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Arabi TZ, Sabbah BN, Lerman A, Zhu XY, Lerman LO. Xenotransplantation: Current Challenges and Emerging Solutions. Cell Transplant 2023; 32:9636897221148771. [PMID: 36644844 PMCID: PMC9846288 DOI: 10.1177/09636897221148771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
To address the ongoing shortage of organs available for replacement, xenotransplantation of hearts, corneas, skin, and kidneys has been attempted. However, a major obstacle facing xenotransplants is rejection due to a cycle of immune reactions to the graft. Both adaptive and innate immune systems contribute to this cycle, in which natural killer cells, macrophages, and T-cells play a significant role. While advancements in the field of genetic editing can circumvent some of these obstacles, biomarkers to identify and predict xenograft rejection remain to be standardized. Several T-cell markers, such as CD3, CD4, and CD8, are useful in both the diagnosis and prediction of xenograft rejection. Furthermore, an increase in the levels of various circulating DNA markers and microRNAs is also predictive of xenograft rejection. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the advancements in xenotransplantation, with a focus on pig-to-human, the role of immunity in xenograft rejection, and its biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Ziad Arabi
- Division of Nephrology and
Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA,College of Medicine, Alfaisal
University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Belal Nedal Sabbah
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal
University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic,
Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Amir Lerman
- Department of Cardiology, Mayo Clinic,
Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Xiang-Yang Zhu
- Division of Nephrology and
Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA,Xiang-Yang Zhu, Division of Nephrology and
Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW., Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Lilach O. Lerman
- Division of Nephrology and
Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Keller M, Charya A, Andargie T, Agbor-Enoh S. Laboratory Considerations for Successful Xenotransplantation in Humans. Clin Chem 2022; 68:1368-1373. [PMID: 36226752 DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/hvac150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Keller
- Laboratory of Applied Precision Omics (APO) and Genomic Research Alliance for Transplantation (GRAfT), National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD.,Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital,, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ananth Charya
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Maryland Medical Center,, Baltimore, MD
| | - Temesgen Andargie
- Laboratory of Applied Precision Omics (APO) and Genomic Research Alliance for Transplantation (GRAfT), National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Sean Agbor-Enoh
- Laboratory of Applied Precision Omics (APO) and Genomic Research Alliance for Transplantation (GRAfT), National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD.,Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital,, Baltimore, MD
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Purich K, Cai H, Yang B, Xu Z, Tessier AG, Black A, Hung RW, Boivin E, Xu B, Wu P, Zhang B, Xin D, Fallone BG, Rajotte RV, Wu Y, Rayat GR. MRI monitoring of transplanted neonatal porcine islets labeled with polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in a mouse model. Xenotransplantation 2021; 29:e12720. [PMID: 34850455 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Islet transplantation is a potential treatment option for certain patients with type 1 diabetes; however, it still faces barriers to widespread use, including the lack of tools to monitor islet grafts post-transplantation. This study investigates whether labeling neonatal porcine islets (NPI) with polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (PVP-SPIO) affects their function, and whether this nanoparticle can be utilized to monitor NPI xenografts with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a mouse model. In vitro, PVP-SPIO-labeled NPI in an agarose gel was visualized clearly by MRI. PVP-SPIO-labeled islets were then transplanted under the kidney capsules of immunodeficient nondiabetic and diabetic mice. All diabetic mice that received transplantation of PVP-SPIO-labeled islets reached normoglycemia. Grafts appeared as hypo-intense areas on MRI and were distinguishable from the surrounding tissues. Following injection of spleen cells from immunocompetent mice, normoglycemic recipient mice became diabetic and islet grafts showed an increase in volume, accompanied by a mixed signal on MRI. Overall, this study demonstrates that PVP-SPIO did not affect the function of NPI that PVP-SPIO-labeled islets were easily seen on MRI, and changes in MRI signals following rejection suggest a potential use of PVP-SPIO-labeled islets to monitor graft viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran Purich
- Department of Surgery, Ray Rajotte Surgical-Medical Research Institute, Alberta Diabetes Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Haolei Cai
- Department of Surgery, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Department of Surgery, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhihao Xu
- Department of Surgery, Ray Rajotte Surgical-Medical Research Institute, Alberta Diabetes Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Anthony G Tessier
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medical Physics, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Adnan Black
- Department of Surgery, Ray Rajotte Surgical-Medical Research Institute, Alberta Diabetes Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ryan W Hung
- Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Eric Boivin
- Department of Surgery, Ray Rajotte Surgical-Medical Research Institute, Alberta Diabetes Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Baoyou Xu
- Department of Surgery, Ray Rajotte Surgical-Medical Research Institute, Alberta Diabetes Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ping Wu
- Department of Surgery, Ray Rajotte Surgical-Medical Research Institute, Alberta Diabetes Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Surgery, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dong Xin
- Department of Surgery, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Biagio Gino Fallone
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medical Physics, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ray V Rajotte
- Department of Surgery, Ray Rajotte Surgical-Medical Research Institute, Alberta Diabetes Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yulian Wu
- Department of Surgery, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gina R Rayat
- Department of Surgery, Ray Rajotte Surgical-Medical Research Institute, Alberta Diabetes Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Faulk C, Mueller KR, Cheishvili D, Colwell M, Pepin AS, Syzf M, Hering BJ, Burlak C. Epigenetic biomarkers indicate islet cell death in xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation 2020; 27:e12570. [PMID: 31984530 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xenotransplantation of porcine islets has emerged in recent decades as a potential treatment for type 1 diabetes (T1D). Current methods of detection, indicative of successful engraftment, occur downstream of actual islet death. Epigenetic biomarkers can be detected in circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) to provide an earlier indication of graft dysfunction. AIMS The present study identified a biomarker of islet death using differential methylation of the insulin gene, INS, originating from β-cells in porcine islets. MATERIALS & METHODS Pyrosequencing primers specific for porcine INS were designed to quantify hypomethylation along 12 cysteine-guanine dinucleotide (CpG) sites, including three sites in the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element (CRE) binding protein 2 (CRE2) binding region of the 5' untranslated region (UTR) and nine sites within intron 2. RESULTS PCR amplification of bisulfite-converted DNA combined with pyrosequencing data support the conclusion that hypomethylated porcine INS is specific to islet origin. CONCLUSION Moreover, the results of this study indicate a highly specific epigenetic biomarker, capable of detecting a single islet, supporting the measurement of cfDNA as a biomarker for transplanted islet death. Defining the epigenetic characteristics of porcine-derived islets within cfDNA will be crucial to develop a better understanding of graft survival immunology for transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Faulk
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Natural Resource Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Kate R Mueller
- Department of Surgery, Schulze Diabetes Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - David Cheishvili
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mathia Colwell
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Natural Resource Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Anne-Sophie Pepin
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Moshe Syzf
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Bernhard J Hering
- Department of Surgery, Schulze Diabetes Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Christopher Burlak
- Department of Surgery, Schulze Diabetes Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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