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Sendra-Pérez C, Encarnacion-Martinez A, Salvador-Palmer R, Murias JM, Priego-Quesada JI. Profiles of muscle-specific oxygenation responses and thresholds during graded cycling incremental test. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00421-024-05593-1. [PMID: 39259396 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05593-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Compared to the determination of exercise thresholds based on systemic changes in blood lactate concentrations or gas exchange data, the determination of breakpoints based on muscle oxygen saturation offers a valid alternative to provide specific information on muscle-derived thresholds. Our study explored the profiles and timing of the second muscle oxygenation threshold (MOT2) in different muscles. Twenty-six cyclists and triathletes (15 male: age = 23 ± 7 years, height = 178 ± 5 cm, body mass = 70.2 ± 5.3 kg; 11 female: age = 22 ± 4 years, height = 164 ± 4 cm, body mass = 58.3 ± 8.1 kg) performed a graded exercise test (GXT), on a cycle ergometer. Power output, blood lactate concentration, heart rate, rating of perceived exertion, skinfolds and muscle oxygen saturation were registered in five muscles (vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius medialis, tibialis anterior and triceps brachii) and percentage at which MOT2 occurred for each muscle was determinated using the Exponential Dmax. The results of Statistical Parametric Mapping and ANOVA showed that, although muscle oxygenation displayed different profiles in each muscle during a GXT, MOT2 occurred at a similar percentage of the GXT in each muscle (77% biceps femoris, 75% tibalis anterior, 76% gastrocnemius medialis and 72% vastus lateralis) and it was similar that systemic threshold (73% of the GXT). In conclusion, this study showed different profiles of muscle oxygen saturation in different muscles, but without notable differences in the timing for MOT2 and concordance with systemic threshold. Finally, we suggest the analysis of the whole signal and not to simplify it to a breakpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Sendra-Pérez
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universitat de València, St: Gascó Oliag, 3. 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alberto Encarnacion-Martinez
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universitat de València, St: Gascó Oliag, 3. 46010, Valencia, Spain.
- Red Española de Investigación del Rendimiento Deportivo en Ciclismo y Mujer (REDICYM), Universitat de València, Ontinyent, Spain.
| | - Rosario Salvador-Palmer
- Red Española de Investigación del Rendimiento Deportivo en Ciclismo y Mujer (REDICYM), Universitat de València, Ontinyent, Spain
- Biophysics and Medical Physics Group, Department of Physiology, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan M Murias
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jose I Priego-Quesada
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universitat de València, St: Gascó Oliag, 3. 46010, Valencia, Spain
- Red Española de Investigación del Rendimiento Deportivo en Ciclismo y Mujer (REDICYM), Universitat de València, Ontinyent, Spain
- Biophysics and Medical Physics Group, Department of Physiology, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
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Mckee JR, Girard O, Peiffer JJ, Dempsey AR, Smedley K, Scott BR. Continuous blood flow restriction during repeated-sprint exercise increases peripheral but not systemic physiological and perceptual demands. Eur J Sport Sci 2024; 24:703-712. [PMID: 38874946 PMCID: PMC11235999 DOI: 10.1002/ejsc.12106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
This study examined the impact of continuous blood flow restriction (BFR) during repeated-sprint exercise (RSE) on acute performance, peripheral, systemic physiological, and perceptual responses. In a randomized crossover design, 26 adult male semi-professional and amateur team-sport players completed two RSE sessions (3 sets of 5 × 5-s sprints with 25 s of passive recovery and 3 min of rest) with continuous BFR (45% arterial occlusion; excluding during between-set rest periods) or without (non-BFR). Mean and peak power output were significantly lower (p < 0.001) during BFR compared to non-BFR (dz = 0.85 and 0.77, respectively). Minimum tissue saturation index during the sprints and rest periods was significantly reduced (p < 0.001) for BFR (dz = 1.26 and 1.21, respectively). Electromyography root mean square was significantly decreased (p < 0.01) for biceps femoris and lateral gastrocnemius muscles during BFR (dz = 0.35 and 0.79, respectively), but remained unchanged for the vastus lateralis muscle in both conditions. Oxygen consumption and minute ventilation were significantly reduced (both p < 0.01) for BFR (dz = 1.46 and 0.43, respectively). Perceived limb discomfort was significantly higher (p < 0.001) for BFR (dz = 0.78). No differences (p > 0.05) in blood lactate concentration or rating of perceived exertion were observed between conditions. Blood flow-restricted RSE reduced performance and likely increased the physiological and perceptual stimulus for the periphery with greater reliance on anaerobic glycolysis, despite comparable or decreased systemic demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R. Mckee
- Physical Activity, Sport and Exercise (PHASE) Research GroupSchool of Allied Health (Exercise Science)Murdoch UniversityPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
- Centre for Healthy AgeingMurdoch UniversityPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science)The University of Western AustraliaPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Jeremiah J. Peiffer
- Physical Activity, Sport and Exercise (PHASE) Research GroupSchool of Allied Health (Exercise Science)Murdoch UniversityPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
- Centre for Healthy AgeingMurdoch UniversityPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Alasdair R. Dempsey
- Physical Activity, Sport and Exercise (PHASE) Research GroupSchool of Allied Health (Exercise Science)Murdoch UniversityPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative TherapeuticsMurdoch UniversityPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Kirsten Smedley
- Physical Activity, Sport and Exercise (PHASE) Research GroupSchool of Allied Health (Exercise Science)Murdoch UniversityPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
- School of Medical, Molecular and Forensic SciencesMurdoch UniversityPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Brendan R. Scott
- Physical Activity, Sport and Exercise (PHASE) Research GroupSchool of Allied Health (Exercise Science)Murdoch UniversityPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
- Centre for Healthy AgeingMurdoch UniversityPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
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Solsona R, Dériaz R, Albert S, Chamoux M, Lloria-Varella J, Borrani F, Sanchez AMJ. Impact of systemic hypoxia and blood flow restriction on mechanical, cardiorespiratory, and neuromuscular responses to a multiple-set repeated sprint exercise. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1339284. [PMID: 38357500 PMCID: PMC10864669 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1339284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Repeated sprint cycling exercises (RSE) performed under systemic normobaric hypoxia (HYP) or with blood flow restriction (BFR) are of growing interest. To the best of our knowledge, there is no stringent consensus on the cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular responses between systemic HYP and BFR during RSE. Thus, this study assessed cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular responses to multiple sets of RSE under HYP or with BFR. Methods: According to a crossover design, fifteen men completed RSE (three sets of five 10-s sprints with 20 s of recovery) in normoxia (NOR), HYP, and with bilaterally-cuffed BFR at 45% of resting arterial occlusive pressure during sets in NOR. Power output, cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular responses were assessed. Results: Average peak and mean powers were lower in BFR (dz = 0.87 and dz = 1.23, respectively) and HYP (dz = 0.65 and dz = 1.21, respectively) compared to NOR (p < 0.001). The percentage decrement of power output was greater in BFR (dz = 0.94) and HYP (dz = 0.64) compared to NOR (p < 0.001), as well as in BFR compared to NOR (p = 0.037, dz = 0.30). The percentage decrease of maximal voluntary contraction of the knee extensors after the session was greater in BFR compared to NOR and HYP (p = 0.011, dz = 0.78 and p = 0.027, dz = 0.75, respectively). Accumulated ventilation during exercise was higher in HYP and lower in BFR (p = 0.002, dz = 0.51, and p < 0.001, dz = 0.71, respectively). Peak oxygen consumption was reduced in HYP (p < 0.001, dz = 1.47). Heart rate was lower in BFR during exercise and recovery (p < 0.001, dz = 0.82 and p = 0.012, dz = 0.43, respectively). Finally, aerobic contribution was reduced in HYP compared to NOR (p = 0.002, dz = 0.46) and BFR (p = 0.005, dz = 0.33). Discussion: Thus, this study indicates that power output during RSE is impaired in HYP and BFR and that BFR amplifies neuromuscular fatigue. In contrast, HYP did not impair neuromuscular function but enhanced the ventilatory response along with reduced oxygen consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Solsona
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- University of Perpignan Via Domitia, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Performance Santé Environnement de Montagne, Font-Romeu, France
| | - Roméo Dériaz
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- University of Perpignan Via Domitia, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Performance Santé Environnement de Montagne, Font-Romeu, France
| | - Simon Albert
- University of Rennes, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Rennes, France
| | - Maxime Chamoux
- University of Perpignan Via Domitia, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Performance Santé Environnement de Montagne, Font-Romeu, France
| | - Jaume Lloria-Varella
- University of Perpignan Via Domitia, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Performance Santé Environnement de Montagne, Font-Romeu, France
| | - Fabio Borrani
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anthony M. J. Sanchez
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- University of Perpignan Via Domitia, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Performance Santé Environnement de Montagne, Font-Romeu, France
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Papoti M, Manchado-Gobatto FB, Gobatto CA. Inter-effort recovery hypoxia: a new paradigm in sport science? BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2023; 9:e001520. [PMID: 37780131 PMCID: PMC10533790 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2022-001520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is a popular method for optimising sports performance and, more recently, improving health-related parameters. The inclusion of hypoxia during HIIT can promote additional gains compared with normoxia. However, reductions in the effort intensities compared with the same training performed in normoxia have been reported. Studies have reported that adding hypoxia during periods of inter-effort recovery (IEH) enables maintenance of the intensity of efforts. It also promotes additional gains from exposure to hypoxia. Our call is for researchers to consider IEH in experiments involving different models of HIIT. Additionally, we consider the need to answer the following questions: What is the clinically relevant minimum dose of exposure to hypoxia during the recovery periods between efforts so that favourable adaptations of parameters are associated with health and sports performance? How does the intensity of exertion influence the responses to hypoxia exposure during recovery periods? What are the chronic effects of different models of HIIT and hypoxia recovery on sports performance?
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Papoti
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Wang A, Brothers RM, Hurr C. Application of blood flow restriction in hypoxic environment augments muscle deoxygenation without compromising repeated sprint exercise performance. Exp Physiol 2023; 108:728-739. [PMID: 36934386 PMCID: PMC10988449 DOI: 10.1113/ep091032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Does applying blood flow restriction during the rest periods of repeated sprint exercise in a hypoxic environment lead to greater local hypoxia within exercising muscles without compromising training workload? What is the main finding and its importance? Repeated sprint exercise with blood flow restriction administered during rest periods under systemic hypoxia led to severe local hypoxia within the exercised muscles without a reduction in power output. The maintained power output might be due to elevated neuromuscular activation. Accordingly, the proposed repeated sprint exercise in the current study may be an effective training modality. ABSTRACT Repeated sprint exercise (RSE) is a popular training modality for a wide variety of athletic activities. The purpose of this study was to assess the combined effects of systemic hypoxia and blood flow restriction (BFR) on muscle deoxygenation and RSE performance. Twelve healthy young men performed a standard RSE training modality (five sets of 10 s maximal sprint with a 60 s rest) under four different conditions: (1) normoxic control (NC), normoxia (N, 20.9%) + control BFR (C, 0 mmHg); (2) normoxic BFR (NB), normoxia (N, 20.9%) + BFR (B, 140 mmHg); (3) hypoxic control (HC), hypoxia (H, 13.7%) + control BFR (C, 0 mmHg); and (4) hypoxic BFR (HB): hypoxia (H, 13.7%) + BFR (B, 140 mmHg). BFR was only administered during the rest period of the respective RSE trials. In the local exercising muscles, muscle oxygen saturation (Sm O 2 $\textit{Sm}{O}_{2}$ ) and neuromuscular activity were measured using near-infrared spectroscopy and surface electromyography, respectively. SmO2 was lower in systemic hypoxia conditions relative to normoxia conditions (P < 0.05). A rther decrease in SmO2 was observed in HB relative to HC (Set 1: HC 70.0 ± 17.5 vs. HB 57.4 ± 11.3%, P = 0.001; Set 4: HC 67.5 ± 14.6 vs. HB 57.0 ± 12.0%, P = 0.013; Set 5: HC 61.0 ± 15.3 vs. HB 47.7 ± 11.9%, P < 0.001). No differences in RSE performance were observed between any of the conditions (P > 0.05). Interestingly, an elevated neuromuscular activity was seen in response to the BFR, particularly during conditions of systemic hypoxia (P < 0.05). Thus, RSE with BFR administered during rest periods under systemic hypoxia led to severe local hypoxia without compromising training workload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjie Wang
- Integrative Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, College of EducationJeonbuk National UniversityJeonjuSouth Korea
| | - R. Matthew Brothers
- Integrative Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of KinesiologyCollege of Nursing and Health InnovationUniversity of Texas at ArlingtonArlingtonTXUSA
| | - Chansol Hurr
- Integrative Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, College of EducationJeonbuk National UniversityJeonjuSouth Korea
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