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How to Investigate the Effect of Music on Breathing during Exercise: Methodology and Tools. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22062351. [PMID: 35336520 PMCID: PMC8953998 DOI: 10.3390/s22062351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Music is an invaluable tool to improve affective valence during exercise, with the potential contribution of a mechanism called rhythmic entrainment. However, several methodological limitations impair our current understanding of the effect of music on relevant psychophysiological responses to exercise, including breathing variables. This study presents conceptual, methodological, and operational insight favoring the investigation of the effect of music on breathing during exercise. Three tools were developed for the quantification of the presence, degree, and magnitude of music-locomotor, locomotor-breathing, and music-breathing entrainment. The occurrence of entrainment was assessed during 30 min of moderate cycling exercise performed either when listening to music or not, and was complemented by the recording of relevant psychophysiological and mechanical variables. Respiratory frequency and expiratory time were among the physiological variables that were affected to a greater extent by music during exercise, and a significant (p < 0.05) music-breathing entrainment was found in all 12 participants. These findings suggest the importance of evaluating the effect of music on breathing responses to exercise, with potential implications for exercise prescription and adherence, and for the development of wearable devices simultaneously measuring music, locomotor, and breathing signals.
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Silva TM, Aranda LC, Paula-Ribeiro M, Oliveira DM, Medeiros WM, Vianna LC, Nery LE, Silva BM. Hyperadditive ventilatory response arising from interaction between the carotid chemoreflex and the muscle mechanoreflex in healthy humans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 125:215-225. [PMID: 29565769 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00009.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise potentiates the carotid chemoreflex control of ventilation (VE). Hyperadditive neural interactions may partially mediate the potentiation. However, some neural interactions remain incompletely explored. As the potentiation occurs even during low-intensity exercise, we tested the hypothesis that the carotid chemoreflex and the muscle mechanoreflex could interact in a hyperadditive fashion. Fourteen young healthy subjects inhaled randomly, in separate visits, 12% O2 to stimulate the carotid chemoreflex and 21% O2 as control. A rebreathing circuit maintained isocapnia. During gases administration, subjects either remained at rest (i.e., normoxic and hypoxic rest) or the muscle mechanoreflex was stimulated via passive knee movement (i.e., normoxic and hypoxic movement). Surface muscle electrical activity did not increase during the passive movement, confirming the absence of active contractions. Hypoxic rest and normoxic movement similarly increased VE [change (mean ± SE) = 1.24 ± 0.72 vs. 0.73 ± 0.43 l/min, respectively; P = 0.46], but hypoxic rest only increased tidal volume (Vt), and normoxic movement only increased breathing frequency (BF). Hypoxic movement induced greater VE and mean inspiratory flow (Vt/Ti) increase than the sum of hypoxic rest and normoxic movement isolated responses (VE change: hypoxic movement = 3.72 ± 0.81 l/min vs. sum = 1.96 ± 0.83 l/min, P = 0.01; Vt/Ti change: hypoxic movement = 0.13 ± 0.03 l/s vs. sum = 0.06 ± 0.03 l/s, P = 0.02). Moreover, hypoxic movement increased both Vt and BF. Collectively, the results indicate that the carotid chemoreflex and the muscle mechanoreflex interacted, mediating a hyperadditive ventilatory response in healthy humans. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The main finding of this study was that concomitant carotid chemoreflex and muscle mechanoreflex stimulation provoked greater ventilation increase than the sum of ventilation increase induced by stimulation of each reflex in isolation, which, consequently, supports that the carotid chemoreflex and the muscle mechanoreflex interacted, mediating a hyperadditive ventilatory response in healthy humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talita M Silva
- Pulmonary Function and Clinical Exercise Physiology Unit, Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo , Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo , Brazil.,Division of Exercise Physiology, Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Liliane C Aranda
- Pulmonary Function and Clinical Exercise Physiology Unit, Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo , Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo , Brazil.,Division of Exercise Physiology, Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Marcelle Paula-Ribeiro
- Pulmonary Function and Clinical Exercise Physiology Unit, Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo , Brazil.,Division of Exercise Physiology, Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo , Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Diogo M Oliveira
- Division of Exercise Physiology, Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo , Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Wladimir M Medeiros
- Pulmonary Function and Clinical Exercise Physiology Unit, Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo , Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Lauro C Vianna
- Faculty of Physical Education, University of Brasilia, Federal District, Brazil
| | - Luiz E Nery
- Pulmonary Function and Clinical Exercise Physiology Unit, Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo , Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Bruno M Silva
- Pulmonary Function and Clinical Exercise Physiology Unit, Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo , Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo , Brazil.,Division of Exercise Physiology, Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo , Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo , Brazil
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Caterini JE, Duffin J, Wells GD. Limb movement frequency is a significant modulator of the ventilatory response during submaximal cycling exercise in humans. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2015; 220:10-6. [PMID: 26369445 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Human experimentation investigating the contribution of limb movement frequency in determining the fast exercise drive to breathe has produced controversial findings. To evaluate the role of limb movement frequency in determining the fast exercise drive to breathe, endurance runners and recreationally-active controls performed two sinusoidal exercise protocols on a cycle ergometer. One protocol was performed at constant workload with sinusoidal pedaling cadence, and a second with sinusoidal workload at constant cadence. Metabolic rate (VO2) increases and means were matched between these two experiments. The ventilatory response was significantly faster when limb movement speed was varied, compared to when pedal loading was varied (18.49 ± 15.6s vs. 50.5 ± 14.5s, p<0.05). Ventilation response amplitudes were significantly higher during pedal cadence variation versus pedal loading variation (3.99 ± 0.25 vs. 2.58 ± 0.17 L/min, p<0.05). Similar findings were obtained for endurance athletes, with significantly attenuated ventilation responses to exercise versus control subjects. We conclude that fast changes in limb movement frequency are a potent stimulus for ventilation at submaximal workloads, and that this response is susceptible to attenuation through training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Caterini
- Graduate Department of Exercise Sciences, University of Toronto, 100 Devonshire Place, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2C9, Canada; Physiology and Experimental Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - James Duffin
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Anaesthesia, University of Toronto Health Network, 200 Elizabeth St., Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4 Canada
| | - Gregory D Wells
- Physiology and Experimental Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada; Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, 100 Devonshire Place, Toronto, Ontario M5S2C9, Canada.
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Abstract
During exercise by healthy mammals, alveolar ventilation and alveolar-capillary diffusion increase in proportion to the increase in metabolic rate to prevent PaCO2 from increasing and PaO2 from decreasing. There is no known mechanism capable of directly sensing the rate of gas exchange in the muscles or the lungs; thus, for over a century there has been intense interest in elucidating how respiratory neurons adjust their output to variables which can not be directly monitored. Several hypotheses have been tested and supportive data were obtained, but for each hypothesis, there are contradictory data or reasons to question the validity of each hypothesis. Herein, we report a critique of the major hypotheses which has led to the following conclusions. First, a single stimulus or combination of stimuli that convincingly and entirely explains the hyperpnea has not been identified. Second, the coupling of the hyperpnea to metabolic rate is not causal but is due to of these variables each resulting from a common factor which link the circulatory and ventilatory responses to exercise. Third, stimuli postulated to act at pulmonary or cardiac receptors or carotid and intracranial chemoreceptors are not primary mediators of the hyperpnea. Fourth, stimuli originating in exercising limbs and conveyed to the brain by spinal afferents contribute to the exercise hyperpnea. Fifth, the hyperventilation during heavy exercise is not primarily due to lactacidosis stimulation of carotid chemoreceptors. Finally, since volitional exercise requires activation of the CNS, neural feed-forward (central command) mediation of the exercise hyperpnea seems intuitive and is supported by data from several studies. However, there is no compelling evidence to accept this concept as an indisputable fact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert V Forster
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Physiology, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
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Izumizaki M, Iwase M, Tsuchiya N, Homma I. Hyperpnoeic response independent of limb movements at exercise onset in mice. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2013; 185:319-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2012.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Jutand L, Tremoureux L, Pichon A, Delpech N, Denjean A, Raux M, Straus C, Similowski T. Ventilatory response to exercise does not evidence electroencephalographical respiratory-related activation of the cortical premotor circuitry in healthy humans. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2012; 205:356-62. [PMID: 22356255 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2012.02427.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM The neural structures responsible for the coupling between ventilatory control and pulmonary gas exchange during exercise have not been fully identified. Suprapontine mechanisms have been hypothesized but not formally evidenced. Because the involvement of a premotor circuitry in the compensation of inspiratory mechanical loads has recently been described, we looked for its implication in exercise-induced hyperpnea. METHODS Electroencephalographical recordings were performed to identify inspiratory premotor potentials (iPPM) in eight physically fit normal men during cycling at 40 and 70% of their maximal oxygen consumption ((V)·O(2max) ). Relaxed pedalling (0 W) and voluntary sniff manoeuvres were used as negative and positive controls respectively. RESULTS Voluntary sniffs were consistently associated with iPPMs. This was also the case with voluntarily augmented breathing at rest (in three subjects tested). During the exercise protocol, no respiratory-related activity was observed whilst performing bouts of relaxed pedalling. Exercise-induced hyperpnea was also not associated with iPPMs, except in one subject. CONCLUSION We conclude that if there are cortical mechanisms involved in the ventilatory adaptation to exercise in physically fit humans, they are distinct from the premotor mechanisms activated by inspiratory load compensation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - A. Pichon
- Université Paris 13; UFR SMBH, STAPS, UPRES EA 2363; Laboratoire Réponses Cellulaires et Fonctionnelles à l'Hypoxie; 74 rue Marcel Cachin; 93017; Bobigny; France
| | - N. Delpech
- Université de Poitiers; Laboratoire des Adaptations Physiologiques aux Activités Physiques; Faculté des Sciences du Sport; UPRES EA 3813; 4 Allée Jean Monnet; 86000; Poitiers; France
| | - A. Denjean
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris; Hôpital Robert Debré; Service de physiologie, Explorations Fonctionnelles; 75019; Paris; France
| | | | | | - T. Similowski
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris; Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière; Service de Pneumologie et Réanimation; 75013; Paris; France
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Venturelli M, Amann M, McDaniel J, Trinity JD, Fjeldstad AS, Richardson RS. Central and peripheral hemodynamic responses to passive limb movement: the role of arousal. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 302:H333-9. [PMID: 22003056 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00851.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The exact role of arousal in central and peripheral hemodynamic responses to passive limb movement in humans is unclear but has been proposed as a potential contributor. Thus, we used a human model with no lower limb afferent feedback to determine the role of arousal on the hemodynamic response to passive leg movement. In nine people with a spinal cord injury, we compared central and peripheral hemodynamic and ventilatory responses to one-leg passive knee extension with and without visual feedback (M+VF and M-VF, respectively) as well as in a third trial with no movement or visual feedback but the perception of movement (F). Ventilation (Ve), heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, mean arterial pressure, and leg blood flow (LBF) were evaluated during the three protocols. Ve increased rapidly from baseline in M+VF (55 ± 11%), M-VF (63 ± 13%), and F (48 ± 12%) trials. Central hemodynamics (heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, and mean arterial pressure) were unchanged in all trials. LBF increased from baseline by 126 ± 18 ml/min in the M+VF protocol and 109 ± 23 ml/min in the M-VF protocol but was unchanged in the F protocol. Therefore, with the use of model that is devoid of afferent feedback from the legs, the results of this study reveal that, although arousal is invoked by passive movement or the thought of passive movement, as evidenced by the increase in Ve, there is no central or peripheral hemodynamic impact of this increased neural activity. Additionally, this study revealed that a central hemodynamic response is not an obligatory component of movement-induced LBF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Venturelli
- Department of Neurological, Neuropsychological, Morphological, and Movement Sciences University of Verona, Italy
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Yamanaka R, Yunoki T, Arimitsu T, Lian CS, Roghayyeh A, Matsuura R, Yano T. Relationship between effort sense and ventilatory response to intense exercise performed with reduced muscle glycogen. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 112:2149-62. [PMID: 21964911 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-2190-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of muscle glycogen reduction on surface electromyogram (EMG) activity and effort sense and ventilatory responses to intense exercise (IE). Eight subjects performed an IE test in which IE [100-105% of peak O(2) uptake ([Formula: see text]), 2 min] was repeated three times (IE(1st), IE(2nd) and IE(3rd)) at 100-120-min intervals. Each interval consisted of 20-min passive recovery, 40-min submaximal exercise at ventilatory threshold intensity (51.5 ± 2.7% of [Formula: see text]), and a further resting recovery for 40-60 min. Blood pH during IE and subsequent 20-min recovery was significantly higher in the IE(3rd) than in the IE(1st) (P < 0.05). Effort sense of legs during IE was significantly higher in the IE(3rd) than in the IE(1st) and IE(2nd). Integrated EMG (IEMG) measured in the vastus lateralis during IE was significantly lower in the IE(3rd) than in the IE(1st). In contrast, mean power frequency of the EMG was significantly higher in the IE(2nd) and the IE(3rd) than in the IE(1st). Ventilation ([Formula: see text]) in the IE(3rd) was significantly higher than that in the IE(1st) during IE and the first 60 s after the end of IE. These results suggest that ventilatory response to IE is independent of metabolic acidosis and at least partly associated with effort sense elicited by recruitment of type II fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Yamanaka
- Graduate School of Education, Hokkaido University, Kita-11, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0811, Japan.
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Ventilatory response to moderate incremental exercise performed 24 h after resistance exercise with concentric and eccentric contractions. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 111:1769-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1801-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Yamanaka R, Yunoki T, Arimitsu T, Lian CS, Yano T. Effects of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on EMG, effort sense and ventilatory response during intense exercise and subsequent active recovery. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 111:851-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1715-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Petrek J. Pictorial cognitive task resolution and expired minute ventilation, oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production and heart rate. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2009; 153:131-6. [PMID: 19771138 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2009.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To assess the impact of cognitive task solving on respiratory and cardiovascular parameters. METHODS The ML870B80 Exercise Physiology System was used to record concurrently with EEG, the cardiorespiratory and metabolic functions of subjects during cognitive activity. The Expired Minute Ventilation (VE), Oxygen Consumption (VO2), Carbon Dioxide Production (VCO2) and Average Heart Rate (BPM) were ascertained for four periods: (1) rest or starting period, (2) reference period, (3) cognitive task solving period and (4) recovery period. Each period was defined by the type of presented visual stimuli and by the prearranged cognitive activity related to visual stimuli. The personality traits of participants were also determined. RESULTS The momentary functional state of subject's brain (i.e. the period of the experiment) determined the average values of all measured parameters. During the cognitive task solving period the average VE, VO2 and VCO2 reached the lowest values while the HR behaved reversely--it was the highest in the cognitive task solving period. Further, the average VE, VCO2 and HR values but not VO2 value differed significantly from average values for the same variable measured in the rest period. CONCLUSION The changes in respiratory variables during the cognitive task solving period predicate the whole-body metabolic rate rather than the energy metabolism of the brain alone. However, the heart rate related to some personality traits of the subject has a tighter relation to brain's energy metabolic rate during the cognitive task solving--it affects the oxygen supply of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Petrek
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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12
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The respiratory response to passive and active arm movements is enhanced in delayed onset muscle soreness. Eur J Appl Physiol 2008; 105:483-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-008-0926-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Poon CS, Tin C, Yu Y. Homeostasis of exercise hyperpnea and optimal sensorimotor integration: the internal model paradigm. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2007; 159:1-13; discussion 14-20. [PMID: 17416554 PMCID: PMC2225386 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2007.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2007] [Revised: 02/28/2007] [Accepted: 02/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Homeostasis is a basic tenet of biomedicine and an open problem for many physiological control systems. Among them, none has been more extensively studied and intensely debated than the dilemma of exercise hyperpnea - a paradoxical homeostatic increase of respiratory ventilation that is geared to metabolic demands instead of the normal chemoreflex mechanism. Classical control theory has led to a plethora of "feedback/feedforward control" or "set point" hypotheses for homeostatic regulation, yet so far none of them has proved satisfactory in explaining exercise hyperpnea and its interactions with other respiratory inputs. Instead, the available evidence points to a far more sophisticated respiratory controller capable of integrating multiple afferent and efferent signals in adapting the ventilatory pattern toward optimality relative to conflicting homeostatic, energetic and other objectives. This optimality principle parsimoniously mimics exercise hyperpnea, chemoreflex and a host of characteristic respiratory responses to abnormal gas exchange or mechanical loading/unloading in health and in cardiopulmonary diseases - all without resorting to a feedforward "exercise stimulus". Rather, an emergent controller signal encoding the projected metabolic level is predicted by the principle as an exercise-induced 'mental percept' or 'internal model', presumably engendered by associative learning (operant conditioning or classical conditioning) which achieves optimality through continuous identification of, and adaptation to, the causal relationship between respiratory motor output and resultant chemical-mechanical afferent feedbacks. This internal model self-tuning adaptive control paradigm opens a new challenge and exciting opportunity for experimental and theoretical elucidations of the mechanisms of respiratory control - and of homeostatic regulation and sensorimotor integration in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Sang Poon
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Bldg. 56-046, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Duffin J. "Supraspinal locomotor centers do/do not contribute significantly to the hyperpnea of dynamic exercise in humans". J Appl Physiol (1985) 2007; 100:1418. [PMID: 16646136 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00027.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Nattie E. Supraspinal locomotor centers do/do not contribute significantly to the hyperpnea of dynamic exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2006; 100:1746-7. [PMID: 16688868 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00117.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Nattie
- Department of Physiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA.
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Bell HJ. Respiratory control at exercise onset: an integrated systems perspective. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2006; 152:1-15. [PMID: 16531126 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2006.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2006] [Revised: 02/06/2006] [Accepted: 02/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The near-immediate increase in breathing that accompanies the onset of constant load, dynamic exercise has remained a topic of interest to respiratory physiologists for the better part of a century. During this time, several theories have been proposed and tested in an attempt to explain what has been called the phase I response of exercise hyperpnoea, or the fast neural drive to breathe, and much controversy still remains as to what mediates this response. 'Central motor command' and 'afferent feedback' mechanisms, as described in animal models, have been centre stage in the debate, with much supportive evidence for their involvement. This review presents three relatively recent and controversial mechanisms and examines the increasing evidence for their involvement in the initial phase of exercise hyperpnoea: (1) the vascular distension hypothesis, (2) the vestibular feedback hypothesis and (3) the behavioral state hypothesis. Some outstanding fundamental questions and directions for future research are presented throughout, always with a focus on mechanistic efficacy in the integrated system response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold J Bell
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Heritage Medical Research Building, Room 202, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, Alta., Canada, T2N 4N1.
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Bell HJ, Duffin J. Rapid increases in ventilation accompany the transition from passive to active movement. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2005; 152:128-42. [PMID: 16153897 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2005.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2005] [Revised: 07/28/2005] [Accepted: 07/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We used a novel movement transition technique to look for evidence of a rapid onset drive to breathe related to the active component of exercise in humans. Ten volunteers performed the following transitions in a specially designed tandem exercise chair apparatus: rest to passive movement, passive to active movement, and rest to active movement. The transition from rest to active exercise was accompanied by an immediate increase in ventilation, as was the transition from rest to passive leg movement (Delta = 6.06 +/- 1.09 l min(-1), p < 0.001 and Delta = 3.30 +/- 0.57 l min(-1), p = 0.002, respectively). When subjects actively assumed the leg movements, ventilation again increased immediately and significantly (Delta = 2.55 +/- 0.52 l min(-1), p = 0.032). Ventilation at the first point of active exercise was the same when started either from rest or from a background of passive leg movement (p = 1.00). We conclude that the use of a transition from passive to active leg movements in humans recruits a ventilatory drive related to the active component of exercise, and this can be discerned as a rapid increase in breathing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold J Bell
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Ont., Canada
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