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Notter DA, Verges S, Renggli AS, Beltrami FG, Spengler CM. Similar effects on exercise performance following different respiratory muscle training programs in healthy young men. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16135. [PMID: 37752180 PMCID: PMC10522679 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41580-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Both respiratory muscle endurance training (RMET) and inspiratory resistive training (IMT) seem to increase whole-body exercise performance, but direct comparisons between the two are scarce. We hypothesized that the similarity of RMET to exercise-induced ventilation would induce larger improvements compared to IMT. Twenty-six moderately-trained men performed either 4 weeks of RMET, IMT or SHAM training. Before and after the interventions, respiratory muscle endurance, 3-km running time-trial performance and leg muscle fatigue after intense constant-load cycling (assessed with femoral nerve magnetic stimulation) were measured. Both RMET (+ 59%) and IMT (+ 38%) increased respiratory muscle endurance (both p < 0.01 vs. SHAM) but only IMT increased inspiratory strength (+ 32%, p < 0.001 vs. SHAM). 3-km time improved showing a main effect of training (p = 0.026), however with no differences between groups. Leg fatigue after cycling was not attenuated with training (p = 0.088 for group-training interaction). All groups showed a significant (~ 0.3 l) increase in average tidal volume during cycling exercise combined with a concomitant reduction in respiratory exertion. While RMET and IMT improved specific aspects of respiratory muscles performance, no benefits beyond SHAM were seen during whole-body exercise. Changes in respiratory sensations might be a result of altered breathing pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic A Notter
- Exercise Physiology Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 37/39, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Verges
- Exercise Physiology Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 37/39, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea S Renggli
- Exercise Physiology Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 37/39, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fernando G Beltrami
- Exercise Physiology Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 37/39, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christina M Spengler
- Exercise Physiology Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 37/39, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Schaer CE, Erne D, Tageldin D, Wüthrich TU, Beltrami FG, Spengler CM. Effects of Sprint Interval and Endurance Respiratory Muscle Training on Postcycling Inspiratory and Quadriceps Fatigue. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:1683-1694. [PMID: 37076980 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated whether a 4-wk period of respiratory muscle endurance training (RMET) or respiratory muscle sprint interval training (RMSIT) would lead to an attenuation of inspiratory muscle and quadriceps fatigue after a bout of high-intensity cycling compared with a placebo intervention (PLAT), as predicted by the respiratory metaboreflex model. METHODS Thirty-three active, young healthy adults performed RMET, RMSIT, or PLAT. Changes in inspiratory muscle and quadriceps twitches in response to a cycling test at 90% of peak work capacity were assessed before and after training. EMG activity and deoxyhemoglobin (HHb, via near-infrared spectroscopy) of the quadriceps and inspiratory muscles were also monitored during the cycling test, along with cardiorespiratory and perceptual variables. RESULTS At pretraining, cycling reduced the twitch force of the inspiratory muscles (86% ± 11% baseline) and quadriceps (66% ± 16% baseline). Training did not attenuate the drop in twitch force of the inspiratory muscles (PLAT, -3.5 ± 4.9 percent-points [p.p.]; RMET, 2.7 ± 11.3 p.p.; RMSIT, 4.1 ± 8.5 p.p.; group-training interaction, P = 0.394) or quadriceps (PLAT, 3.8 ± 18.6 p.p.; RMET, -2.6 ± 14.0 p.p.; RMSIT, 5.2 ± 9.8 p.p.; group-training interaction P = 0.432). EMG activity and HHb levels during cycling did not change after training for either group. Only RMSIT showed a within-group decrease in the perception of respiratory exertion with training. CONCLUSIONS Four weeks of RMET or RMSIT did not attenuate the development of exercise-induced inspiratory or quadriceps fatigue. The ergogenic effects of respiratory muscle training during whole-body exercise might be related to an attenuation of perceptual responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina E Schaer
- Exercise Physiology Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Zurich, SWITZERLAND
| | - Desirée Erne
- Exercise Physiology Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Zurich, SWITZERLAND
| | - Dina Tageldin
- Exercise Physiology Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Zurich, SWITZERLAND
| | - Thomas U Wüthrich
- Exercise Physiology Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Zurich, SWITZERLAND
| | - Fernando G Beltrami
- Exercise Physiology Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Zurich, SWITZERLAND
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Koizumi J, Ohya T. Effects of high-intensity inspiratory muscle warm-up on inspiratory muscle strength and accessory inspiratory muscle activity. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2023; 313:104069. [PMID: 37141931 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2023.104069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effects of work-matched moderate-intensity and high-intensity inspiratory muscle warm-up (IMW) on inspiratory muscle strength and accessory inspiratory muscle activity. Eleven healthy men performed three IMWs at different intensities, namely, placebo, moderate-intensity, and high-intensity, set, respectively, at 15%, 40%, and 80% of maximal inspiratory mouth pressure (MIP). MIP was measured before and after IMW. Electromyography (EMG) was recorded for the sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM) and intercostal muscles (IC) during IMW. MIP increased significantly in the moderate-intensity condition (104.2 ± 5.1%, p<0.05) and high-intensity condition (106.5 ± 6.2%, p<0.01) after IMW. The EMG amplitudes of the SCM and IC during IMW were significantly higher in the order of high-intensity, moderate-intensity, and placebo conditions. There was a significant correlation between changes in MIP and EMG amplitude of the SCM (r=0.60, p<0.01) and IC (r=0.47, p<0.01) during IMW. These findings suggest that high-intensity IMW increases neuromuscular activity in the accessory inspiratory muscles, which may improve inspiratory muscle strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Koizumi
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Chukyo University, Aichi, Japan.
| | - Toshiyuki Ohya
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Chukyo University, Aichi, Japan; School of Health and Sport Science, Chukyo University, Aichi, Japan
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Beltrami FG, Schaer CE, Spengler CM. Sex differences in quadriceps and inspiratory muscle fatigability following high-intensity cycling. J Sci Med Sport 2023; 26:208-213. [PMID: 36863893 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES As females have been hypothesized to have more fatigue resistant inspiratory muscles, this study aimed to compare the development of inspiratory and leg muscle fatigue between males and females following high-intensity cycling. DESIGN Cross-sectional comparison. METHODS 17 healthy young males (27 ± 6 years, V̇O2peak 55 ± 10 ml・min-1・kg-1) and females (25 ± 4 years, V̇O2peak 45 ± 7 ml・min-1・kg-1) cycled until exhaustion at 90% of the peak power output achieved during an incremental test. Changes in quadriceps and inspiratory muscle function were assessed via maximal voluntary contractions (MVC) and assessments of contractility via electrical stimulation of the femoral nerve and cervical magnetic stimulation of the phrenic nerves. RESULTS Time to exhaustion was similar between sexes (p = 0.270, 95% CI -2.4 - 0.7 min). MVC of the quadriceps was lower after cycling for males (83.9 ± 11.5% vs. 94.0 ± 12.0% of baseline for females, p = 0.018). Reductions in twitch forces were not different between sexes for the quadriceps (p = 0.314, 95% CI -5.5 - 16.6 percent-points) or inspiratory muscles (p = 0.312, 95% CI -4.0 - 2.3 percent-points). Changes in inspiratory muscle twitches were unrelated to the different measures of quadriceps fatigue. CONCLUSION Females incur similar peripheral fatigue in the quadriceps and inspiratory muscles compared with men following high-intensity cycling, despite smaller reduction in voluntary force. This small difference alone does not seem sufficient to warrant different training strategies to be recommended for women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando G Beltrami
- Exercise Physiology Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Corina E Schaer
- Exercise Physiology Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christina M Spengler
- Exercise Physiology Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Norbury R, Smith SA, Burnley M, Judge M, Mauger AR. The effect of hypertonic saline evoked muscle pain on neurophysiological changes and exercise performance in the contralateral limb. Exp Brain Res 2022; 240:1423-1434. [PMID: 35288782 PMCID: PMC9038847 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06342-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Non-local muscle pain may impair endurance performance through neurophysiological mechanisms, but these are relatively unknown. This study examined the effects of muscle pain on neuromuscular and neurophysiological responses in the contralateral limb. On separate visits, nine participants completed an isometric time to task failure (TTF) using the right knee extensors after intramuscular injection of isotonic saline (CTRL) or hypertonic saline (HYP) into the left vastus lateralis. Measures of neuromuscular fatigue were taken before, during and after the TTF using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and peripheral nerve stimulation. Mean pain intensity was greater in the left leg in HYP (3.3 ± 1.9) compared to CTRL (0.4 ± 0.7; P < 0.001) which was combined with a reduced TTF by 9.8% in HYP (4.54 ± 0.56 min) compared to CTRL (5.07 ± 0.77 min; P = 0.005). Maximum voluntary force was not different between conditions (all P > 0.05). Voluntary activation was lower in HYP compared to CTRL (P = 0.022). No difference was identified between conditions for doublet amplitude (P > 0.05). Furthermore, no difference in MEP·Mmax−1 or the TMS silent period between conditions was observed (all P > 0.05). Non-local pain impairs endurance performance of the contralateral limb. This impairment in performance is likely due to the faster attainment of the sensory tolerance limit from a greater amount of sensory feedback originating from the non-exercising, but painful, left leg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Norbury
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Chipperfield Building Room 114, Canterbury Campus, Kent, CT2 7PE, UK
| | - Samuel A Smith
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Chipperfield Building Room 114, Canterbury Campus, Kent, CT2 7PE, UK
| | - Mark Burnley
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Chipperfield Building Room 114, Canterbury Campus, Kent, CT2 7PE, UK
| | - Megan Judge
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Chipperfield Building Room 114, Canterbury Campus, Kent, CT2 7PE, UK
| | - Alexis R Mauger
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Chipperfield Building Room 114, Canterbury Campus, Kent, CT2 7PE, UK.
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Dosbaba F, Hartman M, Batalik L, Brat K, Plutinsky M, Hnatiak J, Formiga MF, Cahalin LP. Test of incremental respiratory endurance as home-based, stand-alone therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:353-360. [PMID: 35071539 PMCID: PMC8727254 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i1.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is increasing worldwide, and at the same time it is associated with increased mortality and reduced quality of life. Efforts to build sustainable rehabilitation approaches to COPD treatment and prevention are crucial. The system of long-term pulmonary rehabilitation care is insufficient. The main reasons for the absence of these outpatient programs are the lack of experience, the lack of interest of insurance companies in secondary prevention programs, and the lack of healthcare facilities in large geographical areas. The possibility of at-home pulmonary rehabilitation models (telemonitoring and telecoaching) could solve this problem.
CASE SUMMARY A 71-year-old man with severe COPD, Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Diseases stage 3 underwent an 8-wk remotely monitored inspiratory muscle training with a device based on the test of incremental respiratory endurance method. Spirometry, body plethysmography, test of incremental respiratory endurance examination, 6-min walking test, body mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnea, exercise capacity index, and subjective perception of dyspnea were performed as part of the initial and final examination. The patient performed training at home, and the physiotherapist monitored the patient remotely through a web application that allowed the physiotherapist to evaluate all training parameters in real-time and respond to any problems. After 8 wk of home training, there was a significant increase in all monitored values: maximal inspiratory pressure, a novel parameter sustained maximal inspiratory pressure, forced expiratory volume in 1 s, total lung capacity, forced vital capacity, peak expiratory flow, and inspiratory capacity. There was also an improvement in the perception of dyspnea according to the COPD Assessment Test and a modified Medical Research Council Breathlessness Scale, an increase in exercise tolerance according to the 6-min walking test, and a decrease in the exercise capacity index as a predictor of prognosis.
CONCLUSION Respiratory telerehabilitation was greatly beneficial in a cooperative patient with COPD and may represent an alternative therapeutic approach to the increasing incidence of all lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Dosbaba
- Department of Rehabilitation, University Hospital Brno, Brno 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Hartman
- Department of Rehabilitation, University Hospital Brno, Brno 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Batalik
- Department of Rehabilitation, University Hospital Brno, Brno 62500, Czech Republic
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Kristian Brat
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, University Hospital Brno, Brno 62500, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno 65691, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Plutinsky
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, University Hospital Brno, Brno 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Hnatiak
- Department of Rehabilitation, University Hospital Brno, Brno 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Magno F Formiga
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Campina Grande 58051, Brazil
| | - Lawrence Patrick Cahalin
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Miami – Miller School of Medicine, Coral Gables, FL 33101, United States
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Sarmento A, Fregonezi G, Lira M, Marques L, Pennati F, Resqueti V, Aliverti A. Changes in electromyographic activity, mechanical power, and relaxation rates following inspiratory ribcage muscle fatigue. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12475. [PMID: 34127754 PMCID: PMC8203654 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92060-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle fatigue is a complex phenomenon enclosing various mechanisms. Despite technological advances, these mechanisms are still not fully understood in vivo. Here, simultaneous measurements of pressure, volume, and ribcage inspiratory muscle activity were performed non-invasively during fatigue (inspiratory threshold valve set at 70% of maximal inspiratory pressure) and recovery to verify if inspiratory ribcage muscle fatigue (1) leads to slowing of contraction and relaxation properties of ribcage muscles and (2) alters median frequency and high-to-low frequency ratio (H/L). During the fatigue protocol, sternocleidomastoid showed the fastest decrease in median frequency and slowest decrease in H/L. Fatigue was also characterized by a reduction in the relative power of the high-frequency and increase of the low-frequency. During recovery, changes in mechanical power were due to changes in shortening velocity with long-lasting reduction in pressure generation, and slowing of relaxation [i.e., tau (τ), half-relaxation time (½RT), and maximum relaxation rate (MRR)] was observed with no significant changes in contractile properties. Recovery of median frequency was faster than H/L, and relaxation rates correlated with shortening velocity and mechanical power of inspiratory ribcage muscles; however, with different time courses. Time constant of the inspiratory ribcage muscles during fatigue and recovery is not uniform (i.e., different inspiratory muscles may have different underlying mechanisms of fatigue), and MRR, ½RT, and τ are not only useful predictors of inspiratory ribcage muscle recovery but may also share common underlying mechanisms with shortening velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Sarmento
- PneumoCardioVascular Laboratory - Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes, Empresa Brasileira de Serviços Hospitalares (EBSERH) and Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica Em Reabilitação, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Fregonezi
- PneumoCardioVascular Laboratory - Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes, Empresa Brasileira de Serviços Hospitalares (EBSERH) and Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica Em Reabilitação, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, Brazil.
| | - Maria Lira
- PneumoCardioVascular Laboratory - Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes, Empresa Brasileira de Serviços Hospitalares (EBSERH) and Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica Em Reabilitação, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Layana Marques
- PneumoCardioVascular Laboratory - Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes, Empresa Brasileira de Serviços Hospitalares (EBSERH) and Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica Em Reabilitação, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Francesca Pennati
- Dipartimento Di Elettronica, Informazione E Bioingegneria, Politecnico Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Vanessa Resqueti
- PneumoCardioVascular Laboratory - Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes, Empresa Brasileira de Serviços Hospitalares (EBSERH) and Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica Em Reabilitação, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Andrea Aliverti
- Dipartimento Di Elettronica, Informazione E Bioingegneria, Politecnico Di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Respiratory Muscle Strength and Ventilatory Function Outcome: Differences Between Trained Athletes and Healthy Untrained Persons. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 32583143 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2020_554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
It is known that the maximum mouth inspiratory pressure (MIP) and expiratory pressure (MEP) vary with age, weight, height, and skeletal muscle mass. However, the influence of physical training on ventilatory function outcomes is an area of limited understanding. The aim of this study was to investigate the respiratory muscle strength and its relation to spirometry variables in untrained healthy persons versus trained athletes. MIP and MEP were assessed in 22 power athletes and 28 endurance athletes, and in 24 age- and sex-matched normal healthy subjects (control group). The measurement was done with a mouth pressure meter. We found that respiratory muscle strength and ventilatory function in endurance athletes were outstandingly superior to that in power athletes; the latter's muscle strength was better than that of healthy untrained controls. Both MIP and MEP significantly correlated with the maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV) in both power athletes and controls, but not so in endurance athletes. The corollary is that the intensive endurance training could result in the improvement of respiratory muscle strength, meeting the maximum upper limit of functional reserve of respiratory muscles and the corresponding ventilation. On the other hand, targeted training of respiratory muscle strength may be an effective strategy to increase ventilatory function in power athletes, particularly those having a low maximum inspiratory and expiratory pressure, and in less physically fit healthy persons.
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Osakabe J, Ohya T, Koizumi J, Inada R, Matsumoto T, Umemura Y. Tennis singles match play induces inspiratory muscle fatigue in female tennis players. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL FITNESS AND SPORTS MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.7600/jpfsm.10.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jun Koizumi
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, Chukyo University
| | - Ryosuke Inada
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, Chukyo University
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Fulton TJ, Baranauskas MN, Paris HL, Koceja DM, Mickleborough TD, Chapman RF. Respiratory Muscle Fatigue Alters Cycling Performance and Locomotor Muscle Fatigue. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 52:2380-2389. [PMID: 33064411 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to determine if preexisting respiratory muscle fatigue (RMF) alters motoneuronal output, locomotor muscle fatigue, and cycling performance. METHODS Eight trained male cyclists performed 5-km cycling time trials after a resistive breathing task that induced RMF and under control conditions (CON). Motoneuronal output was estimated using vastus lateralis surface electromyography, and locomotor muscle fatigue was quantified as the change in potentiated quadriceps twitch force from preexercise to postexercise. RESULTS Time to complete the time trial was 1.9% ± 0.9% longer in RMF compared with CON (P < 0.001). Estimated motoneuronal output was lower in RMF compared with CON during 1 km (45% ± 11% vs 53% ± 13%, P = 0.004) and 2 km (45% ± 14% vs 51% ± 14%, P = 0.008), but was not different thereafter. Ventilation was lower in RMF compared with CON during 1 km (114 ± 19 vs 135 ± 24 L·min, P = 0.003) and 2 km (136 ± 23 vs 152 ± 31 L·min, P = 0.009); however, ratings of dyspnea were similar. After the 5-km time trial, locomotor muscle fatigue was attenuated in RMF compared with CON (-22% ± 6%, vs -28% ± 7%, P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Alterations to dyspnea for a given ventilation seem to have constrained power output during cycling exercise, thereby limiting the development of locomotor muscle fatigue. These findings indicate that the respiratory system is an integral component in a global feedback loop that regulates exercise performance and the development of locomotor muscle fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Fulton
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Marissa N Baranauskas
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Hunter L Paris
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA
| | - David M Koceja
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Timothy D Mickleborough
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Robert F Chapman
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
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Boussana A, Galy O, Le Gallais D, Hue O. The effect of an Olympic distance triathlon on the respiratory muscle strength and endurance in triathletes. J Exerc Rehabil 2020; 16:356-362. [PMID: 32913841 PMCID: PMC7463066 DOI: 10.12965/jer.2040518.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
High-intensity exercise, marathons, and long distances triathlons have been shown to induce the fatigue of respiratory muscles (RMs). Never-theless, fatigue and the recovery period have not been studied in re-sponse of an Olympic distance triathlon (1.5-km swim, 40-km bike, 10-km run: short-distance triathlon). The aim of this study was to evaluate the RM fatigue induced by an Olympic distance triathlon. Nine male triath-letes (24±1.1 years) underwent spirometric testing and the assessment of RM performance. Respiratory function tests were conducted in sit-ting position. Spirometric parameters, maximal inspiratory and expirato-ry pressures, and RM endurance assessed by measuring the time limit were evaluated before (pre-T), after (post-T), and the day following the triathlon (post-T-24 hr). Residual volume increased: pre-T vs. post-T (P<0.002), maximal inspiratory pressure significantly decreased from 127.4±17.2 (pre-T) to 121.6±18.5 cmH2O (post-T) (P<0.001) and returned to the pre-T value 24 hr after the race (125.0±18.6). RM endurance sig-nificantly decreased from 4:51±0:8 (pre-T) to 3:13±0:7 min (post-T, P< 0.001) and then remained decreased for 24 hr after the race from 4:51± 0:8 (pre-T) to 3:39±0:4 min 24 hr after (P<0.002). Both, strength and en-durance of inspiratory muscles decrease after Olympic distance triath-lon. Furthermore, the impaired of inspiratory muscle endurance 24 hr after the race suggested a slow recovery and persistence of inspiratory muscle fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Boussana
- Department Higher Institute of Physical and Sports Education, University Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Congo.,Department Sciences and Techniques of Physical and Sports Activities, University Antilles Guyane, Pointe à Pitre Cedex, France
| | - Olivier Galy
- Department Higher School of Professorship and Education, University of New-Caledonia, Noumea CEDEX, New-Caledonia, France
| | - Daniel Le Gallais
- Department Sciences and Techniques of Physical and Sports Activities, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Olivier Hue
- Department Sciences and Techniques of Physical and Sports Activities, University Antilles Guyane, Pointe à Pitre Cedex, France
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Taya M, Amiya E, Hatano M, Saito A, Nitta D, Maki H, Hosoya Y, Minatsuki S, Tsuji M, Sato T, Murakami H, Narita K, Konishi Y, Watanabe S, Yokota K, Haga N, Komuro I. Clinical importance of respiratory muscle fatigue in patients with cardiovascular disease. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e21794. [PMID: 32846812 PMCID: PMC7447364 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000021794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with cardiovascular diseases frequently experience exertional dyspnea. However, the relationship between respiratory muscle strength including its fatigue and cardiovascular dysfunctions remains to be clarified.The maximal inspiratory pressure/maximal expiratory pressure (MIP/MEP) before and after cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX) in 44 patients with heart failure and ischemic heart disease were measured. Respiratory muscle fatigue was evaluated by calculating MIP (MIPpost/MIPpre) and MEP (MEPpost/MEPpre) changes.The mean MIPpre and MEPpre values were 67.5 ± 29.0 and 61.6 ± 23.8 cm H2O, respectively. After CPX, MIP decreased in 25 patients, and MEP decreased in 22 patients. We evaluated the correlation relationship between respiratory muscle function including respiratory muscle fatigue and exercise capacity evaluated by CPX such as peak VO2 and VE/VCO2 slope. Among MIP, MEP, change in MIP, and change in MEP, only the value of change in MIP had an association with the value of VE/VCO2 slope (R = -0.36, P = .017). In addition, multivariate analysis for determining factor of change in MIP revealed that the association between the change in MIP and eGFR was independent from other confounding parameters (beta, 0.40, P = .017). The patients were divided into 2 groups, with (MIP change < 0.9) and without respiratory muscle fatigue (MIP change > 0.9), and a significant difference in peak VO2 (14.2 ± 3.4 [with fatigue] vs 17.4 ± 4.7 [without fatigue] mL/kg/min; P = .020) was observed between the groups.Respiratory muscle fatigue demonstrated by the change of MIP before and after CPX significantly correlated with exercise capacity and renal function in patients with cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanobu Taya
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the University of Tokyo Hospital
| | - Eisuke Amiya
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo
- Department of Therapeutic Strategy for Heart Failure, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo
| | - Masaru Hatano
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo
- Department of Therapeutic Strategy for Heart Failure, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo
| | - Akihito Saito
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo
| | - Daisuke Nitta
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo
| | - Hisataka Maki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo
| | - Yumiko Hosoya
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo
- Department of Therapeutic Strategy for Heart Failure, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo
| | - Shun Minatsuki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo
| | - Masaki Tsuji
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo
| | - Tatsuyuki Sato
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo
| | - Haruka Murakami
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo
| | - Koichi Narita
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo
| | - Yuto Konishi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the University of Tokyo Hospital
| | - Shogo Watanabe
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama Prefecture, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Yokota
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the University of Tokyo Hospital
| | - Nobuhiko Haga
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the University of Tokyo Hospital
| | - Issei Komuro
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo
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13
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Dempsey JA, La Gerche A, Hull JH. Is the healthy respiratory system built just right, overbuilt, or underbuilt to meet the demands imposed by exercise? J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 129:1235-1256. [PMID: 32790594 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00444.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the healthy, untrained young adult, a case is made for a respiratory system (airways, pulmonary vasculature, lung parenchyma, respiratory muscles, and neural ventilatory control system) that is near ideally designed to ensure a highly efficient, homeostatic response to exercise of varying intensities and durations. Our aim was then to consider circumstances in which the intra/extrathoracic airways, pulmonary vasculature, respiratory muscles, and/or blood-gas distribution are underbuilt or inadequately regulated relative to the demands imposed by the cardiovascular system. In these instances, the respiratory system presents a significant limitation to O2 transport and contributes to the occurrence of locomotor muscle fatigue, inhibition of central locomotor output, and exercise performance. Most prominent in these examples of an "underbuilt" respiratory system are highly trained endurance athletes, with additional influences of sex, aging, hypoxic environments, and the highly inbred equine. We summarize by evaluating the relative influences of these respiratory system limitations on exercise performance and their impact on pathophysiology and provide recommendations for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome A Dempsey
- John Robert Sutton Professor of Population Health Sciences, John Rankin Laboratory of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Andre La Gerche
- Clinical Research Domain, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,National Center for Sports Cardiology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - James H Hull
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health (ISEH), University College London, United Kingdom
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14
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Boyle KG, Mitchell RA, Ramsook AH, Schaeffer MR, Koehle MS, Sheel AW, Guenette JA. The effect of diaphragm fatigue on the multidimensional components of dyspnoea and diaphragm electromyography during exercise in healthy males. J Physiol 2020; 598:3223-3237. [DOI: 10.1113/jp279755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle G. Boyle
- Centre for Heart and Lung Innovation St. Paul's Hospital Vancouver Canada
- Department of Physical Therapy Faculty of Medicine University of British Columbia Vancouver Canada
| | - Reid A. Mitchell
- Centre for Heart and Lung Innovation St. Paul's Hospital Vancouver Canada
- Department of Physical Therapy Faculty of Medicine University of British Columbia Vancouver Canada
| | - Andrew H. Ramsook
- Centre for Heart and Lung Innovation St. Paul's Hospital Vancouver Canada
- Department of Physical Therapy Faculty of Medicine University of British Columbia Vancouver Canada
| | - Michele R. Schaeffer
- Centre for Heart and Lung Innovation St. Paul's Hospital Vancouver Canada
- Department of Physical Therapy Faculty of Medicine University of British Columbia Vancouver Canada
| | - Michael S. Koehle
- School of Kinesiology Faculty of Education University of British Columbia Vancouver Canada
- Department of Family Practice Faculty of Medicine University of British Columbia Vancouver Canada
| | - A. William Sheel
- School of Kinesiology Faculty of Education University of British Columbia Vancouver Canada
| | - Jordan A. Guenette
- Centre for Heart and Lung Innovation St. Paul's Hospital Vancouver Canada
- Department of Physical Therapy Faculty of Medicine University of British Columbia Vancouver Canada
- School of Kinesiology Faculty of Education University of British Columbia Vancouver Canada
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15
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Dominelli PB, Molgat-Seon Y, Sheel AW. Sex Differences in the Pulmonary System Influence the Integrative Response to Exercise. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2020; 47:142-150. [PMID: 30817330 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Healthy women have proportionally smaller lungs and airways compared with height-matched men. These anatomical sex-based differences result in greater mechanical ventilatory constraints and may influence the integrative response to exercise. Our review will examine this hypothesis in healthy humans in the context of dynamic whole-body exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo B Dominelli
- Department of Anesthesia, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.,Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Yannick Molgat-Seon
- Centre for Heart and Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital.,Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, and
| | - A William Sheel
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Education, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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16
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Padkao T, Boonla O. Relationships between respiratory muscle strength, chest wall expansion, and functional capacity in healthy nonsmokers. J Exerc Rehabil 2020; 16:189-196. [PMID: 32509705 PMCID: PMC7248446 DOI: 10.12965/jer.2040080.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chest wall expansion determines lung volume and functional capacity. Factors determining chest wall expansion include respiratory muscle strength. Accordingly, there may be association among respiratory muscle strength, chest wall expansion, and functional capacity. Thusly, this cross-sectional study identified the relationship between respirato-ry muscle strength, chest wall expansion, and functional capacity. Seventy-six healthy male and female participants aged between 20 to 59 years exhibiting a body mass index of 18.5 to 22.9 kg/m2 were enrolled. Inspiratory and expiratory muscle strength were evaluated via maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP) and maximum expiratory pressure (MEP), respectively. Chest wall expansion was measured through thoracic circumferences at three different levels; upper, middle, and lower levels with diaphragmatic movement also measured utilizing the circumference of the lower edge of the 10th rib. Functional capacity was evaluated through distance obtained from a 6-min walk test. Results showed that both MIP and MEP were significantly correlated with chest wall expansion at the middle (P=0.005 and P=0.006) and lower (P=0.012 and P=0.020) thoracic levels as well as diaphragmatic movement (both P<0.001). Moreover, both MIP and MEP were significantly related amid the 6-min walk distance (P=0.025 and P<0.001). In conclusion, respiratory muscle strength is positively associated with chest wall expansion, diaphragmatic movement, and functional capacity in healthy participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadsawiya Padkao
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi, Thailand.,Exercise and Nutrition Sciences and Innovation Research Unit, Burapha University, Chonburi, Thailand
| | - Orachorn Boonla
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi, Thailand.,Exercise and Nutrition Sciences and Innovation Research Unit, Burapha University, Chonburi, Thailand
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17
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Inspiratory muscle strength affects anaerobic endurance in professional athletes. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2019; 70:42-48. [PMID: 30956220 DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2019-70-3182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To the best of our knowledge, little is known about the role of respiratory muscle strength and endurance on athlete performance in anaerobic conditions of maximal exertion. The aim of this cross-sectional study was therefore to examine the association between the strength/endurance of inspiratory muscles in a group of 70 healthy male professional athletes (team sports) and their ventilatory and metabolic parameters at the anaerobic threshold (second ventilatory threshold; VT2) and beyond it at maximum load during the cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) on a treadmill. Ventilatory parameters at VT2, at maximal effort, and their differences were tested for association with inspiratory muscle strength (PImax) and endurance (Tlim), measured as time to maintain inspiration at or above 80% of PImax. The difference in end-tidal oxygen tension (ΔPETO2) between VT2 and maximal effort was significantly associated with resting heart rate (HR) and systolic blood pressure (BP), PImax, and lean body mass (LBM) (r2=0.26, p=0.016; multivariate regression analysis). The difference in carbon dioxide output (ΔVCO2) was significantly associated with body mass index (BMI), resting HR, systolic BP, and PImax (r2=0.25, p=0.022; multivariate regression analysis). Our findings suggest that it is the inspiratory muscle strength and not endurance that affects the performance of professional athletes and that it should be tested and trained systematically.
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18
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Okrzymowska P, Kurzaj M, Seidel W, Rożek-Piechura K. Eight Weeks of Inspiratory Muscle Training Improves Pulmonary Function in Disabled Swimmers-A Randomized Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E1747. [PMID: 31108842 PMCID: PMC6571650 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16101747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to the literature, inspiratory muscle fatigue may increase after swimming training (ST). This study aimed to examine the efficacy of 8-week inspiratory muscular training (IMT) in disabled swimmers, combined with standard sports training, on selected parameters of lung ventilation and the function of respiratory muscles. METHODS A total of 16 disabled swimming division athletes from Wroclaw's 'Start' Regional Sports Association qualified for the study. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups (ST and IMT). Both groups participated in swimming training for 8 weeks (8 times a week). The IMT group additionally participated in inspiratory muscle training (8 weeks). In all respondents, a functional lung test and the respiratory muscle strength was measured. RESULTS After 8 weeks of training, a significant increase in ventilation parameters and respiratory muscle strength was observed only in the IMT group. In ST group 1, a 20% improvement in the strength of inspiratory muscles was achieved. CONCLUSIONS The inclusion of IMT is an important element that complements swimming training, allowing for greater increases in lung ventilation parameters and the strength of respiratory muscles in disabled swimmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Okrzymowska
- Department for Rehabilitation in Internal Medicine, University School of Physical Education, Al. I.J. Paderewskiego 35, Building P4, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Monika Kurzaj
- Department for Rehabilitation in Internal Medicine, University School of Physical Education, Al. I.J. Paderewskiego 35, Building P4, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Seidel
- Department of Paralympic Sports, University School of Physical Education, Al. I.J. Paderewskiego 35, Building P4, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Krystyna Rożek-Piechura
- Department for Rehabilitation in Internal Medicine, University School of Physical Education, Al. I.J. Paderewskiego 35, Building P4, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland.
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19
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Welch JF, Archiza B, Guenette JA, West CR, Sheel AW. Effect of diaphragm fatigue on subsequent exercise tolerance in healthy men and women. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 125:1987-1996. [PMID: 30307818 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00630.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Women are more resistant to diaphragmatic fatigue (DF) and experience an attenuated inspiratory muscle metaboreflex relative to men. The effects of such sex-based differences on whole body exercise tolerance are yet to be examined. It was hypothesized that DF induced prior to exercise would cause less of a reduction in subsequent exercise time in women compared to men. Healthy men ( n = 9, age = 24 ± 3 yr) and women ( n = 9, age = 24 ± 3 yr) completed a maximal incremental cycle test on day 1. On day 2, subjects performed isocapnic inspiratory pressure-threshold loading (PTL) to task failure followed by a constant load submaximal time-to-exhaustion (TTE) exercise test at 85% of the predetermined peak work rate. On day 3, subjects performed the same exercise test without prior induced DF. Days 2 and 3 were randomized and counterbalanced. Magnetic stimulation of the phrenic nerve roots was used to nonvolitionally assess DF by measurement of transdiaphragmatic twitch pressure ( Pdi,tw). A similar degree of DF was produced in both sexes following PTL [ Pdi,tw (% change from baseline): M = -24.6 ± 7.8%, W = -23.1 ± 5.4%; P = 0.54)]. There was a significant reduction in TTE with prior induced DF compared with the control condition in both men (10.9 ± 3.5 min vs. 13.0 ± 3.2 min, P = 0.05) and women (10.1 ± 2.4 min vs. 12.2 ± 3.3 min, P = 0.03) that did not differ in magnitude between the sexes (M = -15.8 ± 19.5%, W = -14.5 ± 19.2%, P = 0.89). In conclusion, DF negatively and equally impairs exercise tolerance independent of sex. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Women are more resistant to diaphragmatic fatigue (DF) relative to men. The effect of DF on exercise tolerance is currently being debated. Our findings show that DF negatively and equally affects exercise tolerance in healthy men and women. Mechanisms beyond the inspiratory muscle metaboreflex (e.g., dyspnea, central fatigue, breathing pattern) may explain the absence of a sex-based difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph F Welch
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia , Canada
| | - Bruno Archiza
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia , Canada.,Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Sao Carlos , Sao Carlos , Brazil
| | - Jordan A Guenette
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia , Canada.,Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia , Canada.,Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Health Care Research Institute, University of British Columbia and St. Paul's Hospital , Vancouver, British Columbia , Canada
| | - Christopher R West
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia , Canada.,International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia , Canada
| | - A William Sheel
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia , Canada
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20
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Soumyashree S, Kaur J. Effect of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) on aerobic capacity, respiratory muscle strength and rate of perceived exertion in paraplegics. J Spinal Cord Med 2018; 43:53-59. [PMID: 29667507 PMCID: PMC7006659 DOI: 10.1080/10790268.2018.1462618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The purpose is to study the effect of inspiratory muscle training on aerobic capacity, respiratory muscle strength and rate of perceived exertion in paraplegics.Study Design: Randomized controlled trial.Settings: Rehabilitation department in Indian Spinal Injuries Centre, New Delhi.Participants: A sample of 30 paraplegics (T1-T12) were randomly allocated into two groups: inspiratory muscle training (IMT) group and control group.Interventions: The IMT group received inspiratory muscle training for 15 minutes 5 times a week for 4 weeks whereas the control group was given breathing exercises.Outcome measures: Maximal inspiratory pressure(MIP), maximal expiratory pressure (MEP), modified Borg's scale (MBS), 12 minute wheelchair aerobic test (12MWAT), multistage fitness test (MSFT), and 6 minutes push test (6MPT).Results: Out of 30 participants, 27 completed the study. The results show that after four weeks of IMT training, there were significant improvements in mean change scores of IMT group as compared to control group. Participants in IMT group performed better on 12MWAT (P = 0.001), MSFT (P = 0.001) and 6MPT (P = 0.001). Improvements in MIP scores (P = 0.001), MEP scores (P = 0.001) and MBS scores (P = 0.004) were also seen in IMT group.Conclusion: Both groups showed significant improvements, however inspiratory muscle training was seen to be more effective than deep breathing exercises for improving aerobic capacity, respiratory muscle strength and rate of perceived exertion in paraplegics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jaskirat Kaur
- ISIC Institute of Rehabilitation Sciences, New Delhi, India,
Correspondence to: Jaskirat Kaur, ISIC Institute of Rehabilitation Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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21
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Pre-Exercise Hyperpnea Attenuates Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction Without Affecting Performance. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167318. [PMID: 27898744 PMCID: PMC5127560 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole-body warm-up exercises were shown to attenuate exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB). Whether intense pre-exercise hyperpnea offers similar protection and whether this might negatively affect exercise performance is unknown. Nine subjects with EIB (25±5 yrs; forced expiratory volume in 1s [FEV1], 104±15% predicted) performed an exercise challenge (ECh) followed—after 30min—by a constant-load cycling test to exhaustion. The ECh was preceded by one of four conditions: by i) control warm-up (CON) or by 10min of normocapnic hyperpnea with partial rebreathing at either ii) 50% (WU50) or iii) variable intensity (8x 30s-80%/45s-30%; WU80/30), or at iv) 70% (WU70) of maximal voluntary ventilation. FEV1 was measured at baseline and in 5-min intervals until 15min after CON/warm-up and 30min after ECh. None of the warm-up conditions induced EIB. The maximal post-ECh decrease in FEV1 was -13.8±3.1% after CON, −9.3±5.0% after WU50 (p = 0.081 vs. CON), −8.6±7.5% after WU80/30 (p = 0.081 vs. CON) and −7.2±5.0% after WU70 (p = 0.006 vs. CON), and perception of respiratory exertion was significantly attenuated (all p≤0.048), with no difference between warm-up conditions. Only after CON, FEV1 remained significantly reduced up to the start of the cycling endurance test (−8.0±4.3%, p = 0.004). Cycling performance did not differ significantly between test days (CON: 13±7min; WU50: 14±9min; WU80/30: 13±9min; WU70: 14±7min; p = 0.582). These data indicate that intense hyperpnea warm-up is effective in attenuating EIB severity and accelerating lung function recovery while none of the warm-up condition do compromise cycling performance.
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22
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Hureau TJ, Romer LM, Amann M. The 'sensory tolerance limit': A hypothetical construct determining exercise performance? Eur J Sport Sci 2016; 18:13-24. [PMID: 27821022 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2016.1252428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Neuromuscular fatigue compromises exercise performance and is determined by central and peripheral mechanisms. Interactions between the two components of fatigue can occur via neural pathways, including feedback and feedforward processes. This brief review discusses the influence of feedback and feedforward mechanisms on exercise limitation. In terms of feedback mechanisms, particular attention is given to group III/IV sensory neurons which link limb muscle with the central nervous system. Central corollary discharge, a copy of the neural drive from the brain to the working muscles, provides a signal from the motor system to sensory systems and is considered a feedforward mechanism that might influence fatigue and consequently exercise performance. We highlight findings from studies supporting the existence of a 'critical threshold of peripheral fatigue', a previously proposed hypothesis based on the idea that a negative feedback loop operates to protect the exercising limb muscle from severe threats to homeostasis during whole-body exercise. While the threshold theory remains to be disproven within a given task, it is not generalisable across different exercise modalities. The 'sensory tolerance limit', a more theoretical concept, may address this issue and explain exercise tolerance in more global terms and across exercise modalities. The 'sensory tolerance limit' can be viewed as a negative feedback loop which accounts for the sum of all feedback (locomotor muscles, respiratory muscles, organs, and muscles not directly involved in exercise) and feedforward signals processed within the central nervous system with the purpose of regulating the intensity of exercise to ensure that voluntary activity remains tolerable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Hureau
- a Department of Medicine , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Lee M Romer
- b Centre for Human Performance, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Department of Life Sciences , Brunel University London , UK
| | - Markus Amann
- a Department of Medicine , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
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23
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Johnson MA, Sharpe GR, Williams NC, Hannah R. Locomotor muscle fatigue is not critically regulated after prior upper body exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 119:840-50. [PMID: 26272315 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00072.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effects of prior upper body exercise on subsequent high-intensity cycling exercise tolerance and associated changes in neuromuscular function and perceptual responses. Eight men performed three fixed work-rate (85% peak power) cycling tests: 1) to the limit of tolerance (CYC); 2) to the limit of tolerance after prior high-intensity arm-cranking exercise (ARM-CYC); and 3) without prior exercise and for an equal duration as ARM-CYC (ISOTIME). Peripheral fatigue was assessed via changes in potentiated quadriceps twitch force during supramaximal electrical femoral nerve stimulation. Voluntary activation was assessed using twitch interpolation during maximal voluntary contractions. Cycling time during ARM-CYC and ISOTIME (4.33 ± 1.10 min) was 38% shorter than during CYC (7.46 ± 2.79 min) (P < 0.001). Twitch force decreased more after CYC (-38 ± 13%) than ARM-CYC (-26 ± 10%) (P = 0.004) and ISOTIME (-24 ± 10%) (P = 0.003). Voluntary activation was 94 ± 5% at rest and decreased after CYC (89 ± 9%, P = 0.012) and ARM-CYC (91 ± 8%, P = 0.047). Rating of perceived exertion for limb discomfort increased more quickly during cycling in ARM-CYC [1.83 ± 0.46 arbitrary units (AU)/min] than CYC (1.10 ± 0.38 AU/min, P = 0.003) and ISOTIME (1.05 ± 0.43 AU/min, P = 0.002), and this was correlated with the reduced cycling time in ARM-CYC (r = -0.72, P = 0.045). In conclusion, cycling exercise tolerance after prior upper body exercise is potentially mediated by central fatigue and intolerable levels of sensory perception rather than a critical peripheral fatigue limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Johnson
- Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Group, Department of Sports Science, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - G R Sharpe
- Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Group, Department of Sports Science, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - N C Williams
- Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Group, Department of Sports Science, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - R Hannah
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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24
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Blanchfield A, Hardy J, Marcora S. Non-conscious visual cues related to affect and action alter perception of effort and endurance performance. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:967. [PMID: 25566014 PMCID: PMC4263011 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The psychobiological model of endurance performance proposes that endurance performance is determined by a decision-making process based on perception of effort and potential motivation. Recent research has reported that effort-based decision-making during cognitive tasks can be altered by non-conscious visual cues relating to affect and action. The effects of these non-conscious visual cues on effort and performance during physical tasks are however unknown. We report two experiments investigating the effects of subliminal priming with visual cues related to affect and action on perception of effort and endurance performance. In Experiment 1 thirteen individuals were subliminally primed with happy or sad faces as they cycled to exhaustion in a counterbalanced and randomized crossover design. A paired t-test (happy vs. sad faces) revealed that individuals cycled significantly longer (178 s, p = 0.04) when subliminally primed with happy faces. A 2 × 5 (condition × iso-time) ANOVA also revealed a significant main effect of condition on rating of perceived exertion (RPE) during the time to exhaustion (TTE) test with lower RPE when subjects were subliminally primed with happy faces (p = 0.04). In Experiment 2, a single-subject randomization tests design found that subliminal priming with action words facilitated a significantly longer TTE (399 s, p = 0.04) in comparison to inaction words. Like Experiment 1, this greater TTE was accompanied by a significantly lower RPE (p = 0.03). These experiments are the first to show that subliminal visual cues relating to affect and action can alter perception of effort and endurance performance. Non-conscious visual cues may therefore influence the effort-based decision-making process that is proposed to determine endurance performance. Accordingly, the findings raise notable implications for individuals who may encounter such visual cues during endurance competitions, training, or health related exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Blanchfield
- Institute for the Psychology of Elite Performance (IPEP), School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Bangor University Bangor, Gwynedd, UK
| | - James Hardy
- Institute for the Psychology of Elite Performance (IPEP), School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Bangor University Bangor, Gwynedd, UK
| | - Samuele Marcora
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent Chatham, Kent, UK
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Wüthrich TU, Eberle EC, Spengler CM. Locomotor and diaphragm muscle fatigue in endurance athletes performing time-trials of different durations. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 114:1619-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-2889-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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