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Giuriato G, Ives SJ, Tarperi C, Bortolan L, Ruzzante F, Cevese A, Schena F, Venturelli M. Central and peripheral haemodynamics at exercise onset: the role of central command. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:3105-3115. [PMID: 38819659 PMCID: PMC11467020 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05513-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The involvement of central command in central hemodynamic regulation during exercise is relatively well-known, although its contribution to peripheral hemodynamics at the onset of low-intensity contractions is debated. This study sought to examine central and peripheral hemodynamics during electrically-evoked muscle contractions (without central command) and voluntary muscle activity (with central command). METHODS Cyclic quadriceps isometric contractions (1 every second), either electrically-evoked (ES; 200 ms trains composed of 20 square waves) or performed voluntarily (VC), were executed by 10 healthy males (26 ± 3 years). In both trials, matched for force output, peripheral and central hemodynamics were analysed. RESULTS At exercise onset, both ES and VC exhibited equal peaks of femoral blood flow (1276 ± 849 vs. 1117 ± 632 ml/min, p > 0.05) and vascular conductance (15 ± 11 vs. 13 ± 7 ml/min/mmHg, p > 0.05), respectively. Similar peaks of heart rate (86 ± 16 bpm vs. 85 ± 16 bpm), stroke volume (100 ± 20 vs. 99 ± 27 ml), cardiac output (8.2 ± 2.5 vs. 8.5 ± 2.1 L/min), and mean arterial pressure (113 ± 13 vs. 113 ± 3 mmHg), were recorded (all, p > 0.05). After ~ 50 s, all the variables drifted to lower values. Collectively, the hemodynamics showed equal responses. CONCLUSION These results suggest a similar pathway for the initial (first 40 s) increase in central and peripheral hemodynamics. The parallel responses may suggest an initial minimal central command involvement during the onset of low-intensity contractions, likely associated with a neural drive activation delay or threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Giuriato
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
- Surgical, Medical and Dental Department of Morphological Sciences Related to Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
| | - Stephen J Ives
- Health and Human Physiological Sciences Department, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, USA
| | - Cantor Tarperi
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Bortolan
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Federico Ruzzante
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Antonio Cevese
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Massimo Venturelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Shields KL, Broxterman RM, Jarrett CL, Bisconti AV, Park SH, Richardson RS. The passive leg movement technique for assessing vascular function: the impact of baseline blood flow. Exp Physiol 2021; 106:2133-2147. [PMID: 34411365 DOI: 10.1113/ep089818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? The passive leg movement (PLM) assessment of vascular function utilizes the blood flow response in the common femoral artery (CFA): what is the impact of baseline CFA blood flow on the PLM response? What is the main finding and its importance? Although an attenuated PLM response is not an obligatory consequence of increased baseline CFA blood flow, increased blood flow through the deep femoral artery will diminish the response. Care should be taken to ensure that a genuine baseline leg blood flow is obtained prior to performing a PLM vascular function assessment. ABSTRACT The passive leg movement (PLM) assessment of vascular function utilizes the blood flow response in the common femoral artery (CFA). This response is primarily driven by vasodilation of the microvasculature downstream from the deep (DFA) and, to a lesser extent, the superficial (SFA) femoral artery, which facilitate blood flow to the upper and lower leg, respectively. However, the impact of baseline CFA blood flow on the PLM response is unknown. Therefore, to manipulate baseline CFA blood flow, PLM was performed with and without upper and lower leg cutaneous heating in 10 healthy subjects, with blood flow (ultrasound Doppler) and blood pressure (finometer) assessed. Baseline blood flow was significantly increased in the CFA (∼97%), DFA (∼109%) and SFA (∼78%) by upper leg heating. This increase in baseline CFA blood flow significantly attenuated the PLM-induced total blood flow in the DFA (∼62%), which was reflected by a significant fall in blood flow in the CFA (∼49%), but not in the SFA. Conversely, lower leg heating increased blood flow in the CFA (∼68%) and SFA (∼160%), but not in the DFA. Interestingly, this increase in baseline CFA blood flow only significantly attenuated the PLM-induced total blood flow in the SFA (∼60%), and not in the CFA or DFA. Thus, although an attenuated PLM response is not an obligatory consequence of an increase in baseline CFA blood flow, an increase in baseline blood flow through the DFA will diminish the PLM response. Therefore, care should be taken to ensure that a genuine baseline leg blood flow is obtained prior to performance of a PLM vascular function assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Shields
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Ryan M Broxterman
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Catherine L Jarrett
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Angela V Bisconti
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Soung Hun Park
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Russell S Richardson
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Weggen JB, Darling AM, Autler AS, Hogwood AC, Decker KP, Imthurn B, Tuzzolo GM, Garten RS. Impact of acute antioxidant supplementation on vascular function and autonomic nervous system modulation in young adults with PTSD. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 321:R49-R61. [PMID: 34075811 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00054.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been associated with an increase in risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The goal of this study was to determine if peripheral vascular dysfunction, a precursor to CVD, was present in young adults with PTSD, and if an acute antioxidant (AO) supplementation could modify this potential PTSD-induced vascular dysfunction. Thirteen individuals with PTSD were recruited for this investigation and were compared with 35 age- and sex-matched controls (CTRL). The PTSD group participated in two visits, consuming either a placebo (PTSD-PL) or antioxidants (PTSD-AO; vitamins C and E; α-lipoic acid) before their visits, whereas the CTRL subjects only participated in one visit. Upper and lower limb vascular functions were assessed via flow-mediated dilation and passive leg movement technique. Heart rate variability was utilized to assess autonomic nervous system modulation. The PTSD-PL condition, when compared with the CTRL group, reported lower arm and leg microvascular function as well as sympathetic nervous system (SNS) predominance. After acute AO supplementation, arm, but not leg, microvascular function was improved and SNS predominance was lowered to which the prior difference between PTSD group and CTRL was no longer significant. Young individuals with PTSD demonstrated lower arm and leg microvascular function as well as greater SNS predominance when compared with age- and sex-matched controls. Furthermore, this lower vascular/autonomic function was augmented by an acute AO supplementation to the level of the healthy controls, potentially implicating oxidative stress as a contributor to this blunted vascular/autonomic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer B Weggen
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Ashley M Darling
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
| | - Aaron S Autler
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Austin C Hogwood
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Kevin P Decker
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Brandon Imthurn
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Gina M Tuzzolo
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Ryan S Garten
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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Decker KP, Feliciano PG, Kimmel MT, Hogwood AC, Weggen JB, Darling AM, Richardson JW, Garten RS. Examining sex differences in sitting-induced microvascular dysfunction: Insight from acute vitamin C supplementation. Microvasc Res 2021; 135:104147. [PMID: 33610562 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2021.104147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Lower limb microvascular dysfunction resulting from prolonged sitting (PS) bouts has been revealed to occur independent of sex. Although acute antioxidant supplementation has been reported to blunt conduit artery dysfunction following PS in young males, it is unknown if this protective effect extends to the microvasculature or is relevant in young females, who possess intrinsic vascular protective mechanisms specific to antioxidant defense. Therefore, this study employed an acute antioxidant supplementation to further examine sex differences during PS with a specific focus on microvascular function. METHODS On two separate visits, 14 females (23 ± 3 years) and 12 males (25 ± 4 years) had leg microvascular function (LMVF) assessed (via the passive leg movement technique) before and after 1.5 h of sitting. Prior to each visit, one gram of vitamin C (VC) or placebo (PL) was consumed. RESULTS PS significantly reduced LMVF [PL: (M: -34 ± 20; F: -23 ± 18%; p < 0.01) independent of sex (p = 0.7)], but the VC condition only blunted this reduction in males (VC: -3 ± 20%; p < 0.01), but not females (VC: -18 ± 25%; p = 0.5). CONCLUSION Young males and females reported similar reductions LMVF following PS, but only the young males reported a preservation of LMVF following the VC supplementation. This finding in young females was highlighted by substantial variability in LMVF measures in response to the VC condition that was unrelated to changes in the potential contributors to sitting-induced reductions in LMVF (e.g. lower limb venous pooling, reduced arterial shear rate). NEW AND NOTEWORTHY In this study, we employed an acute Vitamin C (VC) supplementation to examine sex differences in leg microvascular function (LMVF) following a bout of prolonged sitting. This study revealed that prolonged sitting reduced LMVF independent of sex, but only young males reported an attenuation to this lowered LMVF following VC supplementation. The young females revealed substantial variability in sitting-induced changes to LMVF that could not be explained by the potential contributors to sitting-induced reductions in LMVF (e.g. lower limb venous pooling, reduced arterial shear rate).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P Decker
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Patrick G Feliciano
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Morgan T Kimmel
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Austin C Hogwood
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jennifer B Weggen
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Ashley M Darling
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Jacob W Richardson
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Ryan S Garten
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
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Trinity JD, Kwon OS, Broxterman RM, Gifford JR, Kithas AC, Hydren JR, Jarrett CL, Shields KL, Bisconti AV, Park SH, Craig JC, Nelson AD, Morgan DE, Jessop JE, Bledsoe AD, Richardson RS. The role of the endothelium in the hyperemic response to passive leg movement: looking beyond nitric oxide. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 320:H668-H678. [PMID: 33306447 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00784.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Passive leg movement (PLM) evokes a robust and predominantly nitric oxide (NO)-mediated increase in blood flow that declines with age and disease. Consequently, PLM is becoming increasingly accepted as a sensitive assessment of endothelium-mediated vascular function. However, a substantial PLM-induced hyperemic response is still evoked despite nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition. Therefore, in nine young healthy men (25 ± 4 yr), this investigation aimed to determine whether the combination of two potent endothelium-dependent vasodilators, specifically prostaglandin (PG) and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF), account for the remaining hyperemic response to the two variants of PLM, PLM (60 movements) and single PLM (sPLM, 1 movement), when NOS is inhibited. The leg blood flow (LBF, Doppler ultrasound) response to PLM and sPLM following the intra-arterial infusion of NG-monomethyl-l-arginine (l-NMMA), to inhibit NOS, was compared to the combined inhibition of NOS, cyclooxygenase (COX), and cytochrome P-450 (CYP450) by l-NMMA, ketorolac tromethamine (KET), and fluconazole (FLUC), respectively. NOS inhibition attenuated the overall LBF [area under the curve (LBFAUC)] response to both PLM (control: 456 ± 194, l-NMMA: 168 ± 127 mL, P < 0.01) and sPLM (control: 185 ± 171, l-NMMA: 62 ± 31 mL, P = 0.03). The combined inhibition of NOS, COX, and CYP450 (i.e., l-NMMA+KET+FLUC) did not further attenuate the hyperemic responses to PLM (LBFAUC: 271 ± 97 mL, P > 0.05) or sPLM (LBFAUC: 72 ± 45 mL, P > 0.05). Therefore, PG and EDHF do not collectively contribute to the non-NOS-derived NO-mediated, endothelium-dependent hyperemic response to either PLM or sPLM in healthy young men. These findings add to the mounting evidence and understanding of the vasodilatory pathways assessed by the PLM and sPLM vascular function tests.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Passive leg movement (PLM) evokes a highly nitric oxide (NO)-mediated hyperemic response and may provide a novel evaluation of vascular function. The contributions of endothelium-dependent vasodilatory pathways, beyond NO and including prostaglandins and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor, to the PLM-induced hyperemic response to PLM have not been evaluated. With intra-arterial drug infusion, the combined inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), cyclooxygenase, and cytochrome P-450 (CYP450) pathways did not further diminish the hyperemic response to PLM compared with NOS inhibition alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel D Trinity
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Oh Sung Kwon
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Ryan M Broxterman
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Jayson R Gifford
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Exercise Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Andrew C Kithas
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Jay R Hydren
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Catherine L Jarrett
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Katherine L Shields
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Angela V Bisconti
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Soung Hun Park
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Jesse C Craig
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Ashley D Nelson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - David E Morgan
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Jacob E Jessop
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Amber D Bledsoe
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Russell S Richardson
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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6
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Kithas AC, Broxterman RM, Trinity JD, Gifford JR, Kwon OS, Hydren JR, Nelson AD, Jessop JE, Bledsoe AD, Morgan DE, Richardson RS. Nitric oxide synthase inhibition with N(G)-monomethyl-l-arginine: Determining the window of effect in the human vasculature. Nitric Oxide 2020; 104-105:51-60. [PMID: 32979497 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition with N(G)-monomethyl-l-arginine (L-NMMA) is often used to assess the role of NO in human cardiovascular function. However, the window of effect for L-NMMA on human vascular function is unknown, which is critical for designing and interpreting human-based studies. This study utilized the passive leg movement (PLM) assessment of vascular function, which is predominantly NO-mediated, in 7 young male subjects under control conditions, immediately following intra-arterial L-NMMA infusion (0.24 mg⋅dl-1⋅min-1), and at 45-60 and 90-105 min post L-NMMA infusion. The leg blood flow (LBF) and leg vascular conductance (LVC) responses to PLM, measured with Doppler ultrasound and expressed as the change from baseline to peak (ΔLBFpeak and ΔLVCpeak) and area under the curve (LBFAUC and LVCACU), were assessed. PLM-induced robust control ΔLBFpeak (1135 ± 324 ml⋅min-1) and ΔLVCpeak (10.7 ± 3.6 ml⋅min-1⋅mmHg-1) responses that were significantly attenuated (704 ± 196 ml⋅min-1 and 6.7 ± 2 ml⋅min-1⋅mmHg-1) immediately following L-NMMA infusion. Likewise, control condition PLM ΔLBFAUC (455 ± 202 ml) and ΔLVCAUC (4.0 ± 1.4 ml⋅mmHg-1) were significantly attenuated (141 ± 130 ml and 1.3 ± 1.2 ml⋅mmHg-1) immediately following L-NMMA infusion. However, by 45-60 min post L-NMMA infusion all PLM variables were not significantly different from control, and this was still the case at 90-105 min post L-NMMA infusion. These findings reveal that the potent reduction in NO bioavailability afforded by NOS inhibition with L-NMMA has a window of effect of less than 45-60 min in the human vasculature. These data are particularly important for the commonly employed approach of pharmacologically inhibiting NOS with L-NMMA in the human vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Kithas
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Ryan M Broxterman
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City, VAMC, UT, USA
| | - Joel D Trinity
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, USA; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City, VAMC, UT, USA
| | - Jayson R Gifford
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Oh Sung Kwon
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Jay R Hydren
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, USA; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City, VAMC, UT, USA
| | - Ashley D Nelson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jacob E Jessop
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Amber D Bledsoe
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - David E Morgan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Russell S Richardson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, USA; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City, VAMC, UT, USA.
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