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Atta S, Mandal A, Saha R, Majumdar A. Reduction of nitrite to nitric oxide and generation of reactive chalcogen species by mononuclear Fe(II) and Zn(II) complexes of thiolate and selenolate. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:949-965. [PMID: 38126213 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03768a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Comparative reactivity of a series of new Zn(II) and Fe(II) compounds, [(Py2ald)M(ER)] (E = S, R = Ph: M = Zn, 1aZn; M = Fe, 1aFe; E = S, R = 2,6-Me2-C6H3: M = Zn, 1bZn; M = Fe, 1bFe; E = Se, R = Ph: M = Zn, 2Zn; M = Fe, 2Fe), and [(Py2ald)M]22+ (M = Zn, 5Zn; M = Fe, 5Fe) is presented. Compound 1aZn could react with nitrite (NO2-) to produce [(Py2ald)Zn(ONO)] (3Zn), which, upon treatment with thiols and PhSeH (proton source), could regenerate either 1aZn/5Zn and 2Zn respectively, along with the production of nitric oxide (NO) where the yield of NO increases in the order tBuSH ≪ PhCH2SH < PhSH < PhSeH. In contrast to this, 1aFe, 2Fe and 5Fe could affect the direct reduction of NO2- in the absence of protons to generate NO and [{(Py2ald)(ONO)Fe}2-μ2-O] (8Fe). Moreover, 8Fe could regenerate 5Fe and 1aFe/2Fe upon treatment with 4 and 6 equiv. of PhEH (E = S/Se), respectively, along with the generation of NO. Finally, a comparative study of the mononuclear Zn(II) and Fe(II) compounds for the transfer of the coordinated thiolate/selenolate and the generation and transfer of reactive sulfur/selenium species (RES-, E = Se, S) to a series of organic substrates has been provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Atta
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India.
| | - Amit Mandal
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India.
| | - Rahul Saha
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India.
| | - Amit Majumdar
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India.
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2
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Sahana T, Valappil AK, Amma ASPR, Kundu S. NO Generation from Nitrite at Zinc(II): Role of Thiol Persulfidation in the Presence of Sulfane Sulfur. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2023; 3:246-253. [PMID: 37810413 PMCID: PMC10557059 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.3c00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Nitrite-to-NO transformation is of prime importance due to its relevance in mammalian physiology. Although such a one-electron reductive transformation at various redox-active metal sites (e.g., Cu and Fe) has been illustrated previously, the reaction at the [ZnII] site in the presence of a sacrificial reductant like thiol has been reported to be sluggish and poorly understood. Reactivity of [(Bn3Tren)ZnII-ONO](ClO4) (1), a nitrite-bound model of the tripodal active site of carbonic anhydrase (CA), toward various organic probes, such as 4-tert-butylbenzylthiol (tBuBnSH), 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (2,4-DTBP), and 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (F-DNB), reveals that the ONO-moiety in the [ZnII]-nitrite coordination motif of complex 1 acts as a mild electrophile. tBuBnSH reacts mildly with nitrite at a [ZnII] site to provide S-nitrosothiol tBuBnSNO prior to the release of NO in 10% yield, whereas the phenolic substrate 2,4-DTBP does not yield the analogous O-nitrite compound (ArONO). The presence of sulfane sulfur (S0) species such as elemental sulfur (S8) and organic polysulfides (tBuBnSnBntBu) during the reaction of tBuBnSH and [ZnII]-nitrite (1) assists the nitrite-to-NO conversion to provide NO yields of 65% (for S8) and 76% (for tBuBnSnBntBu). High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) analyses on the reaction of [ZnII]-nitrite (1), tBuBnSH, and S8 depict the formation of zinc(II)-persulfide species [(Bn3Tren)ZnII-Sn-BntBu]+ (where n = 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6). Trapping of the persulfide species (tBuBnSS-) with 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (F-DNB) confirms its intermediacy. The significantly higher nucleophilicity of persulfide species (relative to thiol/thiolate) is proposed to facilitate the reaction with the mildly electrophilic [ZnII]-nitrite (1) complex. Complementary analyses, including multinuclear NMR, electrospray ionization-MS, UV-vis, and trapping of reactive S-species, provide mechanistic insights into the sulfane sulfur-assisted reactions between thiol and nitrite at the tripodal [ZnII]-site. These findings suggest the critical influential roles of various reactive sulfur species, such as sulfane sulfur and persulfides, in the nitrite-to-NO conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuhin Sahana
- School of Chemistry, Indian
Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram
(IISER-TVM), Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
| | - Adwaith K. Valappil
- School of Chemistry, Indian
Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram
(IISER-TVM), Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
| | - Anaswar S. P. R. Amma
- School of Chemistry, Indian
Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram
(IISER-TVM), Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
| | - Subrata Kundu
- School of Chemistry, Indian
Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram
(IISER-TVM), Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India
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Doherty CJ, Chang JC, Thompson BP, Swenson ER, Foster GE, Dominelli PB. The Impact of Acetazolamide and Methazolamide on Exercise Performance in Normoxia and Hypoxia. High Alt Med Biol 2023; 24:7-18. [PMID: 36802203 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2022.0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Doherty, Connor J., Jou-Chung Chang, Benjamin P. Thompson, Erik R. Swenson, Glen E. Foster, and Paolo B. Dominelli. The impact of acetazolamide and methazolamide on exercise performance in normoxia and hypoxia. High Alt Med Biol. 24:7-18, 2023.-Carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitors are commonly prescribed for acute mountain sickness (AMS). In this review, we sought to examine how two CA inhibitors, acetazolamide (AZ) and methazolamide (MZ), affect exercise performance in normoxia and hypoxia. First, we briefly describe the role of CA inhibition in facilitating the increase in ventilation and arterial oxygenation in preventing and treating AMS. Next, we detail how AZ affects exercise performance in normoxia and hypoxia and this is followed by a discussion on MZ. We emphasize that the overarching focus of the review is how the two drugs potentially affect exercise performance, rather than their ability to prevent/treat AMS per se, their interrelationship will be discussed. Overall, we suggest that AZ hinders exercise performance in normoxia, but may be beneficial in hypoxia. Based upon head-to-head studies of AZ and MZ in humans on diaphragmatic and locomotor strength in normoxia, MZ may be a better CA inhibitor when exercise performance is crucial at high altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor J Doherty
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jou-Chung Chang
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Benjamin P Thompson
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erik R Swenson
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington, Washington, USA
- Medical Service, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Glen E Foster
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Paolo B Dominelli
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Tsikas D, Gambaryan S. Nitrous anhydrase activity of carbonic anhydrase II: cysteine is required for nitric oxide (NO) dependent phosphorylation of VASP in human platelets. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 36:525-534. [PMID: 33508993 PMCID: PMC7875556 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1874946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The carbonic anhydrase (CA) family does not only catalyse the reversible hydration of CO2 to bicarbonate, but it also possesses esterase and phosphatase activity. Recently, bovine CA II and human CA II have been reported to convert inorganic nitrite (O=N-O−) to nitric oxide (NO) and nitrous anhydride (N2O3). Given the ability of NO to mediate vasodilation and inhibit platelet aggregation, this CA II activity would represent a bioactivation of nitrite. There are contradictory reports in the literature and the physiological role of CA II nitrite bioactivation is still disputed. Here, we provide new experimental data in support of the nitrous anhydrase activity of CA II and the key role L-cysteine in the bioactivation of nitrite by CA II. Using washed human platelets and by measuring VASP phosphorylation we provide evidence that exogenous nitrite (10 µM) is bioactivated to NO in a manner strongly depending on L-cysteine (100 and 200 µM). The process is not inhibitable by acetazolamide, a potent CA inhibitor. The contradictory results of recently published studies in this area are thoroughly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Tsikas
- Institute of Toxicology, Core Unit Proteomics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stepan Gambaryan
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Petersburg, Russia
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Acetazolamide for OSA and Central Sleep Apnea: A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Chest 2020; 158:2632-2645. [PMID: 32768459 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.06.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapy options for OSA and central sleep apnea (CSA) are limited, thus many patients remain untreated. Clinically, acetazolamide is sometimes used for CSA; however, given overlapping pathophysiologic properties of OSA and CSA, we hypothesized that acetazolamide is equally effective for both types. Prior reviews focused on specific subtypes of sleep apnea, study designs, and languages, thus including few studies (typically ≤3) limiting insights. RESEARCH QUESTION How efficacious is acetazolamide for sleep apnea, and is its effect modified by sleep apnea type or acetazolamide dose? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS We queried MEDLINE, EMBASE, and ClinicalTrials.gov from inception until March 11, 2019. Any study in which adults with OSA/CSA received oral acetazolamide vs no acetazolamide (control) that reported sleep apnea-related outcomes was eligible, independent of study design or language. Two reviewers independently assessed eligibility and abstracted data. Primary outcomes were apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) and oxygen saturation nadir. Quality of evidence (QoE) was rated with the use of Grades of Recommendation Assessment, Development and Evaluation methods. RESULTS We included 28 studies (13 OSA/15 CSA; NSubjects,Acetazolamide = 542; NSubjects,Control = 553) that enabled meta-analyses for 24 outcomes. Acetazolamide doses ranged from 36 to 1000 mg/d and treatment duration from 1 to 90 d (median, 6 d). Overall, acetazolamide vs control lowered the AHI by -0.7 effect sizes (95% CI, -0.83 to -0.58; I2 = 0%; moderate QoE) that corresponded to a reduction of 37.7% (95% CI, -44.7 to -31.3) or 13.8/h (95% CI, -16.3 to -11.4; AHIControl = 36.5/h). The AHI reduction was similar in OSA vs CSA, but significantly greater with higher doses (at least up to 500 mg/d). Furthermore, acetazolamide improved oxygen saturation nadir by +4.4% (95% CI, 2.3 to 6.5; I2 = 63%; no evidence of effect modification; very low QoE) and several secondary outcomes that included sleep quality measures and BP (mostly low QoE). INTERPRETATION Short-term acetazolamide improved both OSA and CSA. Rigorous studies with long-term follow up are warranted to assess Acetazolamide's value for the chronic treatment of patients with sleep apnea. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION PROSPERO (CRD42019147504).
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Wang L, Sparacino-Watkins CE, Wang J, Wajih N, Varano P, Xu Q, Cecco E, Tejero J, Soleimani M, Kim-Shapiro DB, Gladwin MT. Carbonic anhydrase II does not regulate nitrite-dependent nitric oxide formation and vasodilation. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 177:898-911. [PMID: 31658361 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Although it has been reported that bovine carbonic anhydrase CAII is capable of generating NO from nitrite, the function and mechanism of CAII in nitrite-dependent NO formation and vascular responses remain controversial. We tested the hypothesis that CAII catalyses NO formation from nitrite and contributes to nitrite-dependent inhibition of platelet activation and vasodilation. EXPERIMENT APPROACH The role of CAII in enzymatic NO generation was investigated by measuring NO formation from the reaction of isolated human and bovine CAII with nitrite using NO photolysis-chemiluminescence. A CAII-deficient mouse model was used to determine the role of CAII in red blood cell mediated nitrite reduction and vasodilation. KEY RESULTS We found that the commercially available purified bovine CAII exhibited limited and non-enzymatic NO-generating reactivity in the presence of nitrite with or without addition of the CA inhibitor dorzolamide; the NO formation was eliminated with purification of the enzyme. There was no significant detectable NO production from the reaction of nitrite with recombinant human CAII. Using a CAII-deficient mouse model, there were no measurable changes in nitrite-dependent vasodilation in isolated aorta rings and in vivo in CAII-/- , CAII+/- , and wild-type mice. Moreover, deletion of the CAII gene in mice did not block nitrite reduction by red blood cells and the nitrite-NO-dependent inhibition of platelet activation. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS These studies suggest that human, bovine and mouse CAII are not responsible for nitrite-dependent NO formation in red blood cells, aorta, or the systemic circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Courtney E Sparacino-Watkins
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jun Wang
- Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Nadeem Wajih
- Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Paul Varano
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Qinzi Xu
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Eric Cecco
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jesús Tejero
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Daniel B Kim-Shapiro
- Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.,Translational Science Center, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Mark T Gladwin
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Premont RT, Reynolds JD, Zhang R, Stamler JS. Role of Nitric Oxide Carried by Hemoglobin in Cardiovascular Physiology: Developments on a Three-Gas Respiratory Cycle. Circ Res 2019; 126:129-158. [PMID: 31590598 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.119.315626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A continuous supply of oxygen is essential for the survival of multicellular organisms. The understanding of how this supply is regulated in the microvasculature has evolved from viewing erythrocytes (red blood cells [RBCs]) as passive carriers of oxygen to recognizing the complex interplay between Hb (hemoglobin) and oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitric oxide-the three-gas respiratory cycle-that insures adequate oxygen and nutrient delivery to meet local metabolic demand. In this context, it is blood flow and not blood oxygen content that is the main driver of tissue oxygenation by RBCs. Herein, we review the lines of experimentation that led to this understanding of RBC function; from the foundational understanding of allosteric regulation of oxygen binding in Hb in the stereochemical model of Perutz, to blood flow autoregulation (hypoxic vasodilation governing oxygen delivery) observed by Guyton, to current understanding that centers on S-nitrosylation of Hb (ie, S-nitrosohemoglobin; SNO-Hb) as a purveyor of oxygen-dependent vasodilatory activity. Notably, hypoxic vasodilation is recapitulated by native S-nitrosothiol (SNO)-replete RBCs and by SNO-Hb itself, whereby SNO is released from Hb and RBCs during deoxygenation, in proportion to the degree of Hb deoxygenation, to regulate vessels directly. In addition, we discuss how dysregulation of this system through genetic mutation in Hb or through disease is a common factor in oxygenation pathologies resulting from microcirculatory impairment, including sickle cell disease, ischemic heart disease, and heart failure. We then conclude by identifying potential therapeutic interventions to correct deficits in RBC-mediated vasodilation to improve oxygen delivery-steps toward effective microvasculature-targeted therapies. To the extent that diseases of the heart, lungs, and blood are associated with impaired tissue oxygenation, the development of new therapies based on the three-gas respiratory system have the potential to improve the well-being of millions of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard T Premont
- From the Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine (R.T.P., J.D.R., R.Z., J.S.S.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, OH.,Harrington Discovery Institute (R.T.P., J.D.R., J.S.S.), University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, OH
| | - James D Reynolds
- From the Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine (R.T.P., J.D.R., R.Z., J.S.S.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, OH.,Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (J.D.R.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, OH.,Harrington Discovery Institute (R.T.P., J.D.R., J.S.S.), University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, OH
| | - Rongli Zhang
- From the Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine (R.T.P., J.D.R., R.Z., J.S.S.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, OH.,Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute (R.Z., J.S.S.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, OH
| | - Jonathan S Stamler
- From the Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine (R.T.P., J.D.R., R.Z., J.S.S.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, OH.,Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute (R.Z., J.S.S.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, OH.,Harrington Discovery Institute (R.T.P., J.D.R., J.S.S.), University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, OH
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa A. Shimoda
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineDepartment of MedicineJohns Hopkins School of MedicineBaltimoreMD21224USA
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