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Proczka M, Przybylski J, Cudnoch-Jędrzejewska A, Szczepańska-Sadowska E, Żera T. Vasopressin and Breathing: Review of Evidence for Respiratory Effects of the Antidiuretic Hormone. Front Physiol 2021; 12:744177. [PMID: 34867449 PMCID: PMC8637824 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.744177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasopressin (AVP) is a key neurohormone involved in the regulation of body functions. Due to its urine-concentrating effect in the kidneys, it is often referred to as antidiuretic hormone. Besides its antidiuretic renal effects, AVP is a potent neurohormone involved in the regulation of arterial blood pressure, sympathetic activity, baroreflex sensitivity, glucose homeostasis, release of glucocorticoids and catecholamines, stress response, anxiety, memory, and behavior. Vasopressin is synthesized in the paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic nuclei (SON) of the hypothalamus and released into the circulation from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland together with a C-terminal fragment of pro-vasopressin, known as copeptin. Additionally, vasopressinergic neurons project from the hypothalamus to the brainstem nuclei. Increased release of AVP into the circulation and elevated levels of its surrogate marker copeptin are found in pulmonary diseases, arterial hypertension, heart failure, obstructive sleep apnoea, severe infections, COVID-19 due to SARS-CoV-2 infection, and brain injuries. All these conditions are usually accompanied by respiratory disturbances. The main stimuli that trigger AVP release include hyperosmolality, hypovolemia, hypotension, hypoxia, hypoglycemia, strenuous exercise, and angiotensin II (Ang II) and the same stimuli are known to affect pulmonary ventilation. In this light, we hypothesize that increased AVP release and changes in ventilation are not coincidental, but that the neurohormone contributes to the regulation of the respiratory system by fine-tuning of breathing in order to restore homeostasis. We discuss evidence in support of this presumption. Specifically, vasopressinergic neurons innervate the brainstem nuclei involved in the control of respiration. Moreover, vasopressin V1a receptors (V1aRs) are expressed on neurons in the respiratory centers of the brainstem, in the circumventricular organs (CVOs) that lack a blood-brain barrier, and on the chemosensitive type I cells in the carotid bodies. Finally, peripheral and central administrations of AVP or antagonists of V1aRs increase/decrease phrenic nerve activity and pulmonary ventilation in a site-specific manner. Altogether, the findings discussed in this review strongly argue for the hypothesis that vasopressin affects ventilation both as a blood-borne neurohormone and as a neurotransmitter within the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Proczka
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Przybylski
- Department of Biophysics, Physiology, and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Cudnoch-Jędrzejewska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Szczepańska-Sadowska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tymoteusz Żera
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Litvin DG, Denstaedt SJ, Borkowski LF, Nichols NL, Dick TE, Smith CB, Jacono FJ. Peripheral-to-central immune communication at the area postrema glial-barrier following bleomycin-induced sterile lung injury in adult rats. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 87:610-633. [PMID: 32097765 PMCID: PMC8895345 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathways for peripheral-to-central immune communication (P → C I-comm) following sterile lung injury (SLI) are unknown. SLI evokes systemic and central inflammation, which alters central respiratory control and viscerosensory transmission in the nucleus tractus solitarii (nTS). These functional changes coincide with increased interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) in the area postrema, a sensory circumventricular organ that connects P → C I-comm to brainstem circuits that control homeostasis. We hypothesize that IL-1β and its downstream transcriptional target, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), mediate P → C I-comm in the nTS. In a rodent model of SLI induced by intratracheal bleomycin (Bleo), the sigh frequency and duration of post-sigh apnea increased in Bleo- compared to saline- treated rats one week after injury. This SLI-dependent change in respiratory control occurred concurrently with augmented IL-1β and COX-2 immunoreactivity (IR) in the funiculus separans (FS), a barrier between the AP and the brainstem. At this barrier, increases in IL-1β and COX-2 IR were confined to processes that stained for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and that projected basolaterally to the nTS. Further, FS radial-glia did not express TNF-α or IL-6 following SLI. To test our hypothesis, we blocked central COX-1/2 activity by intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion of Indomethacin (Ind). Continuous ICV Ind treatment prevented Bleo-dependent increases in GFAP + and IL-1β + IR, and restored characteristics of sighs that reset the rhythm. These data indicate that changes in sighs following SLI depend partially on activation of a central COX-dependent P → C I-comm via radial-glia of the FS.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Litvin
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States; Department of Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Scott J Denstaedt
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Lauren F Borkowski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, United States
| | - Nicole L Nichols
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, United States
| | - Thomas E Dick
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States; Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - Corey B Smith
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - Frank J Jacono
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Louis Stokes VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States.
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A Randomized Clinical Trial Comparing the Effects of Antitussive Agents on Respiratory Center Output in Patients With Chronic Cough. Chest 2017; 151:1288-1294. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Gokozan HN, Baig F, Corcoran S, Catacutan FP, Gygli PE, Takakura AC, Moreira TS, Czeisler C, Otero JJ. Area postrema undergoes dynamic postnatal changes in mice and humans. J Comp Neurol 2015; 524:1259-69. [PMID: 26400711 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The postnatal period in mammals represents a developmental epoch of significant change in the autonomic nervous system (ANS). This study focuses on postnatal development of the area postrema, a crucial ANS structure that regulates temperature, breathing, and satiety, among other activities. We find that the human area postrema undergoes significant developmental changes during postnatal development. To characterize these changes further, we used transgenic mouse reagents to delineate neuronal circuitry. We discovered that, although a well-formed ANS scaffold exists early in embryonic development, the area postrema shows a delayed maturation. Specifically, postnatal days 0-7 in mice show no significant change in area postrema volume or synaptic input from PHOX2B-derived neurons. In contrast, postnatal days 7-20 show a significant increase in volume and synaptic input from PHOX2B-derived neurons. We conclude that key ANS structures show unexpected dynamic developmental changes during postnatal development. These data provide a basis for understanding ANS dysfunction and disease predisposition in premature and postnatal humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Numan Gokozan
- The Ohio State University, College of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | - Faisal Baig
- The Ohio State University, College of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | - Sarah Corcoran
- The Ohio State University, College of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | - Fay Patsy Catacutan
- The Ohio State University, College of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | - Patrick Edwin Gygli
- The Ohio State University, College of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | - Ana C Takakura
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago S Moreira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Catherine Czeisler
- The Ohio State University, College of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | - José J Otero
- The Ohio State University, College of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
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Caudal nuclei of the rat nucleus of the solitary tract differentially innervate respiratory compartments within the ventrolateral medulla. Neuroscience 2011; 190:207-27. [PMID: 21704133 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A substantial array of respiratory, cardiovascular, visceral and somatic afferents are relayed via the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) to the brainstem (and forebrain). Despite some degree of overlap within the NTS, specificity is maintained in central respiratory reflexes driven by second order afferent relay neurons in the NTS. While the topographic arrangement of respiratory-related afferents targeting the NTS has been extensively investigated, their higher order brainstem targets beyond the NTS has only rarely been defined with any precision. Nonetheless, the various brainstem circuits serving blood gas homeostasis and airway protective reflexes must clearly receive a differential innervation from the NTS in order to evoke stimulus appropriate behavioral responses. Accordingly, we have examined the question of which specific NTS nuclei project to particular compartments within the ventral respiratory column (VRC) of the ventrolateral medulla. Our analyses of NTS labeling after retrograde tracer injections in the VRC and the nearby neuronal groups controlling autonomic function indicate a significant distinction between projections to the Bötzinger complex and preBötzinger complex compared to the remainder of the VRC. Specifically, the caudomedial NTS, including caudal portions of the medial solitary nucleus and the commissural division of NTS project relatively densely to the region of the retrotrapezoid nucleus and rostral ventrolateral medullary nucleus as well as to the rostral ventral respiratory group while avoiding the intervening Bötzinger and preBötzinger complexes. Area postrema appears to demonstrate a pattern of projections similar to that of caudal medial and commissural NTS nuclei. Other, less pronounced differential projections of lateral NTS nuclei to the various VRC compartments are additionally noted.
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Dean JB, Putnam RW. The caudal solitary complex is a site of central CO(2) chemoreception and integration of multiple systems that regulate expired CO(2). Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2010; 173:274-87. [PMID: 20670695 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2010.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Revised: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The solitary complex is comprised of the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS, sensory) and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV, motor), which functions as an integrative center for neural control of multiple systems including the respiratory, cardiovascular and gastroesophageal systems. The caudal NTS-DMV is one of the several sites of central CO(2) chemoreception in the brain stem. CO(2) chemosensitive neurons are fully responsive to CO(2) at birth and their responsiveness seems to depend on pH-sensitive K(+) channels. In addition, chemosensitive neurons are highly sensitive to conditions such as hypoxia (e.g., neural plasticity) and hyperoxia (e.g., stimulation), suggesting they employ redox and nitrosative signaling mechanisms. Here we review the cellular and systems physiological evidence supporting our hypothesis that the caudal NTS-DMV is a site for integration of respiratory, cardiovascular and gastroesophageal systems that work together to eliminate CO(2) during acute and chronic respiratory acidosis to restore pH homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay B Dean
- Dept. of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Hyperbaric Biomedical Research Laboratory, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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Duvernoy HM, Risold PY. The circumventricular organs: an atlas of comparative anatomy and vascularization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 56:119-47. [PMID: 17659349 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2007] [Revised: 06/04/2007] [Accepted: 06/04/2007] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The circumventricular organs are small sized structures lining the cavity of the third ventricle (neurohypophysis, vascular organ of the lamina terminalis, subfornical organ, pineal gland and subcommissural organ) and of the fourth ventricle (area postrema). Their particular location in relation to the ventricular cavities is to be noted: the subfornical organ, the subcommissural organ and the area postrema are situated at the confluence between ventricles while the neurohypophysis, the vascular organ of the lamina terminalis and the pineal gland line ventricular recesses. The main object of this work is to study the specific characteristics of the vascular architecture of these organs: their capillaries have a wall devoid of blood-brain barrier, as opposed to central capillaries. This particular arrangement allows direct exchange between the blood and the nervous tissue of these organs. This work is based on a unique set of histological preparations from 12 species of mammals and 5 species of birds, and is taking the form of an atlas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri M Duvernoy
- Université de Franche-Comté, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 12 Chemin des Relançons, 25000 Besançon, France.
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Kc P, Haxhiu MA, Tolentino-Silva FP, Wu M, Trouth CO, Mack SO. Paraventricular vasopressin-containing neurons project to brain stem and spinal cord respiratory-related sites. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2002; 133:75-88. [PMID: 12385733 DOI: 10.1016/s1569-9048(02)00131-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We studied in the rat projections of vasopressin-containing neurons of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) to phrenic nuclei and to the pre-Botzinger complex (pre-BotC). In addition, we determined vasopressin receptor expression within the pre-BotC and the physiological effects of vasopressin on respiratory drive and arterial blood pressure when injected into the pre-BotC. Retrograde tracing with cholera toxin B subunit (CT-b) showed that a subpopulation of vasopressin-containing PVN neurons project to phrenic nuclei and the pre-BotC. The latter region, identified by expression of neurokinin-1 receptors, contained a subpopulation of neurons that were immunoreactive for the vasopressin type 1 receptor (V(1)R). Microinjection of vasopressin in the pre-BotC (0.2 nmol/200 nl) significantly increased diaphragm electromyographic activity and frequency discharge (P<0.05). In addition, vasopressin increased blood pressure and heart rate (P<0.05). These data indicate that PVN vasopressin-containing neurons innervate respiratory-related regions of the medulla oblongata and spinal cord and when vasopressin is released at these sites, it may increase respiratory drive via activation of the distinct V(1)R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabha Kc
- Specialized Neuroscience Research Program, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W St. N.W., Washington, DC 20059, USA
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Mack SO, Kc P, Wu M, Coleman BR, Tolentino-Silva FP, Haxhiu MA. Paraventricular oxytocin neurons are involved in neural modulation of breathing. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2002; 92:826-34. [PMID: 11796698 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00839.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we determined the projections of oxytocin-containing neurons of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) to phrenic nuclei and to the rostral ventrolateral medullary (RVLM) region, which is known to be involved in respiratory rhythm generation. Studies were also designed to determine oxytocin-receptor expression within the RVLM and the physiological effects of their activation on respiratory drive and arterial blood pressure. Oxytocin immunohistochemistry combined with cholera toxin B, a retrograde tracer, showed that a subpopulation of oxytocin-containing parvocellular neurons in the dorsal and medial ventral regions of the PVN projects to phrenic nuclei. Similarly, a subpopulation of pseudorabies virus-labeled neurons in the PVN coexpressed oxytocin after injection of pseudorabies virus, a transynaptic retrograde marker, into the costal region of the diaphragm. A subpopulation of oxytocin expressing neurons was also found to project to the RVLM. Activation of this site by microinjection of oxytocin into the RVLM (0.2 nmol/200 nl) significantly increased diaphragm electromyographic activity and frequency discharge (P < 0.05). In addition, oxytocin increased blood pressure and heart rate (P < 0.05). These data indicate that oxytocin participates in the regulation of respiratory and cardiovascular activity, partly via projections to the RVLM and phrenic nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- S O Mack
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA.
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Mutolo D, Bongianni F, Carfì M, Pantaleo T. Respiratory responses to thyrotropin-releasing hormone microinjected into the rabbit medulla oblongata. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 277:R1331-8. [PMID: 10564204 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.1999.277.5.r1331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the respiratory role of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) input to medullary structures involved in the control of breathing in anesthetized, vagotomized, paralyzed, and artificially ventilated rabbits. Microinjections (10-20 nl) of 1 or 10 mM TRH were performed in different regions of the ventral respiratory group (VRG), namely the rostral expiratory portion or Bötzinger complex (Böt. c.), the inspiratory portion, the transition zone between these two neuronal pools, and the caudal expiratory component. TRH microinjections were also performed in the dorsal respiratory group (DRG) and the area postrema (AP). Injection sites were localized by using stereotaxic coordinates and extracellular recordings of neuronal activity; their locations were confirmed by subsequent histological control. TRH microinjections in the Böt. c. and the directly caudally located region where a mix of inspiratory and expiratory neurons were encountered elicited depressant respiratory responses. TRH microinjections were completely ineffective at sites within the inspiratory and the caudal expiratory components of the VRG. TRH microinjections in either the DRG or the AP induced excitatory effects on inspiratory activity. The results show for the first time that TRH may exert inhibitory influences on respiration at medullary levels by acting on rostral expiratory neurons and that not only the DRG, as previously suggested, but also the AP may mediate TRH-induced excitatory effects on respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mutolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiologiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, I-50134 Firenze, Italy
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Bhatnagar T, Chitravanshi VC, Sapru HN. Cardiovascular responses to microinjections of excitatory amino acids into the area postrema of the rat. Brain Res 1999; 822:192-9. [PMID: 10082896 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(99)01142-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although, area postrema (AP) as been implicated in the regulation of cardiovascular function, there is no consensus regarding the type of responses elicited by stimulation of this brain structure. Microinjections (50 nl) of smaller concentrations of excitatory amino acid receptor agonists (e.g., NMDA, KA and trans-ACPD, 10 microM each) into the AP elicited pressor and tachycardic responses in unanesthetized decerebrate as well as urethane-anesthetized rats. Microinjections of higher concentrations (e.g., 50 microM NMDA) of excitatory amino acids (EAAs) into the AP elicited an initial pressor and tachycardic response which was followed by a depressor and bradycardic response; when high concentrations of NMDA were microinjected into the AP, enough concentration may have reached the nucleus tractus solitarius (nTS) to elicit depressor and bradycardic responses. Alternatively, high concentrations of NMDA may excite known projections from AP to the nTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Bhatnagar
- Section of Neurological Surgery, New Jersey Medical School, MSB H-586, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103-2757, USA
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Iwase M, Kanamaru M, Kanamaru A, Homma I. Central histaminergic neurons regulate rabbit tracheal tension through the cervical sympathetic nerve. JOURNAL OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 1998; 74:23-32. [PMID: 9858121 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-1838(98)00121-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus decreases tracheal tension and involves central histaminergic neurons. In the present study, we reveal that central histaminergic neurons project to the rostral ventrolateral medulla and affect cervical sympathetic nervous activity in rabbits. Administration of histamine into the fourth ventricle increased cervical sympathetic nervous activity and decreased tracheal tension. These effects were inhibited by administration of a histamine H receptor antagonist, pyrilamine, into the fourth ventricle. Unilateral injection of DL-homocysteic acid into the tuberomammillary nucleus increased cervical sympathetic nervous activity, an effect was antagonized by bilateral injection of pyrilamine into the rostral ventrolateral medulla. The pulse correlogram between the stimulation pulse applied to the tuberomammillary nucleus and the cervical sympathetic nerve activity showed a mode at 150 to 200 ms, which was reduced by pyrilamine administration into the fourth ventricle. Fibers anterogradely labeled by Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) injected into the tuberomammillary nucleus were distributed in the A1, A2, C1, and C2 areas which are determined by tyrosine hydroxylase-immunohistochemistry. PHA-L positive neurons were in close contact with tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in these four areas. Cell bodies in the tuberomammillary nucleus retrogradely labeled with fluorogold from the rostral ventrolateral medulla were immunoreactive with histamine. These results suggest that an excitatory efferent pathway projects from the tuberomammillary nucleus to the cervical sympathetic nerve and that the histaminergic neurons of this pathway influence tracheal tension through the rostral ventrolateral medulla.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Iwase
- Department of Physiology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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O'Halloran KD, Janssen PL, Bisgard GE. Dopaminergic modulation of respiratory motor output in peripherally chemodenervated goats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1998; 85:946-54. [PMID: 9729568 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1998.85.3.946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the ventilatory effects of exogenous dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) administration in chloralose-anesthetized, paralyzed, artificially ventilated adult goats before and after carotid body denervation (CBD). Intravenous (iv) DA bolus injections and slow iv infusions caused dose-dependent inhibition of phrenic nerve activity (PNA) in carotid body (CB)-intact animals during normoxia and hyperoxia but not during hypercapnia. NE administration in CB-intact goats caused dose-dependent inhibition of PNA of similar magnitude to DA trials. The DA D2-receptor agonists quinelorane and quinpirole inhibited PNA, whereas the DA D1-receptor agonist SKF-81297 had no effect. After CBD, the ventilatory depressant effects of DA persisted, but responses were significantly attenuated compared with CB-intact trials. CBD abolished the inhibitory effect of low-dose NE administration but did not alter ventilatory responses to high-dose NE injection. The peripheral DA D2-receptor antagonist domperidone substantially attenuated the inhibitory effects of DA bolus injections and infusions and reversed the inhibitory ventilatory effect of high-dose DA administration to excitation in some animals. The alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist phentolamine had no effect on DA-induced ventilatory depression. Beta-Adrenoceptor stimulation with isoproterenol produced similar hemodynamic effects to DA administration but had no effect on PNA. We conclude that DA and NE exert both CB-mediated and non-CB-mediated inhibitory effects on respiratory motor output in anesthetized goats. The ventilatory depressant effects that persist in peripherally chemodenervated animals are DA D2-receptor mediated, but their exact location remains speculative.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D O'Halloran
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
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Ma D, Sapsed-Byrne SM, Chakrabarti MK, Whitwam JG. Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1998; 42:670-7. [PMID: 9689273 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1998.tb05300.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e.g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. METHODS PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 microgram.kg-1 i.v. or midazolam 0.05 mg.kg-1 i.v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. RESULTS Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg.kg-1 i.v. and 32 micrograms.kg-1 i.v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg.kg-1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg.kg-1. The mean ED50s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg.kg-1, 3.9 micrograms.kg-1 and 0.4 mg.kg-1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 microgram.kg-1 i.v. or midazolam 0.05 mg.kg-1 i.v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg.kg-1 and 8 micrograms.kg-1, respectively. CONCLUSION Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ma
- Department of Anaesthetics and Intensive Care, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital London, UK
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Bongianni F, Mutolo D, Pantaleo T. Depressant effects on inspiratory and expiratory activity produced by chemical activation of Bötzinger complex neurons in the rabbit. Brain Res 1997; 749:1-9. [PMID: 9070621 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(96)01153-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The respiratory role of the Bötzinger complex (Böt. c.) was investigated in alpha-chloralose-urethane or pentobarbitone anesthetized rabbits by means of microinjections of DL-homocysteic acid (DLH). The animals were either spontaneously breathing or vagotomized, paralysed and artificially ventilated. Both phrenic and abdominal activities were monitored; extracellular recordings from medullary respiration-related neurons were performed. Unilateral microinjections (5-30 nl) of DLH (160 mM) into the Böt. c., at sites where intense expiratory activity with an augmenting discharge pattern was encountered, provoked mild or moderate depressant effects on inspiratory activity characterized by decreases in frequency as well as in peak amplitude and rate of rise of phrenic nerve discharge. Stronger depressant effects up to complete apnea were consistently obtained in response to bilateral microinjections. Concomitant depressant effects on the activity of both expiratory motoneurons and expiration-related (ER) neurons of the caudal ventral respiratory group (cVRG) were observed. At variance with previous findings in the cat, the results indicate that chemical activation of Böt. c. augmenting ER neurons may exert inhibitory influences not only on inspiratory activity, but also on cVRG ER neurons and, hence, on expiratory motoneurons. The functional role of the Böt. c. in the control of respiration deserves further investigations; present findings suggest that the rabbit may profitably be used for such a purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bongianni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiologiche, Universita' degli Studi di Firenze, Italy
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Bongianni F, Mutolo D, Srinivasan M, Staderini G, Baccari MC, Calamai F, Pantaleo T. Gastric relaxation in response to chemical stimulation of the area postrema in the rabbit. Brain Res 1994; 646:307-11. [PMID: 8069679 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(94)90095-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Microinjections of DL-homocysteic acid into the area postrema (AP) of anesthetized rabbits provoked gastric relaxations associated with small changes in blood pressure and marked excitatory effects on respiration. Both gastric and cardiovascular effects failed to occur after bilateral vagotomy. Comparable gastric relaxations were induced before and after treatment with atropine or atropine and guanethidine. The AP appears to play a role in gastric motility via vagus nerves and nonadrenergic noncholinergic intramural inhibitory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bongianni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiologiche, Università di Firenze, Florence, Italy
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