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Sahin O, Pang J, Pavlovic N, Tang Y, Adiguzel MC, Wang C, Zhang Q. A Longitudinal Study on Campylobacter in Conventionally Reared Commercial Broiler Flocks in the United States: Prevalence and Genetic Diversity. Avian Dis 2024; 67:317-325. [PMID: 38300653 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-23-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Poultry meat contaminated with Campylobacter, a major bacterial cause of foodborne gastroenteritis worldwide, is considered the primary source of human campylobacteriosis. Thus, reduction or elimination of Campylobacter in poultry production will have a significant impact on food safety and public health. Despite the significant progress made over the last decades, many puzzles remain about the epidemiology of Campylobacter on poultry farms, hampering the development of an effective control strategy. This longitudinal study was conducted to determine the prevalence and genetic diversity of Campylobacter in a U.S. commercial broiler production farm system. Cecal contents (15 samples/flock) and boot swabs (3 samples/flock) were collected from approximately 6-wk-old birds from 406 conventional broiler flocks reared in 53 houses on 15 farms (located within a relatively close geographic proximity and managed by the same poultry integrator) for up to eight consecutive production cycles and cultured for Campylobacter. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was used to investigate the genetic diversity of the Campylobacter jejuni isolates recovered from the cecal contents. The prevalence of Campylobacter at the farm, house, and flock levels were found to be 93% (14/15), 79% (42/53), and 47% (192/406), respectively. Campylobacter prevalence varied remarkably among different farms and flocks, with some farms or houses testing consistently negative while others being positive all the time over the entire study period. Campylobacter isolation rate changed significantly by sample type (higher by cecal contents vs. boot swabs) and season/production cycle (higher in spring vs. other seasons). The majority (88%; 2364/2675) of the isolates were identified as C. jejuni, and almost all the rest (11%; 303/2675) were Campylobacter coli. Genotyping showed limited diversity within a flock and suggested persistence of some C. jejuni clones over multiple production cycles on the same farm. In conclusion, this study indicated that although Campylobacter prevalence was overall high, there were marked differences in the prevalence among the broiler flocks or farms tested. Future studies aimed at identification of potential risk factors associated with differential Campylobacter status are warranted in order to develop effective on-farm interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orhan Sahin
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011,
| | - Jinji Pang
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Nada Pavlovic
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Yizhi Tang
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Mehmet Cemal Adiguzel
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Chong Wang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Qijing Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
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2
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Cortés V, Sevilla-Navarro S, García C, Marín C, Catalá-Gregori P. Research Note: Campylobacter spp. control at field level two years after the implementation of European Regulation (EU) 2017/1495. Poult Sci 2022; 101:102089. [PMID: 36087471 PMCID: PMC9464875 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacteriosis was the most frequently reported foodborne infection in humans in the European Union in the last years. Campylobacter spp. in broiler flocks from Spain was monitored at farm level during 12-month period (2020–2021). Feces samples were analyzed according to ISO (International Standard Organization) 10272-2:2018. From all samples collected, 54% were Campylobacter spp. positive. Regarding the age, Campylobacter spp. was isolated in 36% of the flocks during thinning and 64% in flocks at slaughter age. In addition, Campylobacter spp. counts increased with the age of the animals. On the other hand, the presence of Campylobacter showed statistical differences between the months of the year (P-value <0.05) in flocks at thinning age that exceeded the ≥1,000 CFU/g limit. The highest rates were found from June to December coinciding with the seasons of summer and autumn. In conclusion, our study shows the situation of Campylobacter spp. in broiler flocks in Spain considering age and season effects. This way, it was found higher rates and counts in broilers close to slaughter age and peaking during the summer to autumn period.
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3
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Marin C, Sevilla-Navarro S, Lonjedo R, Catalá-Gregori P, Ferrús MA, Vega S, Jiménez-Belenguer A. Genotyping and molecular characterization of antimicrobial resistance in thermophilic Campylobacter isolated from poultry breeders and their progeny in Eastern Spain. Poult Sci 2020; 99:5096-5104. [PMID: 32988548 PMCID: PMC7598336 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermophilic Campylobacter spp. are recognized as a major cause of acute bacterial diarrhea in humans, with broiler meat being the most common source of human infection. Antibiotic therapy is usually necessary for severe or prolonged infections, especially in immunocompromised populations such as young or elderly individuals. However, different studies have demonstrated a close association between antibiotic use in animal production and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in humans. In this sense, there is social pressure to reduce antibiotic administration and find adequate alternatives to control the presence of bacterial infections in farms. However, there is a lack of information related to Campylobacter AMR dynamics through the entire production system from breeders to their progeny. It is unknown if resistance genes are a result of adaptation through chromosomal mutation or through horizontal gene transfer, instead of vertical transmission of DNA from the parent to their progeny. Thus, the main objectives of this study were to assess the main AMR rates present in a poultry production system, to study the relationship between Campylobacter AMR profiles from breeders and their progeny, and to study the presence and distribution of antibiotic resistance genes in poultry production. Regarding AMR rates, ciprofloxacin was classified as extremely high, followed by nalidixic acid and tetracyclines that were classified as very high. Moreover, this study demonstrated a relationship between the AMR patterns and genes found from Campylobacter strains isolated in breeders and those present in their progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Marin
- Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46113 Moncada, Spain
| | - S Sevilla-Navarro
- Centro de Calidad Avícola y Alimentación Animal de la Comunidad Valenciana (CECAV), Castellón, Spain; Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46113 Moncada, Spain
| | - R Lonjedo
- Biotechnology Department. Centro Avanzado de Microbiología de Alimentos, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - P Catalá-Gregori
- Centro de Calidad Avícola y Alimentación Animal de la Comunidad Valenciana (CECAV), Castellón, Spain; Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46113 Moncada, Spain
| | - M A Ferrús
- Biotechnology Department. Centro Avanzado de Microbiología de Alimentos, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - S Vega
- Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46113 Moncada, Spain
| | - A Jiménez-Belenguer
- Biotechnology Department. Centro Avanzado de Microbiología de Alimentos, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
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4
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Yahara K, Méric G, Taylor AJ, de Vries SPW, Murray S, Pascoe B, Mageiros L, Torralbo A, Vidal A, Ridley A, Komukai S, Wimalarathna H, Cody AJ, Colles FM, McCarthy N, Harris D, Bray JE, Jolley KA, Maiden MCJ, Bentley SD, Parkhill J, Bayliss CD, Grant A, Maskell D, Didelot X, Kelly DJ, Sheppard SK. Genome-wide association of functional traits linked with Campylobacter jejuni survival from farm to fork. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:361-380. [PMID: 27883255 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a major cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide, primarily associated with the consumption of contaminated poultry. C. jejuni lineages vary in host range and prevalence in human infection, suggesting differences in survival throughout the poultry processing chain. From 7343 MLST-characterised isolates, we sequenced 600 C. jejuni and C. coli isolates from various stages of poultry processing and clinical cases. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) in C. jejuni ST-21 and ST-45 complexes identified genetic elements over-represented in clinical isolates that increased in frequency throughout the poultry processing chain. Disease-associated SNPs were distinct in these complexes, sometimes organised in haplotype blocks. The function of genes containing associated elements was investigated, demonstrating roles for cj1377c in formate metabolism, nuoK in aerobic survival and oxidative respiration, and cj1368-70 in nucleotide salvage. This work demonstrates the utility of GWAS for investigating transmission in natural zoonotic pathogen populations and provides evidence that major C. jejuni lineages have distinct genotypes associated with survival, within the host specific niche, from farm to fork.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Yahara
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Guillaume Méric
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Aidan J Taylor
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Stefan P W de Vries
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley, Cambridge, UK
| | - Susan Murray
- Swansea University Medical School, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Ben Pascoe
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK.,MRC CLIMB Consortium, Oxford Bath, UK
| | - Leonardos Mageiros
- Swansea University Medical School, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Alicia Torralbo
- Swansea University Medical School, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Ana Vidal
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, UK
| | - Anne Ridley
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, UK
| | - Sho Komukai
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Alison J Cody
- Department of Zoology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Noel McCarthy
- Department of Zoology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.,NIHR Health Protections Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David Harris
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - James E Bray
- Department of Zoology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Martin C J Maiden
- Department of Zoology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.,NIHR Health Protections Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephen D Bentley
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Julian Parkhill
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Andrew Grant
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley, Cambridge, UK
| | - Duncan Maskell
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley, Cambridge, UK
| | - Xavier Didelot
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - David J Kelly
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Samuel K Sheppard
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK.,MRC CLIMB Consortium, Oxford Bath, UK.,Department of Zoology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
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5
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Marín C, Soto V, Marco-Jimenez F. Short communication: Absence of campylobacter spp. In intensive rabbit farming in eastern Spain, preliminary results. WORLD RABBIT SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4995/wrs.2016.5197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
<p>Campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis are the most frequently reported zoonoses and among the most common causes of diarrhoeal illness in the European Union and the United States, and their incidence appears to be increasing. <em>Campylobacter </em>species are routinely found in poultry, swine, cattle, dairy cows and sheep. So far, there are few descriptions of <em>Campylobacter </em>isolation from rabbits. Rabbit meat is a common item in the Mediterranean diet. In this context, the aim of the present study was to investigate the occurrence of <em>Campylobacter </em>spp. in healthy rabbits reared in intensive farms in the Alto Palancia region, eastern Spain. Caecal contents from 70 healthy does reared on 7 different farms were collected. Bacteriological culture was performed in accordance with ISO 10272-1:2006. All samples tested negative for <em>Campylobacter </em>spp. To our knowledge, this is the first study in which comprehensive monitoring was specifically carried out in order to provide data on the occurrence of thermophilic <em>Campylobacter </em>spp. in large intensive rabbit farms in Spain. However, further microbiological studies throughout the Spanish territory are needed to determine the prevalence and risk of other foodborne pathogens in rabbits at farm level.</p>
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6
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Rodgers JD, Simpkin E, Lee R, Clifton-Hadley FA, Vidal AB. Sensitivity of Direct Culture, Enrichment and PCR for Detection of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli in Broiler Flocks at Slaughter. Zoonoses Public Health 2016; 64:262-271. [PMID: 27770505 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Broiler chicken flocks are a significant source of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli that result in the major public health problem of campylobacteriosis. Accurate estimates of the prevalence of both C. coli and C. jejuni in flocks would enhance epidemiological understanding, risk assessment and control options. This study combined results from a panel of 10 detection tests (direct culture, enrichment and PCR) on caecal samples from flocks at slaughter. A parallel interpretation approach was used to determine the presence of Campylobacter spp. and for C. jejuni and C. coli individually. The sample was considered positive if at least one method detected the target and this interpretation was taken to represent a 'proxy gold standard' for detection in the absence of a gold standard reference test. The sensitivity of each individual method to detect Campylobacter spp., C. jejuni and C. coli was then estimated relative to the proxy gold standard. Enrichment in adapted Exeter broth (deficient in polymyxin B) with a resuscitation step was 100% sensitive, whilst direct culture on modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar (mCCDA) was highly sensitive (97.9%). Enrichment methods using Preston broth and Bolton broth were significantly less sensitive. Enrichment in Exeter broth promoted the recovery of C. jejuni, whilst enrichment in Bolton broth favoured C. coli. A RT-PCR detection test could identify 80% of flocks that were co-colonised with both species. This study found that 76.3% (n = 127) of flocks were colonised with Campylobacter spp. The majority (95.9%) of Campylobacter-positive flocks were colonised with C. jejuni; however, approximately one-third of positive flocks were simultaneously colonised with both C. jejuni and C. coli. The findings highlight the impact of different detection methodologies on the accuracy of the estimated incidence of both C. jejuni and C. coli entering the abattoir within broiler flocks and the associated public health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Rodgers
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - E Simpkin
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - R Lee
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - F A Clifton-Hadley
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - A B Vidal
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
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7
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Colles FM, Cain RJ, Nickson T, Smith AL, Roberts SJ, Maiden MCJ, Lunn D, Dawkins MS. Monitoring chicken flock behaviour provides early warning of infection by human pathogen Campylobacter. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 283:rspb.2015.2323. [PMID: 26740618 PMCID: PMC4721092 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.2323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter is the commonest bacterial cause of gastrointestinal infection in humans, and chicken meat is the major source of infection throughout the world. Strict and expensive on-farm biosecurity measures have been largely unsuccessful in controlling infection and are hampered by the time needed to analyse faecal samples, with the result that Campylobacter status is often known only after a flock has been processed. Our data demonstrate an alternative approach that monitors the behaviour of live chickens with cameras and analyses the 'optical flow' patterns made by flock movements. Campylobacter-free chicken flocks have higher mean and lower kurtosis of optical flow than those testing positive for Campylobacter by microbiological methods. We show that by monitoring behaviour in this way, flocks likely to become positive can be identified within the first 7-10 days of life, much earlier than conventional on-farm microbiological methods. This early warning has the potential to lead to a more targeted approach to Campylobacter control and also provides new insights into possible sources of infection that could transform the control of this globally important food-borne pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances M Colles
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 1 South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3TG, UK
| | - Russell J Cain
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 1 South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3TG, UK
| | - Thomas Nickson
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, 1 South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3TG, UK
| | - Adrian L Smith
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 1 South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3TG, UK
| | - Stephen J Roberts
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, 1 South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3TG, UK
| | - Martin C J Maiden
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 1 South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3TG, UK
| | - Daniel Lunn
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, 1 South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3TG, UK
| | - Marian Stamp Dawkins
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 1 South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3TG, UK
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Schallegger G, Muri-Klinger S, Brugger K, Lindhardt C, John L, Glatzl M, Wagner M, Stessl B. CombinedCampylobacter jejuniandCampylobacter coliRapid Testing and Molecular Epidemiology in Conventional Broiler Flocks. Zoonoses Public Health 2016; 63:588-599. [DOI: 10.1111/zph.12267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Schallegger
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health; Institute of Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology, and Food Science; University of Veterinary Medicine; Vienna Austria
- Veterinary Laboratory Diagnostics and Veterinary Practice Dr. Glatzl; Vienna Austria
| | - S. Muri-Klinger
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health; Institute of Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology, and Food Science; University of Veterinary Medicine; Vienna Austria
| | - K. Brugger
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health; Institute for Veterinary Public Health; University of Veterinary Medicine; Vienna Austria
| | - C. Lindhardt
- Immunological Microbiology Group; Merck Millipore; LBR; Applications; Merck KGaA; Darmstadt Germany
| | - L. John
- Immunological Microbiology Group; Merck Millipore; LBR; Applications; Merck KGaA; Darmstadt Germany
| | - M. Glatzl
- Veterinary Laboratory Diagnostics and Veterinary Practice Dr. Glatzl; Vienna Austria
| | - M. Wagner
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health; Institute of Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology, and Food Science; University of Veterinary Medicine; Vienna Austria
| | - B. Stessl
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health; Institute of Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology, and Food Science; University of Veterinary Medicine; Vienna Austria
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9
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Genetic Diversity of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli Isolates from Conventional Broiler Flocks and the Impacts of Sampling Strategy and Laboratory Method. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:2347-2355. [PMID: 26873321 PMCID: PMC4959481 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03693-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic diversity of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolates from commercial broiler farms was examined by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), with an assessment of the impact of the sample type and laboratory method on the genotypes of Campylobacter isolated. A total of 645 C. jejuni and 106 C. coli isolates were obtained from 32 flocks and 17 farms, with 47 sequence types (STs) identified. The Campylobacter jejuni isolates obtained by different sampling approaches and laboratory methods were very similar, with the same STs identified at similar frequencies, and had no major effect on the genetic profile of Campylobacter population in broiler flocks at the farm level. For C. coli, the results were more equivocal. While some STs were widely distributed within and among farms and flocks, analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed a high degree of genetic diversity among farms for C. jejuni, where farm effects accounted for 70.5% of variance, and among flocks from the same farm (9.9% of variance for C. jejuni and 64.1% for C. coli). These results show the complexity of the population structure of Campylobacter in broiler production and that commercial broiler farms provide an ecological niche for a wide diversity of genotypes. The genetic diversity of C. jejuni isolates among broiler farms should be taken into account when designing studies to understand Campylobacter populations in broiler production and the impact of interventions. We provide evidence that supports synthesis of studies on C. jejuni populations even when laboratory and sampling methods are not identical.
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10
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Urdaneta S, Dolz R, Cerdà-Cuéllar M. Assessment of two different types of sample for the early detection and isolation of thermophilic Campylobacter in broiler farms. Avian Pathol 2015; 44:103-5. [PMID: 25588419 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2015.1006576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In order to assess the optimal method for the early detection and isolation of thermophilic Campylobacter in broilers at farm level, two types of samples were compared: caecal contents obtained by necropsy and cloacal swabs transported in charcoal Amies medium. The study was conducted in five batches of broilers from five different farms, where weekly samples (caecal contents and cloacal swabs) from 30 birds were obtained. Samples were plated onto selective agar (modified charcoal cefoperazone desoxycholate agar, mCCDA) for Campylobacter isolation. Four out of five batches were positive for Campylobacter. No marked differences in sensitivity of both sample types were observed. However, a higher percentage of positive birds were detected when cloacal swabs were used. The results show that cloacal swab samples are adequate, and in some cases even better than caecal samples for the early detection of Campylobacter in broiler flocks at farm level. Also, this sample avoids sacrificing birds to test Campylobacter, which not only allows saving time in sample collection, transportation and processing at the laboratory, but also improves bird welfare and cost of sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saulo Urdaneta
- a Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA) , UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , 08193-Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès) , Spain
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11
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Ingresa-Capaccioni S, Jiménez-Trigos E, Marco-Jiménez F, Catalá P, Vega S, Marin C. Campylobacter epidemiology from breeders to their progeny in Eastern Spain. Poult Sci 2015; 95:676-83. [PMID: 26628341 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While horizontal transmission is a route clearly linked to the spread of Campylobacter at the farm level, few studies support the transmission of Campylobacter spp. from breeder flocks to their offspring. Thus, the present study was carried out to investigate the possibility of vertical transmission. Breeders were monitored from the time of housing day-old chicks, then throughout the laying period (0 to 60 wk) and throughout their progeny (broiler fattening, 1 to 42 d) until slaughter. All samples were analyzed according with official method ISO 10272:2006. Results revealed that on breeder farms, Campylobacter isolation started from wk 16 and reached its peak at wk 26, with 57.0% and 93.2% of positive birds, respectively. After this point, the rate of positive birds decreased slightly to 86.0% at 60 wk. However, in broiler production all day-old chicks were found negative for Campylobacter spp, and the bacteria was first isolated at d 14 of age (5.0%), with a significant increase in detection during the fattening period with 62% of Campylobacter positive animals at the end of the production cycle. Moreover, non-positive sample was determined from environmental sources. These results could be explained because Campylobacter may be in a low concentration or in a non-culturable form, as there were several studies that successfully detected Campylobacter DNA, but failed to culture. This form can survive in the environment and infect successive flocks; consequently, further studies are needed to develop more modern, practical, cost-effective and suitable techniques for routine diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ingresa-Capaccioni
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas. Departamento de Producción Animal, Sanidad Animal y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera, C/Tirant Lo Blanc 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
| | - E Jiménez-Trigos
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas. Departamento de Producción Animal, Sanidad Animal y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera, C/Tirant Lo Blanc 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
| | - F Marco-Jiménez
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Animal, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, C/Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - P Catalá
- Centro de Calidad Avícola y Alimentación Animal de la Comunidad Valenciana (CECAV), C/Nules 16, 12539 Alquerías del Niño Perdido, Castellón, Spain
| | - S Vega
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas. Departamento de Producción Animal, Sanidad Animal y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera, C/Tirant Lo Blanc 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
| | - C Marin
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas. Departamento de Producción Animal, Sanidad Animal y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera, C/Tirant Lo Blanc 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
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12
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Seliwiorstow T, Duarte A, Baré J, Botteldoorn N, Dierick K, Uyttendaele M, De Zutter L. Comparison of sample types and analytical methods for the detection of highly campylobacter-colonized broiler flocks at different stages in the poultry meat production chain. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2015; 12:399-405. [PMID: 25794142 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2014.1894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exclusion of broiler batches, highly colonized with Campylobacter (>7.5 log10 colony-forming units/g), from the fresh poultry meat market might decrease the risk of human campylobacteriosis. The objective of this study was to compare different sample types (both at the farm and the slaughterhouse) and methods (direct culture, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction [qPCR], propidium monoazide [PMA]-qPCR) applied for the quantification of the Campylobacter colonization level. In addition, the applicability of the lateral flow-based immunoassay, Singlepath(®) Direct Campy Poultry test (Singlepath(®) test), was evaluated as a rapid method for the qualitative detection of Campylobacter in highly colonized broiler batches. Campylobacter counts differed significantly between sample types collected at farm level (cecal droppings, feces, boot swabs) and at slaughterhouse level (cecal content, fecal material from crates). Furthermore, comparison of Campylobacter counts obtained by different methods (direct culture, qPCR, PMA-qPCR) in cecal droppings revealed significant differences, although this was not observed for cecal-content samples. Evaluation of the Singlepath(®) test on cecal droppings and cecal-content samples revealed an acceptable level of sensitivity and specificity. In conclusion, cecal droppings and cecal content are proposed as the most representative sample types for quantification of Campylobacter colonization level of broilers at farm and slaughterhouse, respectively. Direct culture and qPCR are equally sensitive for quantification of Campylobacter in fresh cecal-content samples. PMA treatment before qPCR inhibits the signal from dead Campylobacter cells. Consequently, when samples are extensively stored and/or transported, qPCR is preferred to direct culture and PMA-qPCR. Furthermore, the Singlepath(®) test offers a convenient alternative method for rapid detection of Campylobacter in highly colonized broiler batches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Seliwiorstow
- 1 Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University , Merelbeke, Belgium
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13
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Ingresa-Capaccioni S, González-Bodí S, Jiménez-Trigos E, Marco-Jiménez F, Catalá P, Vega S, Marin C. Comparison of different sampling types across the rearing period in broiler flocks for isolation of Campylobacter spp. Poult Sci 2015; 94:766-71. [PMID: 25743419 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter is the most common bacterial cause of human gastrointestinal disease in most developed countries. It is generally accepted that poultry products are a significant source of foodborne Campylobacter infections in humans. Assessing the effectiveness of any potential intervention at farm level requires monitoring of the Campylobacter status of broiler flocks, using appropriate sampling methods. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of the sample type across the rearing period for the detection of Campylobacter spp. at farm level. During this study, 21 commercial broiler farms were intensively sampled. Each farm was visited and sampled at different times during the rearing period (d 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42). On the first day of rearing, the status of the house and the day-old flock was evaluated, and environmental and cecal samples were collected. During rearing, 4 different sample types were collected: feces with sock swabs (sock swabs), feces directly from the litter (feces), cloacal swabs, and cecal content. All samples were analyzed according to ISO 10272-1:2006 (Annex E) and also by direct culture. The results of this study showed that Campylobacter spp. were detected in all of the sample types on d 14 of rearing. From this point on, the detection increased significantly, with a maximum detection rate by the end of rearing, regardless of the sample type. All samples that were negative upon direct culture were also negative after pre-enrichment. At the end of rearing, the percentage of samples positive for Campylobacter spp. was 71.4% for cecal samples, 61.9% for cloacal swabs, 45.2% for sock swabs, and 69.1% for fecal samples. C. jejuni was detected in all the sample types, with positive rates ranging from 67.1 to 76.0% for cecal samples and cloacal content, respectively. Cecal samples, cloacal swabs, and fecal samples cultured by direct plating onto modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar (mCCDA) without pre-enrichment have the same sensitivity for detection of Campylobacter spp. in broiler flocks independent of the day of rearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ingresa-Capaccioni
- Biomedical Sciences Institute, Department of Animal Production, Animal Health, Veterinary Public Health and Food Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University CEU-Cardenal Herrera, C/ Tirant Lo Blanc 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
| | - S González-Bodí
- Biomedical Sciences Institute, Department of Animal Production, Animal Health, Veterinary Public Health and Food Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University CEU-Cardenal Herrera, C/ Tirant Lo Blanc 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
| | - E Jiménez-Trigos
- Institute of Science and Animal Technology, Polytechnic University of Valencia, C/ Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - F Marco-Jiménez
- Institute of Science and Animal Technology, Polytechnic University of Valencia, C/ Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - P Catalá
- Centre of Poultry Quality and Feed of the Valencian Region (CECAV), C/ Nules 16, 12539 Alquerías del Niño Perdido, Castellón, Spain
| | - S Vega
- Biomedical Sciences Institute, Department of Animal Production, Animal Health, Veterinary Public Health and Food Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University CEU-Cardenal Herrera, C/ Tirant Lo Blanc 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
| | - C Marin
- Biomedical Sciences Institute, Department of Animal Production, Animal Health, Veterinary Public Health and Food Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University CEU-Cardenal Herrera, C/ Tirant Lo Blanc 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
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14
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Sproston EL, Carrillo CD, Boulter-Bitzer J. The quantitative and qualitative recovery of Campylobacter from raw poultry using USDA and Health Canada methods. Food Microbiol 2014; 44:258-63. [PMID: 25084671 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Harmonisation of methods between Canadian government agencies is essential to accurately assess and compare the prevalence and concentrations present on retail poultry intended for human consumption. The standard qualitative procedure used by Health Canada differs to that used by the USDA for both quantitative and qualitative methods. A comparison of three methods was performed on raw poultry samples obtained from an abattoir to determine if one method is superior to the others in isolating Campylobacter from chicken carcass rinses. The average percent of positive samples was 34.72% (95% CI, 29.2-40.2), 39.24% (95% CI, 33.6-44.9), 39.93% (95% CI, 34.3-45.6) for the direct plating US method and the US enrichment and Health Canada enrichment methods, respectively. Overall there were significant differences when comparing either of the enrichment methods to the direct plating method using the McNemars chi squared test. On comparison of weekly data (Fishers exact test) direct plating was only inferior to the enrichment methods on a single occasion. Direct plating is important for enumeration and establishing the concentration of Campylobacter present on raw poultry. However, enrichment methods are also vital to identify positive samples where concentrations are below the detection limit for direct plating.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Sproston
- Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0K9.
| | - C D Carrillo
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa Laboratory (Carling), Bldg 22, CEF, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0C9
| | - J Boulter-Bitzer
- Food Safety Science Unit, Food Safety and Environment Division, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 4Y2
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15
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Bayesian analysis of culture and PCR methods for detection of Campylobacter spp. in broiler caecal samples. Epidemiol Infect 2014; 143:298-307. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268814000454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYThe objective of this study was to estimate the sensitivity and specificity of a culture method and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for detection of two Campylobacter species: C. jejuni and C. coli. Data were collected during a 3-year survey of UK broiler flocks, and consisted of parallel sampling of caeca from 436 batches of birds by both PCR and culture. Batches were stratified by season (summer/non-summer) and whether they were the first depopulation of the flock, resulting in four sub-populations. A Bayesian approach in the absence of a gold standard was adopted, and the sensitivity and specificity of the PCR and culture for each Campylobacter subtype was estimated, along with the true C. jejuni and C. coli prevalence in each sub-population. Results indicated that the sensitivity of the culture method was higher than that of PCR in detecting both species when the samples were derived from populations infected with at most one species of Campylobacter. However, from a mixed population, the sensitivity of culture for detecting both C. jejuni or C. coli is reduced while PCR is potentially able to detect both species, although the total probability of correctly identifying at least one species by PCR is similar to that of the culture method.
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16
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Rohonczy K, Rantsiou K, Cocolin L. Modified Enrichment Strategies Coupled with Molecular and Conventional Methods to Detect and Quantify C
ampylobacter jejuni
in Chicken Meat from the Market. J Food Saf 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kalliopi Rantsiou
- Università di Torino; Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari; via Leonardo da Vinci, 44 Grugliasco Torino 10095 Italy
| | - Luca Cocolin
- Università di Torino; Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari; via Leonardo da Vinci, 44 Grugliasco Torino 10095 Italy
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