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Györi J, Kohn AB, Romanova DY, Moroz LL. ATP signaling in the integrative neural center of Aplysia californica. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5478. [PMID: 33750901 PMCID: PMC7943599 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84981-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP and its ionotropic P2X receptors are components of the most ancient signaling system. However, little is known about the distribution and function of purinergic transmission in invertebrates. Here, we cloned, expressed, and pharmacologically characterized the P2X receptors in the sea slug Aplysia californica—a prominent neuroscience model. AcP2X receptors were successfully expressed in Xenopus oocytes and displayed activation by ATP with two-phased kinetics and Na+-dependence. Pharmacologically, they were different from other P2X receptors. The ATP analog, Bz-ATP, was a less effective agonist than ATP, and PPADS was a more potent inhibitor of the AcP2X receptors than the suramin. AcP2X were uniquely expressed within the cerebral F-cluster, the multifunctional integrative neurosecretory center. AcP2X receptors were also detected in the chemosensory structures and the early cleavage stages. Therefore, in molluscs, rapid ATP-dependent signaling can be implicated both in development and diverse homeostatic functions. Furthermore, this study illuminates novel cellular and systemic features of P2X-type ligand-gated ion channels for deciphering the evolution of neurotransmitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- János Györi
- Department of Experimental Zoology, Centre for Ecological Research, Balaton Limnological Institute, 8237, Tihany, Hungary.,Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA
| | - Andrea B Kohn
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA
| | - Daria Y Romanova
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of RAS, Moscow, 117485, Russia
| | - Leonid L Moroz
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA. .,Departments of Neuroscience and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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Rhaleb NE, Yang XP, Carretero OA. The kallikrein-kinin system as a regulator of cardiovascular and renal function. Compr Physiol 2013; 1:971-93. [PMID: 23737209 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c100053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Autocrine, paracrine, endocrine, and neuroendocrine hormonal systems help regulate cardio-vascular and renal function. Any change in the balance among these systems may result in hypertension and target organ damage, whether the cause is genetic, environmental or a combination of the two. Endocrine and neuroendocrine vasopressor hormones such as the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), aldosterone, and catecholamines are important for regulation of blood pressure and pathogenesis of hypertension and target organ damage. While the role of vasodepressor autacoids such as kinins is not as well defined, there is increasing evidence that they are not only critical to blood pressure and renal function but may also oppose remodeling of the cardiovascular system. Here we will primarily be concerned with kinins, which are oligopeptides containing the aminoacid sequence of bradykinin. They are generated from precursors known as kininogens by enzymes such as tissue (glandular) and plasma kallikrein. Some of the effects of kinins are mediated via autacoids such as eicosanoids, nitric oxide (NO), endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF), and/or tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). Kinins help protect against cardiac ischemia and play an important part in preconditioning as well as the cardiovascular and renal protective effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and angiotensin type 1 receptor blockers (ARB). But the role of kinins in the pathogenesis of hypertension remains controversial. A study of Utah families revealed that a dominant kallikrein gene expressed as high urinary kallikrein excretion was associated with a decreased risk of essential hypertension. Moreover, researchers have identified a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) that distinguishes the kallikrein gene family found in one strain of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) from a homologous gene in normotensive Brown Norway rats, and in recombinant inbred substrains derived from these SHR and Brown Norway rats this RFLP cosegregated with an increase in blood pressure. However, humans, rats and mice with a deficiency in one or more components of the kallikrein-kinin-system (KKS) or chronic KKS blockade do not have hypertension. In the kidney, kinins are essential for proper regulation of papillary blood flow and water and sodium excretion. B2-KO mice appear to be more sensitive to the hypertensinogenic effect of salt. Kinins are involved in the acute antihypertensive effects of ACE inhibitors but not their chronic effects (save for mineralocorticoid-salt-induced hypertension). Kinins appear to play a role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases such as arthritis and skin inflammation; they act on innate immunity as mediators of inflammation by promoting maturation of dendritic cells, which activate the body's adaptive immune system and thereby stimulate mechanisms that promote inflammation. On the other hand, kinins acting via NO contribute to the vascular protective effect of ACE inhibitors during neointima formation. In myocardial infarction produced by ischemia/reperfusion, kinins help reduce infarct size following preconditioning or treatment with ACE inhibitors. In heart failure secondary to infarction, the therapeutic effects of ACE inhibitors are partially mediated by kinins via release of NO, while drugs that activate the angiotensin type 2 receptor act in part via kinins and NO. Thus kinins play an important role in regulation of cardiovascular and renal function as well as many of the beneficial effects of ACE inhibitors and ARBs on target organ damage in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour-Eddine Rhaleb
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
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Rhaleb NE, Yang XP, Carretero OA. The kallikrein-kinin system as a regulator of cardiovascular and renal function. Compr Physiol 2011. [PMID: 23737209 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Autocrine, paracrine, endocrine, and neuroendocrine hormonal systems help regulate cardio-vascular and renal function. Any change in the balance among these systems may result in hypertension and target organ damage, whether the cause is genetic, environmental or a combination of the two. Endocrine and neuroendocrine vasopressor hormones such as the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), aldosterone, and catecholamines are important for regulation of blood pressure and pathogenesis of hypertension and target organ damage. While the role of vasodepressor autacoids such as kinins is not as well defined, there is increasing evidence that they are not only critical to blood pressure and renal function but may also oppose remodeling of the cardiovascular system. Here we will primarily be concerned with kinins, which are oligopeptides containing the aminoacid sequence of bradykinin. They are generated from precursors known as kininogens by enzymes such as tissue (glandular) and plasma kallikrein. Some of the effects of kinins are mediated via autacoids such as eicosanoids, nitric oxide (NO), endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF), and/or tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). Kinins help protect against cardiac ischemia and play an important part in preconditioning as well as the cardiovascular and renal protective effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and angiotensin type 1 receptor blockers (ARB). But the role of kinins in the pathogenesis of hypertension remains controversial. A study of Utah families revealed that a dominant kallikrein gene expressed as high urinary kallikrein excretion was associated with a decreased risk of essential hypertension. Moreover, researchers have identified a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) that distinguishes the kallikrein gene family found in one strain of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) from a homologous gene in normotensive Brown Norway rats, and in recombinant inbred substrains derived from these SHR and Brown Norway rats this RFLP cosegregated with an increase in blood pressure. However, humans, rats and mice with a deficiency in one or more components of the kallikrein-kinin-system (KKS) or chronic KKS blockade do not have hypertension. In the kidney, kinins are essential for proper regulation of papillary blood flow and water and sodium excretion. B2-KO mice appear to be more sensitive to the hypertensinogenic effect of salt. Kinins are involved in the acute antihypertensive effects of ACE inhibitors but not their chronic effects (save for mineralocorticoid-salt-induced hypertension). Kinins appear to play a role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases such as arthritis and skin inflammation; they act on innate immunity as mediators of inflammation by promoting maturation of dendritic cells, which activate the body's adaptive immune system and thereby stimulate mechanisms that promote inflammation. On the other hand, kinins acting via NO contribute to the vascular protective effect of ACE inhibitors during neointima formation. In myocardial infarction produced by ischemia/reperfusion, kinins help reduce infarct size following preconditioning or treatment with ACE inhibitors. In heart failure secondary to infarction, the therapeutic effects of ACE inhibitors are partially mediated by kinins via release of NO, while drugs that activate the angiotensin type 2 receptor act in part via kinins and NO. Thus kinins play an important role in regulation of cardiovascular and renal function as well as many of the beneficial effects of ACE inhibitors and ARBs on target organ damage in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour-Eddine Rhaleb
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
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Cheek DJ, McHugh JM, Blood-Siegfried J, McFetridge JF, Turner BS. A historical perspective on the discovery of adenyl purines. Biol Res Nurs 2000; 1:265-75. [PMID: 11232205 DOI: 10.1177/109980040000100403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In 1929, Drury and Szent-Gyorgyi described the effects of a simple extract of heart muscle and other tissues on the mammalian heart. This extract was identified as adenylic acid and found to have profound effects on the cardiovascular system. The discovery and identification of adenyl purines and their effects on the cardiovascular system has now extended to other biological functions such as neurotransmission, neuromodulation, and endocrine/exocrine secretory functions and beyond. This review examines the history of the discovery and identification of the many roles played by adenyl purines in regulation of physiological homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Cheek
- School of Nursing Biological Research Laboratory, Duke University School of Nursing, Durham, NC, USA
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Abstract
Maurício Rocha e Silva is well known as the discoverer of bradykinin, the powerful hypotensive and smooth muscle stimulating polypeptide which was first detected in plasma following the addition of Bothrops jararaca venom. The discovery in São Paulo, Brazil, in 1948 was the outcome of studies on proteolytic enzymes that Rocha e Silva started in 1939 at a time when circulatory shock was considered to be mediated by histamine. This line of research was prompted by the publications of Feldberg and Kellaway which identified the release of histamine and a slow-reacting substance (SRC-C) from isolated lungs perfused with Naja venom. Rocha e Silva was interested in determining whether trypsin-like enzymes, as shown for phospholipase, had a role in the release of histamine in shock. Instead, he and his co-workers demonstrated that such an enzyme released a new autopharmacological principle, bradykinin, from a plasma globulin precursor. Studies by Ferreira and Rocha e Silva on ways of blocking plasma kinin-destroying activity led Ferreira to isolate bradykinin-potentiating peptides from B. jararaca venom. These peptides were later shown to block angiotensin-I converting enzyme and so have an effect on hypertension. The discovery of bradykinin has led to a new understanding of many physiological and pathological phenomena including circulatory shock induced by venoms and toxins.
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LOEFSTROEM B, PERNOW B, WAHREN J. VASODILATING ACTION OF SUBSTANCE P IN THE HUMAN FOREARM. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996; 63:311-24. [PMID: 14324067 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1965.tb04070.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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SMITH MW. SOME PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF URIDINE NUCLEOTIDES. BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND CHEMOTHERAPY 1996; 22:254-66. [PMID: 14190461 PMCID: PMC1703992 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1964.tb02031.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Uridine di-, tri- and monophosphates (UDP, UTP and UMP) contracted the goldfish intestine preparation in that order of decreasing potency. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) sensitized the gut to UTP and UDP but not to UMP. The fluoro-derivatives of UMP and UTP behaved like the unsubstituted nucleotides on the goldfish intestine but the main effect of 6-azaUDP and large amounts of uracil and uridine was to cause a relaxation. Structure-action relationships are discussed on the basis of these findings. UDPglucose and UDPacetylglucosamine each contracted the goldfish intestine but they were 500-times less active than UDP. Other smooth muscle preparations (tortoise jejunum, rat uterus, guinea-pig ileum and the fowl rectal caecum) contracted to UTP and UDP, but large amounts were needed. The cardiovascular effects in rats of UMP, UDP and UTP were complex and mediated mainly through an action on the peripheral blood vessels. In rats treated with phenoxybenzamine, UMP raised the blood pressure while UDP and UTP first lowered then raised the blood pressure. The fall in blood pressure was not abolished by pronethalol or atropine. The uridine phosphates affected the rat isolated heart only under hypoxic conditions. UTP and UDP dilated the blood vessels of the rabbit ear and UTP was six-times more effective than ATP. UTP and UDP were equiactive in increasing the force of beat of the frog isolated heart. UMP also had an effect if large amounts were given.
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KELLETT DN. ON THE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF PROTAMINE SULPHATE AND OF HEXADIMETHRINE BROMIDE, INHIBITORS OF PLASMA KININ FORMATION. BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND CHEMOTHERAPY 1996; 24:705-13. [PMID: 14340924 PMCID: PMC1704019 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1965.tb01626.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Abstract
Spinal cord blood flow (SCBF) and the effect of end-tidal CO2 concentration (ETCO2) on SCBF (CO2 reactivity) were studied in the lumbar spinal cord of cats by means of the hydrogen-clearance technique Hydrogen gas was administered by inhalation, and its level in spinal cord tissue was estimated amperometrically with small (75 micrometers) platinum electrodes. The average SCBF's at normocapnia (ETCO2 = 4%) of the ventral horn gray matter and of the white matter at several locations were 43.2 and 16.2 ml . 100 gm-1 . min-1, respectively. For gray and white matter, the values of CO2 reactivity, estimated by the coefficient of the regression of SCBF (ml . 100 gm-1 . min-1) on ETCO2 (ml . 100 ml-1) were 11.6 and 2.1, respectively. No differences in SCBF or CO2 reactivity were observed between intact animals kept under N2O-O2 ventilation and decerebrated animals with no anesthesia. After an acute spinal section, ventral horn SCBF and CO2 reactivity (measured eight segments below the cordotomy) were not altered, in spite of the profound neural depression present (that is, spinal shock). Orthodromic (dorsal root) stimulation of the ventral horn neurons induced an average increase in blood flow of 128% above control values. Antidromic (ventral root) motoneuron activation failed to produce any significant changes in ventral horn blood flow.
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Ratnoff OD. Some relationships among hemostasis, fibrinolytic phenomena, immunity, and the inflammatory response. Adv Immunol 1969; 10:145-227. [PMID: 4242699 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60417-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Effect of bradykinin and histamine on capillary permeability. Bull Exp Biol Med 1968. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00808008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Maxwell GM. Actions of substance P on the general, pulmonary, and coronary haemodynamics and metabolism of intact dogs. BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND CHEMOTHERAPY 1968; 32:514-22. [PMID: 5641947 PMCID: PMC1570326 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1968.tb00452.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Lembeck F, Zetler G. Substance P: A Polypeptide of Possible Physiological Significance, Especially Within the Nervous System. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY VOLUME 4 1962. [DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(08)60022-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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CAPON A. [Analysis of vasodilatatory reactions in rabbit ears]. ARCHIVES INTERNATIONALES DE PHYSIOLOGIE ET DE BIOCHIMIE 1957; 65:515-46. [PMID: 13498874 DOI: 10.3109/13813455709069441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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ECCLES JC, FATT P, KOKETSU K. Cholinergic and inhibitory synapses in a pathway from motor-axon collaterals to motoneurones. J Physiol 1954; 126:524-62. [PMID: 13222354 PMCID: PMC1365877 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1954.sp005226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 827] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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AMIN AH, CRAWFORD TB, GADDUM JH. The distribution of substance P and 5-hydroxytryptamine in the central nervous system of the dog. J Physiol 1954; 126:596-618. [PMID: 13222357 PMCID: PMC1365880 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1954.sp005229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 496] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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HOLTON FA, HOLTON P. The capillary dilator substances in dry powders of spinal roots; a possible role of adenosine triphosphate in chemical transmission from nerve endings. J Physiol 1954; 126:124-40. [PMID: 13212735 PMCID: PMC1365647 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1954.sp005198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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HARRIS GW, HOLTON P. Vasodilator activity in extracts of various regions of the central nervous system. J Physiol 1953; 120:254-6. [PMID: 13062237 PMCID: PMC1366036 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1953.sp004890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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