1
|
Cardiac Functional and Structural Abnormalities in a Mouse Model of CDKL5 Deficiency Disorder. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065552. [PMID: 36982627 PMCID: PMC10059787 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
CDKL5 (cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5) deficiency disorder (CDD) is a severe neurodevelopmental disease that mostly affects girls, who are heterozygous for mutations in the X-linked CDKL5 gene. Mutations in the CDKL5 gene lead to a lack of CDKL5 protein expression or function and cause numerous clinical features, including early-onset seizures, marked hypotonia, autistic features, gastrointestinal problems, and severe neurodevelopmental impairment. Mouse models of CDD recapitulate several aspects of CDD symptomology, including cognitive impairments, motor deficits, and autistic-like features, and have been useful to dissect the role of CDKL5 in brain development and function. However, our current knowledge of the function of CDKL5 in other organs/tissues besides the brain is still quite limited, reducing the possibility of broad-spectrum interventions. Here, for the first time, we report the presence of cardiac function/structure alterations in heterozygous Cdkl5 +/− female mice. We found a prolonged QT interval (corrected for the heart rate, QTc) and increased heart rate in Cdkl5 +/− mice. These changes correlate with a marked decrease in parasympathetic activity to the heart and in the expression of the Scn5a and Hcn4 voltage-gated channels. Interestingly, Cdkl5 +/− hearts showed increased fibrosis, altered gap junction organization and connexin-43 expression, mitochondrial dysfunction, and increased ROS production. Together, these findings not only contribute to our understanding of the role of CDKL5 in heart structure/function but also document a novel preclinical phenotype for future therapeutic investigation.
Collapse
|
2
|
Functional roles of REM sleep. Neurosci Res 2022; 189:44-53. [PMID: 36572254 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2022.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is an enigmatic and intriguing sleep state. REM sleep differs from non-REM sleep by its characteristic brain activity and from wakefulness by a reduced anti-gravity muscle tone. In addition to these key traits, diverse physiological phenomena appear across the whole body during REM sleep. However, it remains unclear whether these phenomena are the causes or the consequences of REM sleep. Experimental approaches using humans and animal models have gradually revealed the functional roles of REM sleep. Extensive efforts have been made to interpret the characteristic brain activity in the context of memory functions. Numerous physical and psychological functions of REM sleep have also been proposed. Moreover, REM sleep has been implicated in aspects of brain development. Here, we review the variety of functional roles of REM sleep, mainly as revealed by animal models. In addition, we discuss controversies regarding the functional roles of REM sleep.
Collapse
|
3
|
Alvente S, Berteotti C, Bastianini S, Lo Martire V, Matteoli G, Silvani A, Zoccoli G. Autonomic mechanisms of blood pressure alterations during sleep in orexin/hypocretin-deficient narcoleptic mice. Sleep 2021; 44:6124750. [PMID: 33517440 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsab022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Increase in arterial pressure (AP) during sleep and smaller differences in AP between sleep and wakefulness have been reported in orexin (hypocretin)-deficient mouse models of narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) and confirmed in NT1 patients. We tested whether these alterations are mediated by parasympathetic or sympathetic control of the heart and/or resistance vessels in an orexin-deficient mouse model of NT1. METHODS Thirteen orexin knock-out (ORX-KO) mice were compared with 12 congenic wild-type (WT) mice. The electroencephalogram, electromyogram, and AP of the mice were recorded in the light (rest) period during intraperitoneal infusion of atropine methyl nitrate, atenolol, or prazosin to block muscarinic cholinergic, β 1-adrenergic, or α 1-adrenergic receptors, respectively, while saline was infused as control. RESULTS AP significantly depended on a three-way interaction among the mouse group (ORX-KO vs WT), the wake-sleep state, and the drug or vehicle infused. During the control vehicle infusion, ORX-KO had significantly higher AP values during REM sleep, smaller decreases in AP from wakefulness to either non-rapid-eye-movement (non-REM) sleep or REM sleep, and greater increases in AP from non-REM sleep to REM sleep compared to WT. These differences remained significant with atropine methyl nitrate, whereas they were abolished by prazosin and, except for the smaller AP decrease from wakefulness to REM sleep in ORX-KO, also by atenolol. CONCLUSIONS Sleep-related alterations of AP due to orexin deficiency significantly depend on alterations in cardiovascular sympathetic control in a mouse model of NT1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Alvente
- PRISM Lab, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Berteotti
- PRISM Lab, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Bastianini
- PRISM Lab, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Viviana Lo Martire
- PRISM Lab, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gabriele Matteoli
- PRISM Lab, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Silvani
- PRISM Lab, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanna Zoccoli
- PRISM Lab, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
|
5
|
Vandi S, Rodolfi S, Pizza F, Moresco M, Antelmi E, Ferri R, Mignot E, Plazzi G, Silvani A. Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction, altered sleep architecture, and muscle overactivity during nocturnal sleep in pediatric patients with narcolepsy type 1. Sleep 2019; 42:5540159. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractStudy ObjectivesArterial blood pressure (ABP) decreases during sleep compared with wakefulness and this change is blunted in mouse models of and adult patients with narcolepsy type 1 (NT1). We tested whether: (1) pediatric patients with NT1 have similar cardiovascular autonomic abnormalities during nocturnal sleep; and (2) these abnormalities can be linked to hypocretin-1 cerebrospinal fluid concentration (CSF HCRT-1), sleep architecture, or muscle activity.MethodsLaboratory polysomnographic studies were performed in 27 consecutive drug-naïve NT1 children or adolescents and in 19 matched controls. Nocturnal sleep architecture and submentalis (SM), tibialis anterior (TA), and hand extensor (HE) electromyographic (EMG) activity were analyzed. Cardiovascular autonomic function was assessed through the analysis of pulse transit time (PTT) and heart period (HP).ResultsPTT showed reduced lengthening during total sleep and REM sleep compared with nocturnal wakefulness in NT1 patients than in controls, whereas HP did not. NT1 patients had altered sleep architecture, higher SM EMG during REM sleep, and higher TA and HE EMG during N1–N3 and REM sleep when compared with controls. PTT alterations found in NT1 patients were more severe in subjects with lower CSF HRCT-1, but did not cluster or correlate with sleep architecture alterations or muscle overactivity during sleep.ConclusionOur results suggest that pediatric NT1 patients close to disease onset have impaired capability to modulate ABP as a function of nocturnal wake–sleep transitions, possibly as a direct consequence of hypocretin neuron loss. The relevance of this finding for cardiovascular risk later in life remains to be determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Vandi
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sara Rodolfi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabio Pizza
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Monica Moresco
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Antelmi
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Raffaele Ferri
- Sleep Research Centre, Department of Neurology I.C., Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, Troina, Italy
| | - Emmanuel Mignot
- Centre for Narcolepsy, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Giuseppe Plazzi
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Silvani
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sleep disorders, nocturnal blood pressure, and cardiovascular risk: A translational perspective. Auton Neurosci 2019; 218:31-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
7
|
Silvani A, Cerri M, Zoccoli G, Swoap SJ. Is Adenosine Action Common Ground for NREM Sleep, Torpor, and Other Hypometabolic States? Physiology (Bethesda) 2019; 33:182-196. [PMID: 29616880 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00007.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review compares two states that lower energy expenditure: non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and torpor. Knowledge on mechanisms common to these states, and particularly on the role of adenosine in NREM sleep, may ultimately open the possibility of inducing a synthetic torpor-like state in humans for medical applications and long-term space travel. To achieve this goal, it will be important, in perspective, to extend the study to other hypometabolic states, which, unlike torpor, can also be experienced by humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Silvani
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Matteo Cerri
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy.,National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN), Section of Bologna, Bologna , Italy
| | - Giovanna Zoccoli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Steven J Swoap
- Department of Biology, Williams College , Williamstown, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
de Zambotti M, Trinder J, Silvani A, Colrain IM, Baker FC. Dynamic coupling between the central and autonomic nervous systems during sleep: A review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 90:84-103. [PMID: 29608990 PMCID: PMC5993613 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sleep is characterized by coordinated cortical and cardiac oscillations reflecting communication between the central (CNS) and autonomic (ANS) nervous systems. Here, we review fluctuations in ANS activity in association with CNS-defined sleep stages and cycles, and with phasic cortical events during sleep (e.g., arousals, K-complexes). Recent novel analytic methods reveal a dynamic organization of integrated physiological networks during sleep and indicate how multiple factors (e.g., sleep structure, age, sleep disorders) affect "CNS-ANS coupling". However, these data are mostly correlational and there is a lack of clarity of the underlying physiology, making it challenging to interpret causality and direction of coupling. Experimental manipulations (e.g., evoking K-complexes or arousals) provide information on the precise temporal sequence of cortical-cardiac activity, and are useful for investigating physiological pathways underlying CNS-ANS coupling. With the emergence of new analytical approaches and a renewed interest in ANS and CNS communication during sleep, future work may reveal novel insights into sleep and cardiovascular interactions during health and disease, in which coupling could be adversely impacted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - John Trinder
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Alessandro Silvani
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy.
| | - Ian M Colrain
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA; Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Fiona C Baker
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA; Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|