D. Porcine endogenous retrovirus: classification, molecular structure, regulation, function, and potential risk in xenotransplantation. Funct Integr Genomics 2023; 23:60. [PMID: 36790562 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-023-00984-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Xenotransplantation with porcine organs has been recognized as a promising solution to alleviate the shortage of organs for human transplantation. Porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV), whose proviral DNAs are integrated in the genome of all pig breeds, is a main microbiological risk for xenotransplantation. Over the last decades, some advances on PERVs' studies have been achieved. Here, we reviewed the current progress of PERVs including the classification, molecular structure, regulation, function in immune system, and potential risk in xenotransplantation. We also discussed the problem of insufficient study on PERVs as well as the questions need to be answered in the future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, China
| | - Yifan Niu
- College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, China
| | - Xiang Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, China.,College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.,Jinhua Jinfan Feed Co., Ltd, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321000, China
| | - Yun Xiang
- Jinhua Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321000, China
| | - De Wu
- Postdoctoral Research Station, Jinhua Development Zone, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321000, China
| | - Weifen Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
| | - Tao Wang
- Nanjing Kgene Genetic Engineering Co., Ltd, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211300, China.
| | - Dong Niu
- College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Provincial Engineering Research Center for Animal Health Diagnostics & Advanced Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, China.
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4
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Denner J. What does the PERV copy number tell us? Xenotransplantation 2022; 29:e12732. [PMID: 35112403 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Denner
- Institute of Virology, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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5
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Denner J. Porcine Endogenous Retroviruses and Xenotransplantation, 2021. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112156. [PMID: 34834962 PMCID: PMC8625113 DOI: 10.3390/v13112156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) are integrated in the genome of all pigs, and some of them are able to infect human cells. Therefore, PERVs pose a risk for xenotransplantation, the transplantation of pig cells, tissues, or organ to humans in order to alleviate the shortage of human donor organs. Up to 2021, a huge body of knowledge about PERVs has been accumulated regarding their biology, including replication, recombination, origin, host range, and immunosuppressive properties. Until now, no PERV transmission has been observed in clinical trials transplanting pig islet cells into diabetic humans, in preclinical trials transplanting pig cells and organs into nonhuman primates with remarkable long survival times of the transplant, and in infection experiments with several animal species. Nevertheless, in order to prevent virus transmission to the recipient, numerous strategies have been developed, including selection of PERV-C-free animals, RNA interference, antiviral drugs, vaccination, and genome editing. Furthermore, at present there are no more experimental approaches to evaluate the full risk until we move to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Denner
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Virology, Free University Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
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6
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Endogenous reverse transcriptase and RNase H-mediated antiviral mechanism in embryonic stem cells. Cell Res 2021; 31:998-1010. [PMID: 34158624 PMCID: PMC8217788 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-021-00524-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid-based systems play important roles in antiviral defense, including CRISPR/Cas that adopts RNA-guided DNA cleavage to prevent DNA phage infection and RNA interference (RNAi) that employs RNA-guided RNA cleavage to defend against RNA virus infection. Here, we report a novel type of nucleic acid-based antiviral system that exists in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), which suppresses RNA virus infection by DNA-mediated RNA cleavage. We found that the viral RNA of encephalomyocarditis virus can be reverse transcribed into complementary DNA (vcDNA) by the reverse transcriptase (RTase) encoded by endogenous retrovirus-like elements in mESCs. The vcDNA is negative-sense single-stranded and forms DNA/RNA hybrid with viral RNA. The viral RNA in the heteroduplex is subsequently destroyed by cellular RNase H1, leading to robust suppression of viral growth. Furthermore, either inhibition of the RTase activity or depletion of endogenous RNase H1 results in the promotion of virus proliferation. Altogether, our results provide intriguing insights into the antiviral mechanism of mESCs and the antiviral function of endogenized retroviruses and cellular RNase H. Such a natural nucleic acid-based antiviral mechanism in mESCs is referred to as ERASE (endogenous RTase/RNase H-mediated antiviral system), which is an addition to the previously known nucleic acid-based antiviral mechanisms including CRISPR/Cas in bacteria and RNAi in plants and invertebrates.
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Krüger L, Nowak-Imialek M, Kristiansen Y, Herrmann D, Petersen B, Denner J. Unexpected low expression of porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) in porcine expanded potential stem cells (EPSCs). Virus Res 2021; 294:198295. [PMID: 33422555 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Expanded potential stem cells (EPSCs) have been recently derived from porcine preimplantation embryos (Gao et al., 2019). These cells were shown to express key pluripotency genes, to be genetically stable and differentiate to derivatives of the three germ layers and additionally to trophoblast. Their molecular features and expanded potency to contribute to all embryonic and extra-embryonic cell lineages are generally not seen in the embryo-derived or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Therefore porcine EPSCs represent a unique state of cellular potency. In the past it had been shown that human and murine embryonic stem cells (ESCs) show an increased expression of murine and human endogenous retroviruses, respectively, and retroviral expression patterns were used as markers of ESC pluripotency. An increased expression of porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) was also detected in porcine iPSCs. Here we investigated 24 passages of five different clones of porcine EPSCs derived from German landrace pigs and show that they harbour PERV-A, PERV-B and PERV-C, but their expression was very low and did not change during cultivation. No recombinant PERV-A/Cs were found in these cells. The low expression despite the presence of spliced mRNA, and negative infection assay and electron microscopy results indicate that no PERV particles were released. Therefore, the absence of PERV expression seems to be a unique feature of porcine EPSCs. Most importantly, the copy number of PERV proviruses was much lower in EPSCs than in young and older pigs (29.1 copies compared with 35.8), indicating an increase in copy number during life time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luise Krüger
- Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Monika Nowak-Imialek
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI), Mariensee, 31535, Neustadt, Germany; Klinik und Poliklinik Innere Medizin I, Klinikum rechts der Isar - Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Doris Herrmann
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI), Mariensee, 31535, Neustadt, Germany
| | - Björn Petersen
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI), Mariensee, 31535, Neustadt, Germany
| | - Joachim Denner
- Robert Koch Fellow, Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Virology, Free University Berlin, Robert von Ostertag-Straße 7-13, 14163, Berlin, Germany.
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Marthey S, Estellé J, Blin A, Wahlberg P, Créchet F, Lecardonnel J, Tessiot F, Rogel-Gaillard C, Bourneuf E. Transcription from a gene desert in a melanoma porcine model. Mol Genet Genomics 2020; 295:1239-1252. [PMID: 32529263 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-020-01694-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The genetic mechanisms underlying cutaneous melanoma onset and progression need to be further understood to improve patients' care. Several studies have focused on the genetic determinism of melanoma development in the MeLiM pig, a biomedical model of cutaneous melanoma. The objective of this study was to better describe the influence of a particular genomic region on melanoma progression in the MeliM model. Indeed, a large region of the Sus scrofa chromosome 1 has been identified by linkage and association analyses, but the causal mechanisms have remained elusive. To deepen the analysis of this candidate region, a dedicated SNP panel was used to fine map the locus, downsizing the interval to less than 2 Mb, in a genomic region located within a large gene desert. Transcription from this locus was addressed using a tiling array strategy and further validated by RT-PCR in a large panel of tissues. Overall, the gene desert showed an extensive transcriptional landscape, notably dominated by repeated element transcription in tumor and fetal tissues. The transcription of LINE-1 and PERVs has been confirmed in skin and tumor samples from MeLiM pigs. In conclusion, although this study still does not identify a candidate mutation for melanoma occurrence or progression, it highlights a potential role of repeated element transcriptional activity in the MeLiM model.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Marthey
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - J Estellé
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - A Blin
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, UMS 2700 2AD, CP51, 57 rue Cuvier, 75231, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - P Wahlberg
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - F Créchet
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- LREG, IRCM, DRF, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - J Lecardonnel
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - F Tessiot
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - C Rogel-Gaillard
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - E Bourneuf
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
- LREG, IRCM, DRF, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
- LCE, IRCM, DRF, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 92260, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
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9
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Posttransplantation infections are common. It is anticipated that infection will be no less common in xenotransplantation recipients. Prolonged xenograft survivals have resulted from advances in immunosuppressive strategies and development of swine that decrease host immune responses via genetic manipulation, notably CRISPR/cas9 manipulation. As prospects for clinical trials improve, consideration of the unique infectious risks posed by xenotransplantation reemerge. RECENT FINDINGS Organisms likely to cause infection in human recipients of porcine xenografts are unknown in advance of clinical trials. Microbiological screening of swine intended as xenograft donors can be more intensive than is currently feasible for human allograft donors. Monitoring infection in recipients will also be more intensive. Key opportunities in infectious diseases of xenotransplantation include major technological advances in evaluation of the microbiome by unbiased metagenomic sequencing, assessments of some risks posed by porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) including antiretroviral susceptibilities, availability of swine with deletion of genomic PERVs, and recognition of the rapidly changing epidemiology of infection in swine worldwide. SUMMARY Unknown infectious risks in xenotransplantation requires application of advanced microbiological techniques to discern and prevent infection in graft recipients. Clinical trials will provide an opportunity to advance the safety of all of organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay A Fishman
- Transplantation Infectious Disease and Compromised Host Program, Infectious Disease Division and MGH Transplant Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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10
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Scobie L, Denner J. Theme issue on infections and safety-An introduction. Xenotransplantation 2019; 25:e12447. [PMID: 30264885 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Scobie
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
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11
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Levy HE, Burlak C. Xenotransplantation literature update, July/August 2018. Xenotransplantation 2018; 25:e12463. [PMID: 30221407 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Heather E Levy
- Department of Surgery, Schultz Diabetes Institute, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Christopher Burlak
- Department of Surgery, Schultz Diabetes Institute, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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12
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Weiss RA. Infection hazards of xenotransplantation: Retrospect and prospect. Xenotransplantation 2018; 25:e12401. [PMID: 29756309 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin A Weiss
- Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, London, UK
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