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Tabh JKR, Nord A. Temperature-dependent Developmental Plasticity and Its Effects on Allen's and Bergmann's Rules in Endotherms. Integr Comp Biol 2023; 63:758-771. [PMID: 37160342 PMCID: PMC10503470 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icad026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Ecogeographical rules, describing common trends in animal form across space and time, have provided key insights into the primary factors driving species diversity on our planet. Among the most well-known ecogeographical rules are Bergmann's rule and Allen's rule, with each correlating ambient temperature to the size and shape of endotherms within a species. In recent years, these two rules have attracted renewed research attention, largely with the goal of understanding how they emerge (e.g., via natural selection or phenotypic plasticity) and, thus, whether they may emerge quickly enough to aid adaptations to a warming world. Yet despite this attention, the precise proximate and ultimate drivers of Bergmann's and Allen's rules remain unresolved. In this conceptual paper, we articulate novel and classic hypotheses for understanding whether and how plastic responses to developmental temperatures might contributed to each rule. Next, we compare over a century of empirical literature surrounding Bergmann's and Allen's rules against our hypotheses to uncover likely avenues by which developmental plasticity might drive temperature-phenotype correlations. Across birds and mammals, studies strongly support developmental plasticity as a driver of Bergmann's and Allen's rules, particularly with regards to Allen's rule. However, plastic contributions toward each rule appear largely non-linear and dependent upon: (1) efficiency of energy use (Bergmann's rule) and (2) thermal advantages (Allen's rule) at given ambient temperatures. These findings suggest that, among endotherms, rapid changes in body shape and size will continue to co-occur with our changing climate, but generalizing the direction of responses across populations is likely naive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua K R Tabh
- Lund University, Department of Biology, Section for Evolutionary Ecology, Sölvegatan 37, SE-223 62, Sweden
| | - Andreas Nord
- Lund University, Department of Biology, Section for Evolutionary Ecology, Sölvegatan 37, SE-223 62, Sweden
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Tsubota A, Okamatsu-Ogura Y, Bariuan JV, Mae J, Matsuoka S, Nio-Kobayashi J, Kimura K. Role of brown adipose tissue in body temperature control during the early postnatal period in Syrian hamsters and mice. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:1461-1467. [PMID: 31495802 PMCID: PMC6863724 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) contributes to non-shivering thermogenesis and plays an
important role in body temperature control. The contribution of BAT thermogenesis to body
temperature control in a non-cold environment was evaluated using developing hamsters.
Immunostaining for uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), a mitochondrial protein responsible for
BAT thermogenesis, indicated that interscapular fat tissue had matured as BAT at day 14.
When pups were placed on a thermal plate kept at 23°C, the body surface temperature
decreased in day 7- and 10-day-old pups but was maintained at least for 15 min in
14-day-old pups, indicating that hamsters are unable to maintain their body temperature
until around day 14 even in a non-cold environment. Body temperature maintenance was also
evaluated in UCP1-deficient mice. BAT analysis showed that the UCP1 protein level in
Ucp1+/− Hetero mice was 61.3 ± 1.4% of that in wild-type
(WT) mice and was undetected in Ucp1−/− knockout (KO) mice.
When 12-day-old pups were place on a thermal plate at 23°C, body surface temperature was
maintained for at least 15 min in WT and Hetero mice but gradually dropped by 2.4 ± 0.2°C
in 15 min in KO mice. It is concluded that BAT thermogenesis is indispensable for body
temperature maintenance in pups of hamsters and mice, even in the non-cold circumstances.
The early life poikilothermy and the later acquirement of homeothermy in hamsters may be
because of the postnatal development of BAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Tsubota
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yuko Okamatsu-Ogura
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Jussiaea Valente Bariuan
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Junnosuke Mae
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Shinya Matsuoka
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Junko Nio-Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kimura
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
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Fogarty MJ, Sieck GC. Evolution and Functional Differentiation of the Diaphragm Muscle of Mammals. Compr Physiol 2019; 9:715-766. [PMID: 30873594 PMCID: PMC7082849 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c180012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Symmorphosis is a concept of economy of biological design, whereby structural properties are matched to functional demands. According to symmorphosis, biological structures are never over designed to exceed functional demands. Based on this concept, the evolution of the diaphragm muscle (DIAm) in mammals is a tale of two structures, a membrane that separates and partitions the primitive coelomic cavity into separate abdominal and thoracic cavities and a muscle that serves as a pump to generate intra-abdominal (Pab ) and intrathoracic (Pth ) pressures. The DIAm partition evolved in reptiles from folds of the pleural and peritoneal membranes that was driven by the biological advantage of separating organs in the larger coelomic cavity into separate thoracic and abdominal cavities, especially with the evolution of aspiration breathing. The DIAm pump evolved from the advantage afforded by more effective generation of both a negative Pth for ventilation of the lungs and a positive Pab for venous return of blood to the heart and expulsive behaviors such as airway clearance, defecation, micturition, and child birth. © 2019 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 9:715-766, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Fogarty
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gary C Sieck
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Ferner K, Schultz JA, Zeller U. Comparative anatomy of neonates of the three major mammalian groups (monotremes, marsupials, placentals) and implications for the ancestral mammalian neonate morphotype. J Anat 2017; 231:798-822. [PMID: 28960296 PMCID: PMC5696127 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The existing different modes of reproduction in monotremes, marsupials and placentals are the main source for our current understanding of the origin and evolution of the mammalian reproduction. The reproductive strategies and, in particular, the maturity states of the neonates differ remarkably between the three groups. Monotremes, for example, are the only extant mammals that lay eggs and incubate them for the last third of their embryonic development. In contrast, marsupials and placentals are viviparous and rely on intra-uterine development of the neonates via choriovitelline (mainly marsupials) and chorioallantoic (mainly placentals) placentae. The maturity of a newborn is closely linked to the parental care strategy once the neonate is born. The varying developmental degrees of neonates are the main focus of this study. Monotremes and marsupials produce highly altricial and nearly embryonic offspring. Placental mammals always give birth to more developed newborns with the widest range from altricial to precocial. The ability of a newborn to survive and grow in the environment it was born in depends highly on the degree of maturation of vital organs at the time of birth. Here, the anatomy of four neonates of the three major extant mammalian groups is compared. The basis for this study is histological and ultrastructural serial sections of a hatchling of Ornithorhynchus anatinus (Monotremata), and neonates of Monodelphis domestica (Marsupialia), Mesocricetus auratus (altricial Placentalia) and Macroscelides proboscideus (precocial Placentalia). Special attention was given to the developmental stages of the organs skin, lung, liver and kidney, which are considered crucial for the maintenance of vital functions. The state of the organs of newborn monotremes and marsupials are found to be able to support a minimum of vital functions outside the uterus. They are sufficient to survive, but without capacities for additional energetic challenges. The organs of the altricial placental neonate are further developed, able to support the maintenance of vital functions and short-term metabolic increase. The precocial placental newborn shows the most advanced state of organ development, to allow the maintenance of vital functions, stable thermoregulation and high energetic performance. The ancestral condition of a mammalian neonate is interpreted to be similar to the state of organ development found in the newborns of marsupials and monotremes. In comparison, the newborns of altricial and precocial placentals are derived from the ancestral state to a more mature developmental degree associated with advanced organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Ferner
- Leibniz‐Institut für Evolutions‐ und BiodiversitätsforschungMuseum für NaturkundeBerlinGermany
| | - Julia A. Schultz
- Department of Organismal Biology and AnatomyUniversity of ChicagoChicagoILUSA
| | - Ulrich Zeller
- Lebenswissenschaftliche FakultätFG Spezielle ZoologieAlbrecht Daniel Thaer‐Institut für Agrar‐ und GartenbauwissenschaftenHumboldt‐Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
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Oelkrug R, Polymeropoulos ET, Jastroch M. Brown adipose tissue: physiological function and evolutionary significance. J Comp Physiol B 2015; 185:587-606. [PMID: 25966796 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-015-0907-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In modern eutherian (placental) mammals, brown adipose tissue (BAT) evolved as a specialized thermogenic organ that is responsible for adaptive non-shivering thermogenesis (NST). For NST, energy metabolism of BAT mitochondria is increased by activation of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), which dissipates the proton motive force as heat. Despite the presence of UCP1 orthologues prior to the divergence of teleost fish and mammalian lineages, UCP1's significance for thermogenic adipose tissue emerged at later evolutionary stages. Recent studies on the presence of BAT in metatherians (marsupials) and eutherians of the afrotherian clade provide novel insights into the evolution of adaptive NST in mammals. In particular studies on the 'protoendothermic' lesser hedgehog tenrec (Afrotheria) suggest an evolutionary scenario linking BAT to the onset of eutherian endothermy. Here, we review the physiological function and distribution of BAT in an evolutionary context by focusing on the latest research on phylogenetically distinct species.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Oelkrug
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Straße 8, 35043, Marburg, Germany,
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Szdzuy K, Zeller U. Lung and metabolic development in mammals: contribution to the reconstruction of the marsupial and eutherian morphotype. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2009; 312:555-78. [PMID: 18623108 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.21228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Marsupials represent only 6% of all living mammals. Marsupialia and Placentalia are distinguished mainly by their modes of reproduction. In particular, the differences in the stage of development of the neonates may be one explanation for the divergent evolutionary success. In this respect one important question is whether the survivability of the neonate depends on the degree of maturation of the respiratory system relative to the metabolic capacity at the time of birth. Therefore, this review highlights the differences in lung morphology and metabolic development of extant Marsupialia and Placentalia. The Marsupial neonate is born with a low birth weight and is highly immature. The neonatal lung is characterized by large terminal sacs, a poorly developed bronchial system and late formation of alveoli. Marsupialia have a low metabolic rate at birth and attain adult metabolic rate and thermoregulatory capacity late in postnatal development. In contrast, the eutherian neonate is born with a relative high birth weight and is always more mature than marsupial neonates. The neonatal lung has small terminal sacs, the bronchial system is well developed and the formation of alveoli begins few days after birth. Placentalia have a high metabolic rate at birth and attain adult metabolic rate and thermoregulatory capacity early in postnatal development. The differences in the developmental degree of the newborn lung between Marsupialia and Placentalia have consequences for their metabolic and thermoregulatory capacity. These differences could be advantageous for Placentalia in the changing environments in which they evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Szdzuy
- Institute of Systematic Zoology, Museum of Natural History, Berlin, Germany.
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Szdzuy K, Zeller U, Renfree M, Tzschentke B, Janke O. Postnatal lung and metabolic development in two marsupial and four eutherian species. J Anat 2007; 212:164-79. [PMID: 18179474 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2007.00849.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Two marsupial species (Monodelphis domestica, Macropus eugenii) and four eutherian species (Mesocricetus auratus, Suncus murinus, Tupaia belangeri and Cavia aperea) were examined to compare and contrast the timing of lung and metabolic development during the postnatal maturation of the mammalian respiratory apparatus. Using light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, the lung structural changes were correlated with indirect calorimetry to track the metabolic development. Marsupial and eutherian species followed the same pattern of mammalian lung development, but differed in the developmental pace. In the two newborn marsupial species, the lung parenchyma was at the early terminal sac stage, with large terminal air sacs, and the lung developed slowly. In contrast, the newborn eutherian species had more advanced lungs at the late terminal sac stage in altricial species (M. auratus, S. murinus) and at the alveolar stage in precocial species (T. belangeri, C. aperea). Postnatal lung development proceeded rapidly in eutherian species. The marsupial species had a low metabolic rate at birth and achieved adult metabolism late in postnatal development. In contrast, newborn eutherian species had high metabolic rates and reached adult metabolism during the first week of life. The time course of the metabolic development is thus tightly linked to the structural differentiation of the lungs and the timing of postnatal lung development. These differences in the neonatal lung structure and the timing of postnatal lung maturation between marsupial and eutherian species reflect their differing reproductive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Szdzuy
- Institute of Systematic Zoology, Museum of Natural History, Berlin, Germany.
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Abstract
The function of brown adipose tissue is to transfer energy from food into heat; physiologically, both the heat produced and the resulting decrease in metabolic efficiency can be of significance. Both the acute activity of the tissue, i.e., the heat production, and the recruitment process in the tissue (that results in a higher thermogenic capacity) are under the control of norepinephrine released from sympathetic nerves. In thermoregulatory thermogenesis, brown adipose tissue is essential for classical nonshivering thermogenesis (this phenomenon does not exist in the absence of functional brown adipose tissue), as well as for the cold acclimation-recruited norepinephrine-induced thermogenesis. Heat production from brown adipose tissue is activated whenever the organism is in need of extra heat, e.g., postnatally, during entry into a febrile state, and during arousal from hibernation, and the rate of thermogenesis is centrally controlled via a pathway initiated in the hypothalamus. Feeding as such also results in activation of brown adipose tissue; a series of diets, apparently all characterized by being low in protein, result in a leptin-dependent recruitment of the tissue; this metaboloregulatory thermogenesis is also under hypothalamic control. When the tissue is active, high amounts of lipids and glucose are combusted in the tissue. The development of brown adipose tissue with its characteristic protein, uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1), was probably determinative for the evolutionary success of mammals, as its thermogenesis enhances neonatal survival and allows for active life even in cold surroundings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Cannon
- The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Standard metabolic rate and thermoregulation of five species of Mongolian small mammals. J Comp Physiol B 1981. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00782603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
We have examined the lungs of eleven species of newborn mammals by quantitative morphometric techniques and related the findings to body weight (BW) and O(2) consumption (Vo2 is found to be proportional to BW(0.88); this exponent is significantly greater than the value of about 0.73, repeatedly found for adult mammals. Lung volume (LV) is essentially proportional to BW, and neonatal alveolar size - as indicated by mean chord length - is nearly constant among species and independent of BW. Thus the respiratory surface area (SA) is not proportional to Vo2, as in adult mammals, but to Vo2(1.23). Neonates of small species have lower SA/Vo2 ratios than adult mammals, possibly owing to constraints of surface forces on alveolar size. Newborn members of larger species have SA/Vo2 values in excess of the adult range. Published data on human newborn lung dimensions suggest that the human infant may have an unexpectedly low SA/Vo2 value in relation to BW. Whether this is a valid finding, or whether it derives from methodological differences between studies cannot be ascertained from the available data.
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Hahn P, Skala JP. The role of carnitine in brown adipose tissue of suckling rats. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1975; 51:507-15. [PMID: 1149437 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(75)90046-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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