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Kim SE, Sun WS, Oh M, Lee S, No JG, Lee H, Lee P, Oh KB. Identification of the Porcine Vascular Endothelial Cell-Specific Promoter ESAM1.0 Using Transcriptome Analysis. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1928. [PMID: 37895277 PMCID: PMC10606829 DOI: 10.3390/genes14101928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The vascular endothelium of xenografted pig organs represents the initial site of rejection after exposure to recipient immune cells. In this study, we aimed to develop a promoter specific to porcine vascular endothelial cells as a step toward overcoming xenograft rejection. Transcriptome analysis was performed on porcine aortic endothelial cells (PAECs), ear skin fibroblasts isolated from GGTA knockout (GTKO) pigs, and the porcine renal epithelial cell line pk-15. RNA sequencing confirmed 243 differentially expressed genes with expression changes of more than 10-fold among the three cell types. Employing the Human Protein Atlas database as a reference, we identified 34 genes exclusive to GTKO PAECs. The endothelial cell-specific adhesion molecule (ESAM) was selected via qPCR validation and showed high endothelial cell specificity and stable expression across tissues. We selected 1.0 kb upstream sequences of the translation start site of the gene as the promoter ESAM1.0. A luciferase assay revealed that ESAM1.0 promoter transcriptional activity was significant in PAECs, leading to a 2.8-fold higher level of expression than that of the porcine intercellular adhesion molecule 2 (ICAM2) promoter, which is frequently used to target endothelial cells in transgenic pigs. Consequently, ESAM1.0 will enable the generation of genetically modified pigs with endothelium-specific target genes to reduce xenograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Eun Kim
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju-si 55365, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea; (S.E.K.); (W.-S.S.); (M.O.); (S.L.); (J.-G.N.); (H.L.); (P.L.)
| | - Wu-Sheng Sun
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju-si 55365, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea; (S.E.K.); (W.-S.S.); (M.O.); (S.L.); (J.-G.N.); (H.L.); (P.L.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Miae Oh
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju-si 55365, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea; (S.E.K.); (W.-S.S.); (M.O.); (S.L.); (J.-G.N.); (H.L.); (P.L.)
| | - Seunghoon Lee
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju-si 55365, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea; (S.E.K.); (W.-S.S.); (M.O.); (S.L.); (J.-G.N.); (H.L.); (P.L.)
| | - Jin-Gu No
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju-si 55365, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea; (S.E.K.); (W.-S.S.); (M.O.); (S.L.); (J.-G.N.); (H.L.); (P.L.)
| | - Haesun Lee
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju-si 55365, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea; (S.E.K.); (W.-S.S.); (M.O.); (S.L.); (J.-G.N.); (H.L.); (P.L.)
| | - Poongyeon Lee
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju-si 55365, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea; (S.E.K.); (W.-S.S.); (M.O.); (S.L.); (J.-G.N.); (H.L.); (P.L.)
| | - Keon Bong Oh
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju-si 55365, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea; (S.E.K.); (W.-S.S.); (M.O.); (S.L.); (J.-G.N.); (H.L.); (P.L.)
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Arabi TZ, Sabbah BN, Lerman A, Zhu XY, Lerman LO. Xenotransplantation: Current Challenges and Emerging Solutions. Cell Transplant 2023; 32:9636897221148771. [PMID: 36644844 PMCID: PMC9846288 DOI: 10.1177/09636897221148771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
To address the ongoing shortage of organs available for replacement, xenotransplantation of hearts, corneas, skin, and kidneys has been attempted. However, a major obstacle facing xenotransplants is rejection due to a cycle of immune reactions to the graft. Both adaptive and innate immune systems contribute to this cycle, in which natural killer cells, macrophages, and T-cells play a significant role. While advancements in the field of genetic editing can circumvent some of these obstacles, biomarkers to identify and predict xenograft rejection remain to be standardized. Several T-cell markers, such as CD3, CD4, and CD8, are useful in both the diagnosis and prediction of xenograft rejection. Furthermore, an increase in the levels of various circulating DNA markers and microRNAs is also predictive of xenograft rejection. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the advancements in xenotransplantation, with a focus on pig-to-human, the role of immunity in xenograft rejection, and its biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Ziad Arabi
- Division of Nephrology and
Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA,College of Medicine, Alfaisal
University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Belal Nedal Sabbah
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal
University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic,
Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Amir Lerman
- Department of Cardiology, Mayo Clinic,
Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Xiang-Yang Zhu
- Division of Nephrology and
Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA,Xiang-Yang Zhu, Division of Nephrology and
Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW., Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Lilach O. Lerman
- Division of Nephrology and
Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Zhou Q, Li T, Wang K, Zhang Q, Geng Z, Deng S, Cheng C, Wang Y. Current status of xenotransplantation research and the strategies for preventing xenograft rejection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:928173. [PMID: 35967435 PMCID: PMC9367636 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.928173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation is often the last resort for end-stage organ failures, e.g., kidney, liver, heart, lung, and pancreas. The shortage of donor organs is the main limiting factor for successful transplantation in humans. Except living donations, other alternatives are needed, e.g., xenotransplantation of pig organs. However, immune rejection remains the major challenge to overcome in xenotransplantation. There are three different xenogeneic types of rejections, based on the responses and mechanisms involved. It includes hyperacute rejection (HAR), delayed xenograft rejection (DXR) and chronic rejection. DXR, sometimes involves acute humoral xenograft rejection (AHR) and cellular xenograft rejection (CXR), which cannot be strictly distinguished from each other in pathological process. In this review, we comprehensively discussed the mechanism of these immunological rejections and summarized the strategies for preventing them, such as generation of gene knock out donors by different genome editing tools and the use of immunosuppressive regimens. We also addressed organ-specific barriers and challenges needed to pave the way for clinical xenotransplantation. Taken together, this information will benefit the current immunological research in the field of xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Clinical Immunology Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Rheumatology, Wenjiang District People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Kaiwen Wang
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Medicine, University of Electronics and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhuowen Geng
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Shaoping Deng
- Clinical Immunology Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunming Cheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, James Comprehensive Cancer Center and College of Medicine at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Chunming Cheng, ; Yi Wang,
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Chunming Cheng, ; Yi Wang,
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4
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Kogata S, Lo PC, Maeda A, Okamatsu C, Sato K, Yamamoto R, Haneda T, Yoneyama T, Toyama C, Eguchi H, Masahata K, Kamiyama M, Okuyama H, Miyagawa S. Suppression of macrophage-mediated xenogeneic rejection by the ectopic expression of human CD177. Transpl Immunol 2022; 74:101663. [PMID: 35835297 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2022.101663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Cellular xenogeneic rejection by the innate immune system is a major immunological obstruction that needs to be overcome for the successful clinical use of xenografts. Our focus has been on macrophage-mediated xenogeneic rejection, since suppressing macrophage function has considerable potential for practical applications in the area of xenotransplantation. We report herein on an investigation of the suppressive effect of human CD177 (hCD177) against macrophage-mediated xenogeneic rejection. Wild type swine aortic endothelial cell (SEC) and an SEC transfectant with hCD177 (SEC/hCD177) were co-cultured with macrophages, and the degree of cytotoxicity was evaluated by WST-8 assays, and phagocytosis was examined using Calcein-AM labeling methods. The expression of anti/pro-inflammatory cytokines was evaluated by RT-qPCR and the phosphorylation of SHP-1 on macrophages in co-culture was evaluated by Western blotting. The result of cytotoxicity assays indicated that hCD177 suppressed M1 macrophage-mediated xenogeneic rejection (vs. SEC, p < 0.0001). Similarly, the result of phagocytosis assays indicated that hCD177 suppressed it (vs. SEC, p < 0.05). In addition, hCD177 significantly suppressed the expression of IL-1β, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, in M1 macrophages (vs. SEC, p < 0.01). Luciferase assays using THP1-Lucia NF-kB also showed a significant difference in NF-kB activation (vs. SEC, p < 0.001). In addition, hCD177 was found to induce the phosphorylation of SHP-1 in M1 macrophages (vs. SEC, p < 0.05). These findings indicate that hCD177 suppresses M1 macrophage-mediated xenogeneic rejection, at least in part via in the phosphorylation of SHP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Kogata
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Pei-Chi Lo
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akira Maeda
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Chizu Okamatsu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuki Sato
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Riho Yamamoto
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoko Haneda
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Yoneyama
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chiyoshi Toyama
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Eguchi
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazunori Masahata
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masafumi Kamiyama
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroomi Okuyama
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shuji Miyagawa
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, Kanagawa, Japan
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5
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The Yin and Yang of toll-like receptors in endothelial dysfunction. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 108:108768. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Li W, Chen P, Zhao Y, Cao M, Hu W, Pan L, Sun H, Huang D, Wu H, Song Z, Zhong H, Mou L, Luan S, Chen X, Gao H. Human IL-17 and TNF-α Additively or Synergistically Regulate the Expression of Proinflammatory Genes, Coagulation-Related Genes, and Tight Junction Genes in Porcine Aortic Endothelial Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:857311. [PMID: 35844613 PMCID: PMC9279740 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.857311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune rejection is the major limitation for porcine xenograft survival in primate recipients. Proinflammatory cytokines play important roles in immune rejection and have been found to mediate the pathological effects in various clinical and experimental transplantation trials. IL-17 and TNF-α play critical pathological roles in immune disorders, such as psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis. However, the pathological roles of human IL-17 (hIL-17) and human TNF-α (hTNF-α) in xenotransplantation remain unclear. Here we found that hIL-17 and hTNF-α additively or synergistically regulate the expression of 697 genes in porcine aortic endothelial cells (PAECs). Overall, 415 genes were found to be synergistically regulated, while 282 genes were found to be additively regulated. Among these, 315 genes were upregulated and 382 genes were downregulated in PAECs. Furthermore, we found that hIL-17 and hTNF-α additively or synergistically induced the expression of various proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines (e.g., IL1α, IL6, and CXCL8) and decreased the expression of certain anti-inflammatory genes (e.g., IL10). Moreover, hIL-17 plus hTNF-α increased the expression of IL1R1 and IL6ST, receptors for IL1 and IL6, respectively, and decreased anti-inflammatory gene receptor expression (IL10R). hIL-17 and hTNF-α synergistically or additively induced CXCL8 and CCL2 expression and consequently promoted primary human neutrophil and human leukemia monocytic cell migration, respectively. In addition, hIL-17 and hTNF-α induced pro-coagulation gene (SERPINB2 and F3) expression and decreased anti-coagulation gene (TFPI, THBS1, and THBD) expression. Additionally, hIL-17 and hTNF-α synergistically decreased occludin expression and consequently promoted human antibody-mediated complement-dependent cytotoxicity. Interestingly, hTNF-α increased swine leukocyte antigen (SLA) class I expression; however, hIL-17 decreased TNF-α-mediated SLA-I upregulation. We concluded that hIL-17 and hTNF-α likely promote the inflammatory response, coagulation cascade, and xenoantibody-mediated cell injury. Thus, blockade of hIL-17 and hTNF-α together might be beneficial for xenograft survival in recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilong Li
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Pengfei Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanli Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mengtao Cao
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenjun Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The 305 Hospital of People's Liberation Army of China (PLA), Beijing, China
| | - Litao Pan
- Department of Acupuncture and Massage, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huimin Sun
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dongsheng Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hanxi Wu
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhuoheng Song
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huanli Zhong
- Department of Medical Administration, People’s Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua Branch, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lisha Mou
- Department of Acupuncture and Massage, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shaodong Luan
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiehui Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hanchao Gao
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
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A Strategy for Suppressing Macrophage-mediated Rejection in Xenotransplantation. Transplantation 2020; 104:675-681. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000003024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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8
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Li X, Hawthorne WJ, Burlak C. Xenotransplantation literature update, September/October 2019. Xenotransplantation 2019; 26:e12573. [PMID: 31762126 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohang Li
- Department of Surgery, Schulze Diabetes Institute, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Transplantation Unit, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wayne J Hawthorne
- The Department of Surgery, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,The Centre for Transplant & Renal Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Christopher Burlak
- Department of Surgery, Schulze Diabetes Institute, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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