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Xu Y, Li Y, Wang C, Han T, Wu Y, Wang S, Wei J. Clinical value and mechanistic analysis of HIIT on modulating risk and symptoms of depression: A systematic review. Int J Clin Health Psychol 2024; 24:100433. [PMID: 38226005 PMCID: PMC10788816 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2023.100433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The exact causal mechanisms of depression remain unclear due to the complexity of the triggers, which has led to limitations in treating depression using modern drugs. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is as effective as medication in treating depression without toxic side effects. Typically, HIIT requires less time commitment (i.e., shorter exercise duration) and exhibits pronounced benefits on depressive symptoms than other forms of physical exercise. This review summarizes the risk reduction and clinical effects of HIIT for depression and discusses the underlying mechanisms, providing a theoretical basis for utilizing HIIT in treating depression. Methods A database search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus from inception up to October 2022. The methodological quality of the included literature was evaluated by the physiotherapy evidence database (PEDro) scale criteria. The review focused on evaluating the changes in depression risk or symptoms of HIIT interventions in healthy individuals, patients with depression, and patients with other disorders co-morbid with depression. Consequently, the mechanisms associated with depression related HIIT were summarized. Results A total of 586 participants (52 % female; mean age: 43.58±8.93 years) from 22 studies were included. Implementing HIIT using different exercise types alleviates depressive symptoms in individuals with depression and in individuals with depression who have exhibited comorbidities and reduced depression scale scores in subjects immediately after acute exercise. In addition, the long-interval HIIT and short-interval HIIT in the treatment of patients with cardiovascular or psychiatric disorders may reduce depressive symptoms via complex exercise-related changes on several levels, including by effecting the following measures: releasing monoamines, reducing neuronal death, inducing neurogenesis, modulating the functional homeostasis of the HPA axis, and enhancing the level of inflammation in the body. Conclusion HIIT is a relatively safe and effective antidepressant, which may involve multiple neurobiological mechanisms (release of monoamines, reducing neuronal death, inducing neurogenesis, modulating the functional homeostasis of the HPA axis, and enhancing the level of inflammation in the body), thereby reducing the risk or symptoms of depression in participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Xu
- Institute for Brain Sciences Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Yongjie Li
- Department of rehabilitation medicine, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital Guizhou Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Changqing Wang
- Institute for Brain Sciences Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Tingting Han
- Institute for Brain Sciences Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Hubei Superior Discipline Group of Exercise and Brain Science from Hubei Provincial, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Song Wang
- Hubei Superior Discipline Group of Exercise and Brain Science from Hubei Provincial, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Jianshe Wei
- Institute for Brain Sciences Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
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2
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Ekkekakis P, Vallance J, Wilson PM, Ewing Garber C. Extraordinary claims in the literature on high-intensity interval training (HIIT): III. Critical analysis of four foundational arguments from an interdisciplinary lens. PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2023; 66:102399. [PMID: 37665861 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Kinesiology aspires to be an integrated, interdisciplinary field that studies human movement from multiple perspectives. However, the main societal deliverables of the field, namely exercise prescriptions and physical activity recommendations, still reflect fragmentation, placing more emphasis on physiological outcomes than on behavioral and other considerations. Recently, researchers have called for the introduction of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) to the domain of public health, based on the argument that HIIT can maximize fitness and health benefits for a fraction of the time recommended by the prevailing model of physical activity in public-health guidelines. Here, we show that an unintended side-effect of arguments underpinning the implementation of HIIT in the domain of public health might have been the exacerbation of segmentation. To highlight the value of interdisciplinarity, four foundational claims in support of HIIT are critiqued by tapping into cognate literatures: (1) the primary reason people do not exercise is lack of time, (2) HIIT is relevant to public health, (3) HIIT is being proposed as merely another option, so there is no basis for controversy, and (4) HIIT is safe and well tolerated. These claims are contradicted by credible lines of evidence. To improve the accuracy and effectiveness of its public claims, kinesiology should remain committed to the ideals of integration and interdisciplinarity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeff Vallance
- Faculty of Health Disciplines, Athabasca University, Canada
| | | | - Carol Ewing Garber
- Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College, Columbia University, USA
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3
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Yardimci A, Ulker Ertugrul N, Ozgen A, Ozbeg G, Ridvan Ozdede M, Ercan EC, Canpolat S. Effects of chronic irisin treatment on brain monoamine levels in the hypothalamic and subcortical nuclei of adult male and female rats: An HPLC-ECD study. Neurosci Lett 2023; 806:137245. [PMID: 37061025 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Monoaminergic systems are known to be involved in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders and vegetative functions due to their established influence on hypothalamic and subcortical areas. These systems can be modulated by lifestyle factors, especially exercise, which is known to produce several beneficial effects on reproduction, brain health, and mental disorders. The fact that exercise is sensed by the brain shows that muscle-stimulated secretion of myokines allows direct crosstalk between the muscles and the brain. One of such exercise-induced beneficial effects on the brain is exhibited by irisin-a recently discovered PGC-1α-dependent adipo-myokine mainly secreted from skeletal muscle during exercise. Thus, we hypothesized that irisin may affect central monoamine levels and thus play an important role in the muscle-brain endocrine loop. To test this assertion, for 10 weeks, vehicle (deionized water) or 100 ng/kg irisin was injected intraperitoneally once a day to 12 male and 12 female rats after which the levels of monoamines and their metabolites were determined by HPLC-ECD. In the hypothalamic nuclei, irisin significantly decreased dopamine (DA) metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) (p<0.05), DOPAC/DA ratio (p<0.01) and noradrenaline (NA, p<0.05) levels in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV), and DOPAC and NA levels in the medial preoptic area (mPOA) (p<0.05), having a crucial role in reproduction and sexual motivation, respectively. On the other hand, irisin significantly increased DOPAC levels in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) (p<0.05), which acts as a hunger center, while it significantly decreased the levels of DA, NA, and its metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG) in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH) as a known satiety center (p<0.05). In nucleus accumbens (NaC), irisin significantly reduced 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) levels (p<0.05), which are implicated in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) physiopathology. It also significantly increased DA levels in this area, thus exhibiting positive effects on depression and sexual dysfunction in men. On the other hand, it significantly decreased serotonin (5-HT) (p<0.01) and its metabolite 5-HIAA levels in the medial amygdala (MeA) (p<0.05), indicating that it may play a role in social behaviors. Moreover, it significantly attenuated NA levels in the same hypothalamic area, which is directly involved in stress-induced activation of the central noradrenergic system. These findings demonstrate for the first time that irisin induces significant changes in monoamine levels in many hypothalamic nuclei involved in feeding behavior and vegetative functions, as well as in subcortical nuclei related to neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Yardimci
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey.
| | | | - Aslisah Ozgen
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Gulendam Ozbeg
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | | | - Eda Coban Ercan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Sinan Canpolat
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
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4
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Güeita-Rodríguez J, Allendorfer J. Editorial: Prescription and execution of therapeutic exercise programs in neurological disorders. FRONTIERS IN REHABILITATION SCIENCES 2022; 3:1060516. [DOI: 10.3389/fresc.2022.1060516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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5
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Laganà MM, Pirastru A, Ferrari F, Di Tella S, Cazzoli M, Pelizzari L, Jin N, Zacà D, Alperin N, Baselli G, Baglio F. Cardiac and Respiratory Influences on Intracranial and Neck Venous Flow, Estimated Using Real-Time Phase-Contrast MRI. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:612. [PMID: 36005008 PMCID: PMC9405895 DOI: 10.3390/bios12080612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The study of brain venous drainage has gained attention due to its hypothesized link with various neurological conditions. Intracranial and neck venous flow rate may be estimated using cardiac-gated cine phase-contrast (PC)-MRI. Although previous studies showed that breathing influences the neck's venous flow, this aspect could not be studied using the conventional segmented PC-MRI since it reconstructs a single cardiac cycle. The advent of real-time PC-MRI has overcome these limitations. Using this technique, we measured the internal jugular veins and superior sagittal sinus flow rates in a group of 16 healthy subjects (12 females, median age of 23 years). Comparing forced-breathing and free-breathing, the average flow rate decreased and the respiratory modulation increased. The flow rate decrement may be due to a vasoreactive response to deep breathing. The respiratory modulation increment is due to the thoracic pump's greater effect during forced breathing compared to free breathing. These results showed that the breathing mode influences the average blood flow and its pulsations. Since effective drainage is fundamental for brain health, rehabilitative studies might use the current setup to investigate if respiratory exercises positively affect clinical variables and venous drainage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alice Pirastru
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 20148 Milan, Italy
- Department of Electronics, Information, and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Ferrari
- Department of Electronics, Information, and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Sonia Di Tella
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 20148 Milan, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli, 1, 20123 Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Cazzoli
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 20148 Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Pelizzari
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 20148 Milan, Italy
| | - Ning Jin
- MR R&D Collaborations, Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Inc., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | | | - Noam Alperin
- Department of Radiology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Giuseppe Baselli
- Department of Electronics, Information, and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
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6
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Burley CV, Burns K, Lam BCP, Brodaty H. Nonpharmacological approaches reduce symptoms of depression in dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 79:101669. [PMID: 35714853 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is a common psychological symptom associated with dementia. Pharmacological approaches are often used despite two large negative trials of efficacy. This meta-analysis examines nonpharmacological (i.e., psychosocial) approaches for symptoms of depression in people living with dementia and reports statistical and clinical significance. METHODS Relevant studies published between 2012 and 2020 were sourced by searching electronic databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsychINFO, Social Work Abstracts and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Studies were assessed for methodological quality. Random-effects meta-analysis was performed to calculate a pooled effect size (ES) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS Overall, 37 nonpharmacological studies were identified including 2,636 participants. The mean quality rating was high (12/14, SD=1.4). Meta-analysis revealed that nonpharmacological approaches were significantly associated with reduced symptoms of depression with a medium effect size (ES=-0.53, 95%CI [-0.72, -0.33], p < 0.0001). There was considerable heterogeneity between studies. Meta-regression revealed this was not driven by intervention type or setting (residential versus community). CONCLUSIONS Nonpharmacological approaches such as reminiscence, cognitive stimulation/ rehabilitation, therapeutic, music-based approaches and education/ training, have the potential to reduce symptoms of depression in dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire V Burley
- Dementia Centre for Research Collaboration, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Kim Burns
- Dementia Centre for Research Collaboration, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ben C P Lam
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Henry Brodaty
- Dementia Centre for Research Collaboration, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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Abstract
The concept of brain health has been inconsistently used across disciplines. This concept analysis sought to clarify brain health and construct a unified definition that may lead to consistent use of this concept. The analysis used Walker and Avant's framework to identify scholarly reports on the concept of brain health from various electronic databases. Building on the identified data sources, brain health can be understood as the brain's ability to optimally adapt to internal and external human conditions through cognitive and emotional responses across one's lifespan, which result in sustainable positive changes in brain structures and functional features. This analysis emphasized that maintaining brain health has positive implications on an individual's lifelong quality of health, independence, and delaying cognitive decline. By clarifying uses and definitions of the concept of brain health, this concept analysis may enable researchers and clinicians to evaluate and interpret the concept related data consistently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boniface Harerimana
- Parkwood Institute Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada.,Arthur Labatt Family School of Nursing, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Cheryl Forchuk
- Parkwood Institute Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada.,Arthur Labatt Family School of Nursing, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.,Schulich Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Julie Walsh
- Parkwood Institute Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada
| | - Jennifer Fogarty
- Parkwood Institute Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada.,Schulich Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Michael Borrie
- Parkwood Institute Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada.,Schulich Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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8
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Weaver SR, Skinner BD, Furlong R, Lucas RAI, Cable NT, Rendeiro C, McGettrick HM, Lucas SJE. Cerebral Hemodynamic and Neurotrophic Factor Responses Are Dependent on the Type of Exercise. Front Physiol 2021; 11:609935. [PMID: 33551835 PMCID: PMC7859714 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.609935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined acute cerebral hemodynamic and circulating neurotrophic factor responses to moderate intensity continuous exercise (MICT), guideline-based high intensity interval exercise (HIIT), and sprint interval exercise (SIT). We hypothesized that the pattern of middle cerebral artery velocity (MCAv) response would differ between interval and continuous exercise, with SIT inducing the smallest increase from rest, while increases in neurotrophic factors would be intensity-dependent. In a randomized crossover design, 24 healthy adults (nine females) performed three exercise protocols: (i) MICT (30 min), (ii) HIIT (4 × 4 min at 85% HRmax), and (iii) SIT (4 × 30 s supramaximal). MCAv significantly increased from rest across MICT (Δ13.1 ± 8.5 cm⋅s-1, p < 0.001) and all bouts of HIIT (Δ15.2 ± 9.8 cm⋅s-1, p < 0.001), but only for the initial bout of SIT (Δ17.3 ± 11.6 cm⋅s-1, p < 0.001). Immediately following each interval bout, MCAv increased (i.e., rebounded) for the SIT (9-14% above rest, p ≤ 0.04), but not HIIT protocol. SIT alone induced significant elevations from rest to end-exercise in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF; Δ28 ± 36%, p = 0.017) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF, Δ149% ± 162%, p < 0.001) and there were greater increases in lactate than in either other protocol (>5-fold greater in SIT, p < 0.001), alongside a small significant reduction at the end of active recovery in insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1, Δ22 ± 21%, p = 0.002). In conclusion, while the nature of the response may differ, both guideline-based and sprint-based interval exercise have the potential to induce significant changes in factors linked to improved cerebrovascular and brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel R. Weaver
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Bethany D. Skinner
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rhodri Furlong
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rebekah A. I. Lucas
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - N. Timothy Cable
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Catarina Rendeiro
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Helen M. McGettrick
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel J. E. Lucas
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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9
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Shoemaker LN, Wilson LC, Lucas SJE, Machado L, Walker RJ, Cotter JD. Indomethacin markedly blunts cerebral perfusion and reactivity, with little cognitive consequence in healthy young and older adults. J Physiol 2020; 599:1097-1113. [DOI: 10.1113/jp280118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L. N. Shoemaker
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - L. C. Wilson
- Department of Medicine Otago Medical School ‐ Dunedin Campus University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - S. J. E. Lucas
- Department of Physiology University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham Birmingham UK
- Centre for Human Brain Health University of Birmingham Birmingham UK
| | - L. Machado
- Department of Psychology University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - R. J. Walker
- Department of Medicine Otago Medical School ‐ Dunedin Campus University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - J. D. Cotter
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
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10
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Furlong RJ, Weaver SR, Sutherland R, Burley CV, Imi GM, Lucas RAI, Lucas SJE. Exercise-induced elevations in cerebral blood velocity are greater in running compared to cycling at higher intensities. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14539. [PMID: 32786068 PMCID: PMC7422808 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The optimal exercise intensity and modality for maximizing cerebral blood flow (CBF) and hence potential exposure to positive, hemodynamically derived cerebral adaptations is yet to be fully determined. This study compared CBF velocity responses between running and cycling across a range of exercise intensities. Twenty-six participants (12 females; age: 26 ± 8 years) completed four exercise sessions; two mode-specific maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max ) tests, followed by (order randomized) two incremental exercise protocols (3-min stages at 35%, 50%, 65%, 80%, 95% VO2max ). Continuous measures of middle cerebral artery velocity (MCAv), oxygen consumption, end-tidal CO2 (PET CO2 ), and heart rate were obtained. Modality-specific MCAv changes were observed for the whole group (interaction effect: p = .01). Exercise-induced increases in MCAvmean during cycling followed an inverted-U pattern, peaking at 65% VO2max (Δ12 ± 7 cm/s from rest), whereas MCAvmean during running increased linearly up to 95% VO2max (change from rest: Δ12 ± 13 vs. Δ7 ± 8 cm/s for running vs. cycling at 95% VO2max ; p = .01). In contrast, both modalities had an inverted-U pattern for PET CO2 changes, although peaked at different intensities (running: 50% VO2max , Δ6 ± 2 mmHg; cycling: 65% VO2max , Δ7 ± 2 mmHg; interaction effect: p = .01). Further subgroup analysis revealed that the running-specific linear MCAvmean response was fitness dependent (Fitness*modality*intensity interaction effect: p = .04). Above 65% VO2max , fitter participants (n = 16; male > 45 mL/min/kg and female > 40 mL/min/kg) increased MCAvmean up to 95% VO2max , whereas in unfit participants (n = 7, male < mL/min/kg and female < 35 mL/min/kg) MCAvmean returned toward resting values. Findings demonstrate that modality- and fitness-specific profiles for MCAvmean are seen at exercise intensities exceeding 65% VO2max .
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhodri J. Furlong
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation SciencesCollege of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Samuel R. Weaver
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation SciencesCollege of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Centre for Human Brain HealthUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Rory Sutherland
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation SciencesCollege of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Claire V. Burley
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation SciencesCollege of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Centre for Human Brain HealthUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Dementia Centre for Research CollaborationSchool of PsychiatryUniversity of New South WalesSydneyAustralia
| | - Gabriella M. Imi
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation SciencesCollege of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Rebekah A. I. Lucas
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation SciencesCollege of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Samuel J. E. Lucas
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation SciencesCollege of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Centre for Human Brain HealthUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
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11
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The physiology of rowing with perspective on training and health. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:1943-1963. [PMID: 32627051 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04429-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This review presents a perspective on the expansive literature on rowing. METHODS The PubMed database was searched for the most relevant literature, while some information was obtained from books. RESULTS Following the life span of former rowers paved the way to advocate exercise for health promotion. Rowing involves almost all muscles during the stroke and competition requires a large oxygen uptake, which is challenged by the pulmonary diffusion capacity and restriction in blood flow to the muscles. Unique training adaptations allow for simultaneous engagement of the legs in the relatively slow movement of the rowing stroke that, therefore, involves primarily slow-twitch muscle fibres. Like other sport activities, rowing is associated with adaptation not only of the heart, including both increased internal diameters and myocardial size, but also skeletal muscles with hypertrophy of especially slow-twitch muscle fibres. The high metabolic requirement of intense rowing reduces blood pH and, thereby, arterial oxygen saturation decreases as arterial oxygen tension becomes affected. CONCLUSION Competitive rowing challenges most systems in the body including pulmonary function and circulatory control with implication for cerebral blood flow and neuromuscular activation. Thus, the physiology of rowing is complex, but it obviously favours large individuals with arms and legs that allow the development of a long stroke. Present inquiries include the development of an appropriately large cardiac output despite the Valsalva-like manoeuvre associated with the stroke, and the remarkable ability of the brain to maintain motor control and metabolism despite marked reductions in cerebral blood flow and oxygenation.
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12
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Bailey DM. RETRACTED ARTICLE: The quantum physiology of oxygen; from electrons to the evolution of redox signaling in the human brain. Bioelectron Med 2018; 4:13. [PMID: 32232089 PMCID: PMC7098224 DOI: 10.1186/s42234-018-0014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rising atmospheric oxygen (O2) levels provided a selective pressure for the evolution of O2-dependent micro-organisms that began with the autotrophic eukaryotes. Since these primordial times, the respiring mammalian cell has become entirely dependent on the constancy of electron flow with molecular O2 serving as the terminal electron acceptor in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Indeed, the ability to “sense” O2 and maintain homeostasis is considered one of the most important roles of the central nervous system (CNS) and likely represented a major driving force in the evolution of the human brain. Today, modern humans have evolved with an oversized brain committed to a continually active state and as a consequence, paradoxically vulnerable to failure if the O2 supply is interrupted. However, our pre-occupation with O2, the elixir of life, obscures the fact that it is a gas with a Janus Face, capable of sustaining life in physiologically controlled amounts yet paradoxically deadly to the CNS when in excess. A closer look at its quantum structure reveals precisely why; the triplet ground state diatomic O2 molecule is paramagnetic and exists in air as a free radical, constrained from reacting aggressively with the brain’s organic molecules due to its “spin restriction”, a thermodynamic quirk of evolutionary fate. By further exploring O2’s free radical “quantum quirkiness” including emergent quantum physiological phenomena, our understanding of precisely how the human brain senses O2 deprivation (hypoxia) and the elaborate redox-signaling defense mechanisms that defend O2 homeostasis has the potential to offer unique insights into the pathophysiology and treatment of human brain disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Miles Bailey
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Alfred Russel Wallace Building, Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, CF37 4AT UK
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13
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Higher physical fitness levels are associated with less language decline in healthy ageing. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6715. [PMID: 29712942 PMCID: PMC5928071 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24972-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Healthy ageing is associated with decline in cognitive abilities such as language. Aerobic fitness has been shown to ameliorate decline in some cognitive domains, but the potential benefits for language have not been examined. In a cross-sectional sample, we investigated the relationship between aerobic fitness and tip-of-the-tongue states. These are among the most frequent cognitive failures in healthy older adults and occur when a speaker knows a word but is unable to produce it. We found that healthy older adults indeed experience more tip-of-the-tongue states than young adults. Importantly, higher aerobic fitness levels decrease the probability of experiencing tip-of-the-tongue states in healthy older adults. Fitness-related differences in word finding abilities are observed over and above effects of age. This is the first demonstration of a link between aerobic fitness and language functioning in healthy older adults.
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Crozier J, Roig M, Eng JJ, MacKay-Lyons M, Fung J, Ploughman M, Bailey DM, Sweet SN, Giacomantonio N, Thiel A, Trivino M, Tang A. High-Intensity Interval Training After Stroke: An Opportunity to Promote Functional Recovery, Cardiovascular Health, and Neuroplasticity. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2018; 32:543-556. [PMID: 29676956 DOI: 10.1177/1545968318766663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stroke is the leading cause of adult disability. Individuals poststroke possess less than half of the cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) as their nonstroke counterparts, leading to inactivity, deconditioning, and an increased risk of cardiovascular events. Preserving cardiovascular health is critical to lower stroke risk; however, stroke rehabilitation typically provides limited opportunity for cardiovascular exercise. Optimal cardiovascular training parameters to maximize recovery in stroke survivors also remains unknown. While stroke rehabilitation recommendations suggest the use of moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) to improve CRF, neither is it routinely implemented in clinical practice, nor is the intensity always sufficient to elicit a training effect. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has emerged as a potentially effective alternative that encompasses brief high-intensity bursts of exercise interspersed with bouts of recovery, aiming to maximize cardiovascular exercise intensity in a time-efficient manner. HIIT may provide an alternative exercise intervention and invoke more pronounced benefits poststroke. OBJECTIVES To provide an updated review of HIIT poststroke through ( a) synthesizing current evidence; ( b) proposing preliminary considerations of HIIT parameters to optimize benefit; ( c) discussing potential mechanisms underlying changes in function, cardiovascular health, and neuroplasticity following HIIT; and ( d) discussing clinical implications and directions for future research. RESULTS Preliminary evidence from 10 studies report HIIT-associated improvements in functional, cardiovascular, and neuroplastic outcomes poststroke; however, optimal HIIT parameters remain unknown. CONCLUSION Larger randomized controlled trials are necessary to establish ( a) effectiveness, safety, and optimal training parameters within more heterogeneous poststroke populations; (b) potential mechanisms of HIIT-associated improvements; and ( c) adherence and psychosocial outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marc Roig
- 2 McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Janice J Eng
- 3 University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Joyce Fung
- 2 McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | - Shane N Sweet
- 2 McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,7 Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal (CRIR), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Ada Tang
- 1 McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Hou L, Chen W, Liu X, Qiao D, Zhou FM. Exercise-Induced Neuroprotection of the Nigrostriatal Dopamine System in Parkinson's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:358. [PMID: 29163139 PMCID: PMC5675869 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies indicate that physical activity and exercise may reduce the risk of developing Parkinson's disease (PD), and clinical observations suggest that physical exercise can reduce the motor symptoms in PD patients. In experimental animals, a profound observation is that exercise of appropriate timing, duration, and intensity can reduce toxin-induced lesion of the nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) system in animal PD models, although negative results have also been reported, potentially due to inappropriate timing and intensity of the exercise regimen. Exercise may also minimize DA denervation-induced medium spiny neuron (MSN) dendritic atrophy and other abnormalities such as enlarged corticostriatal synapse and abnormal MSN excitability and spiking activity. Taken together, epidemiological studies, clinical observations, and animal research indicate that appropriately dosed physical activity and exercise may not only reduce the risk of developing PD in vulnerable populations but also benefit PD patients by potentially protecting the residual DA neurons or directly restoring the dysfunctional cortico-basal ganglia motor control circuit, and these benefits may be mediated by exercise-triggered production of endogenous neuroprotective molecules such as neurotrophic factors. Thus, exercise is a universally available, side effect-free medicine that should be prescribed to vulnerable populations as a preventive measure and to PD patients as a component of treatment. Future research needs to establish standardized exercise protocols that can reliably induce DA neuron protection, enabling the delineation of the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms that in turn can maximize exercise-induced neuroprotection and neurorestoration in animal PD models and eventually in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Hou
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.,Department of Exercise and Rehabilitation, Physical Education College, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Decai Qiao
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Fu-Ming Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee College of Medicine, Memphis, TN, United States
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Zdravevski E, Risteska Stojkoska B, Standl M, Schulz H. Automatic machine-learning based identification of jogging periods from accelerometer measurements of adolescents under field conditions. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184216. [PMID: 28880923 PMCID: PMC5589162 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Assessment of health benefits associated with physical activity depend on the activity duration, intensity and frequency, therefore their correct identification is very valuable and important in epidemiological and clinical studies. The aims of this study are: to develop an algorithm for automatic identification of intended jogging periods; and to assess whether the identification performance is improved when using two accelerometers at the hip and ankle, compared to when using only one at either position. Methods The study used diarized jogging periods and the corresponding accelerometer data from thirty-nine, 15-year-old adolescents, collected under field conditions, as part of the GINIplus study. The data was obtained from two accelerometers placed at the hip and ankle. Automated feature engineering technique was performed to extract features from the raw accelerometer readings and to select a subset of the most significant features. Four machine learning algorithms were used for classification: Logistic regression, Support Vector Machines, Random Forest and Extremely Randomized Trees. Classification was performed using only data from the hip accelerometer, using only data from ankle accelerometer and using data from both accelerometers. Results The reported jogging periods were verified by visual inspection and used as golden standard. After the feature selection and tuning of the classification algorithms, all options provided a classification accuracy of at least 0.99, independent of the applied segmentation strategy with sliding windows of either 60s or 180s. The best matching ratio, i.e. the length of correctly identified jogging periods related to the total time including the missed ones, was up to 0.875. It could be additionally improved up to 0.967 by application of post-classification rules, which considered the duration of breaks and jogging periods. There was no obvious benefit of using two accelerometers, rather almost the same performance could be achieved from either accelerometer position. Conclusions Machine learning techniques can be used for automatic activity recognition, as they provide very accurate activity recognition, significantly more accurate than when keeping a diary. Identification of jogging periods in adolescents can be performed using only one accelerometer. Performance-wise there is no significant benefit from using accelerometers on both locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eftim Zdravevski
- Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering, Saints Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, Macedonia
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Marie Standl
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Holger Schulz
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
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PARFITT RHODRI, HENSMAN MARIANNEY, LUCAS SAMUELJE. Cerebral Blood Flow Responses to Aquatic Treadmill Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 49:1305-1312. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Szalewska D, Radkowski M, Demkow U, Winklewski PJ. Exercise Strategies to Counteract Brain Aging Effects. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1020:69-79. [PMID: 28382606 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2017_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Stimulating structural and functional adaptation that improves cognitive performance in specific tasks is the major objective of therapeutic exercise training. In this review we briefly summarize central physiological mechanisms activated by exercise. We further discuss the influence of different kinds of exercise on cognitive improvement. In particular, the effects on cognitive function of aerobic endurance, resistance and respiratory exercise, and combinations thereof are presented. The accumulating evidence reinforces the position that regular aerobic, and possibly also resistance training, offers a powerful tool to cope with biologic aging of central nervous system functions. Nevertheless, the potential magnitude of cognition improvement or restrain of age-related cognition deterioration and the quantity of physical activity required to induce meaningful responses remain to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marek Radkowski
- Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Urszula Demkow
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pawel J Winklewski
- Department of Human Physiology, Medical University of Gdansk, 15 Tuwima Street, 80-210, Gdansk, Poland. .,Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Pomeranian University of Slupsk, Slupsk, Poland.
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