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Seihai-to (TJ-90)-Induced Activation of Airway Ciliary Beatings of Mice: Ca 2+ Modulation of cAMP-Stimulated Ciliary Beatings via PDE1. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19030658. [PMID: 29495403 PMCID: PMC5877519 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sei-hai-to (TJ-90, Qing Fei Tang), a Chinese traditional medicine, increases ciliary beat frequency (CBF) and ciliary bend angle (CBA) mediated via cAMP (3′,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate) accumulation modulated by Ca2+-activated phosphodiesterase 1 (PDE1A). A high concentration of TJ-90 (≥40 μg/mL) induced two types of CBF increases, a transient increase (an initial increase, followed by a decrease) and a sustained increase without any decline, while it only sustained the CBA increase. Upon inhibiting increases in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) by 10 μM BAPTA-AM (Ca2+-chelator, 1,2-Bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid tetrakis(acetoxymethyl ester) or Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent PDE1 by 8MmIBMX (a selective PDE1 inhibitor), TJ-90 (400 μg/mL) induced only the sustained CBF increase without any transient CBF increase. The two types of the CBF increase (the transient increase and the sustained increase) induced by TJ-90 (≥40 μg/mL) were mimicked by the stimulation with both procaterol (100 pM) and ionomycin (500 nM). Thus, TJ-90 stimulates small increases in the intracellular cAMP concentration ([cAMP]i) and [Ca2+]i in airway ciliary cells of mice. These small increases in [cAMP]i and [Ca2+]i cause inducing a transient CBF increase or a sustained CBF increase in an airway ciliary cells, depending on the dominant signal, Ca2+-signal, or cAMP-signal.
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Kogiso H, Hosogi S, Ikeuchi Y, Tanaka S, Inui T, Marunaka Y, Nakahari T. [Ca 2+ ] i modulation of cAMP-stimulated ciliary beat frequency via PDE1 in airway ciliary cells of mice. Exp Physiol 2018; 103:381-390. [PMID: 29282782 DOI: 10.1113/ep086681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? The ciliary beat frequency (CBF) of the airway is controlled by [Ca2+ ]i . However, the effects of a reduction in [Ca2+ ]i on CBF are still controversial (an increase, a decrease or no change). What is the main finding and its importance? This study demonstrated that [Ca2+ ]i directly regulates CBF (direct action) and also indirectly regulates CBF via cAMP accumulation controlled by Ca2+ -dependent PDE1 activity (indirect action). The final CBF is determined by the balance of direct and indirect actions. PDE1 plays crucial roles in the regulation of airway CBF. ABSTRACT: [Ca2+ ]i plays crucial roles in the regulation of ciliary beat frequency (CBF) and ciliary bend angle (CBA) of airway cilia. Moreover, Ca2+ -dependent PDE1A existing in the CBF-regulating metabolon of cilia modifies the CBF by regulating the cAMP accumulation. This study demonstrated that the CBF is regulated by a direct and an indirect action of [Ca2+ ]i ; the direct action changes CBF mediated via [Ca2+ ]i , and the indirect action changes CBF mediated via cAMP, the accumulation of which is controlled by PDE1 activity. Upon reducing [Ca2+ ]i to various levels, the direct action decreases CBF and the indirect action increases CBF. The final CBF is determined by the extent of cAMP accumulation, which is determined by the amount of inhibition of PDE1 activity, dependent on a reduction in [Ca2+ ]i ; a slight decrease induced by a nominally Ca2+ -free solution (no cAMP accumulation via PDE1) decreases CBF, and an extreme decrease induced by 50 μm BAPTA-AM increases CBF via cAMP accumulation by inhibiting PDE1 in a similar manner to a PDE1 inhibitor (8MmIBMX). The increase in CBA in response to a reduction in [Ca2+ ]i is smaller than the increase in CBF, because no PDE1A exists in the CBA-regulating metabolon. On the contrary, an increase in [Ca2+ ]i induced by ionomycin, which decreases cAMP accumulation by PDE1A activation, caused a slower procaterol-stimulated increase in CBF than that decreased by a Ca2+ -free solution. A decrease in [Ca2+ ]i stimulates cAMP accumulation, whereas an increase in [Ca2+ ]i inhibits cAMP accumulation in airway ciliary cells. Thus, changes in [Ca2+ ]i modulate CBF and CBA via cAMP accumulation by controlling the activity of PDE1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Kogiso
- Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shigekuni Hosogi
- Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yukiko Ikeuchi
- Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Saori Tanaka
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Toshio Inui
- Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Saisei Mirai Clinics, Moriguchi, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Marunaka
- Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Bio-Ionomics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Japan Institute for Food and Health, St Agnes' University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakahari
- Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Bio-Ionomics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Japan Institute for Food and Health, St Agnes' University, Kyoto, Japan
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A low [Ca 2+] i-induced enhancement of cAMP-activated ciliary beating by PDE1A inhibition in mouse airway cilia. Pflugers Arch 2017; 469:1215-1227. [PMID: 28477148 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-1988-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study demonstrated that PDE1 (phosphodiesterase 1) existing in the ciliary beat frequency (CBF)-regulating metabolon regulates CBF in procaterol-stimulated lung airway ciliary cells of mouse. Procaterol (an β2-agonist) increased the ciliary bend angle (CBA) and CBF via cAMP accumulation in the ciliary cells of mice: interestingly, the time course of CBF increase was slower than that of CBA increase. However, IBMX (3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, an inhibitor of PDE) increased CBA and CBF in an identical time course. Lowering an intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) caused by switching to an EGTA-containing Ca2+-free solution from normal one elevated the procaterol-induced increasing rate of CBF. These observations suggest that Ca2+-dependent PDE1 controls cAMP-stimulated CBF increase. Either application of 8MmIBMX (8-methoxymethyl-IBMX, a selective PDE1 inhibitor), BAPTA-AM (an intracellular Ca2+ chelator), or calmidazolium (an inhibitior of calmodulin) alone increased CBA and CBF in the lung airway ciliary cells and increased cAMP contents in the isolated lung cells, and like IBMX, each application of the compound made the time courses of CBA and CBF increase stimulated by procaterol identical. The immunoelectron microscopic examinations revealed that PDE1A exists in the space between the nine doublet tubules ring and plasma membrane in the lung airway cilium, where the outer dynein arm (a molecular motor regulating CBF) functions. In conclusion, PDE1A is a key factor slowing the time course of the procaterol-induced increase in CBF via degradation of cAMP in the CBF-regulating metabolon of the mouse lung airway cilia.
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Tosoni K, Cassidy D, Kerr B, Land SC, Mehta A. Using Drugs to Probe the Variability of Trans-Epithelial Airway Resistance. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149550. [PMID: 26926476 PMCID: PMC4771809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Precision medicine aims to combat the variability of the therapeutic response to a given medicine by delivering the right medicine to the right patient. However, the application of precision medicine is predicated on a prior quantitation of the variance of the reference range of normality. Airway pathophysiology provides a good example due to a very variable first line of defence against airborne assault. Humans differ in their susceptibility to inhaled pollutants and pathogens in part due to the magnitude of trans-epithelial resistance that determines the degree of epithelial penetration to the submucosal space. This initial ‘set-point’ may drive a sentinel event in airway disease pathogenesis. Epithelia differentiated in vitro from airway biopsies are commonly used to model trans-epithelial resistance but the ‘reference range of normality’ remains problematic. We investigated the range of electrophysiological characteristics of human airway epithelia grown at air-liquid interface in vitro from healthy volunteers focusing on the inter- and intra-subject variability both at baseline and after sequential exposure to drugs modulating ion transport. Methodology/Principal Findings Brushed nasal airway epithelial cells were differentiated at air-liquid interface generating 137 pseudostratified ciliated epithelia from 18 donors. A positively-skewed baseline range exists for trans-epithelial resistance (Min/Max: 309/2963 Ω·cm2), trans-epithelial voltage (-62.3/-1.8 mV) and calculated equivalent current (-125.0/-3.2 μA/cm2; all non-normal, P<0.001). A minority of healthy humans manifest a dramatic amiloride sensitivity to voltage and trans-epithelial resistance that is further discriminated by prior modulation of cAMP-stimulated chloride transport. Conclusions/Significance Healthy epithelia show log-order differences in their ion transport characteristics, likely reflective of their initial set-points of basal trans-epithelial resistance and sodium transport. Our data may guide the choice of the background set point in subjects with airway diseases and frame the reference range for the future delivery of precision airway medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra Tosoni
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Medicine, University of Dundee, Medical Research Institute Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (AM); (KT)
| | - Diane Cassidy
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Medicine, University of Dundee, Medical Research Institute Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Barry Kerr
- School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen C. Land
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Medicine, University of Dundee, Medical Research Institute Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Anil Mehta
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Medicine, University of Dundee, Medical Research Institute Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (AM); (KT)
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Kunzelmann K, Mehta A. CFTR: a hub for kinases and crosstalk of cAMP and Ca2+. FEBS J 2013; 280:4417-29. [PMID: 23895508 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by mutations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). The resulting disease is pleiotropic consistent with the idea that CFTR acts as a node within a network of signalling proteins. CFTR is not only a regulator of multiple transport proteins and controlled by numerous kinases but also participates in many signalling pathways that are disrupted after expression of its commonest mutant (F508del-CFTR). It operates in membrane compartments creating a scaffold for cytoskeletal elements, surface receptors, kinases and phosphodiesterases. CFTR is exposed to membrane-local second messengers such that a CFTR-interacting, low cellular energy sensor kinase (AMP- and ADP-activated kinase, AMPK) signals through a high energy phosphohistidine protein kinase (nucleoside diphosphate kinase, NDPK). CFTR also translocates a Ca(2+)-dependent adenylate cyclase to its proximity so that a rigid separation between cAMP-dependent and Ca(2+)-dependent regulation of Cl(-) transport becomes obsolete. In the presence of wild-type CFTR, parallel activation of CFTR and outwardly rectifying anoctamin 6 Cl(-) channels is observed, while the Ca(2+)-activated anoctamin 1 Cl(-) channel is inhibited. In contrast, in CF cells, CFTR is missing/mislocalized and the outwardly rectifying chloride channel is attenuated while Ca(2+)-dependent Cl(-) secretion (anoctamin 1) appears upregulated. Additionally, we consider the idea that F508del-CFTR when trapped in the endoplasmic reticulum augments IP3-mediated Ca(2+) release by providing a shunt pathway for Cl(-). CFTR and the IP3 receptor share the characteristic that they both assemble their partner proteins to increase the plasticity of their hub responses. In CF, the CFTR hub fails to form at the plasma membrane, with widespread detrimental consequences for cell signalling.
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Nlend MC, Schmid A, Sutto Z, Ransford GA, Conner GE, Fregien N, Salathe M. Calcium-mediated, purinergic stimulation and polarized localization of calcium-sensitive adenylyl cyclase isoforms in human airway epithelia. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:3241-6. [PMID: 17586501 PMCID: PMC1986749 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2007] [Accepted: 06/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Purinergic stimulation of human airway epithelia results in a prolonged increase in ciliary beat frequency that depends on calcium-mediated cAMP production [Lieb, T., Wijkstrom Frei, C., Frohock, J.I., Bookman, R.J. and Salathe, M. (2002) Prolonged increase in ciliary beat frequency after short-term purinergic stimulation in human airway epithelial cells. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 538, 633-646]. Here, fully differentiated human airway epithelial cells in culture are shown to express calcium-stimulated transmembrane adenylyl cyclase (tmAC) isoforms (types 1, 3, and 8) by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Immunohistochemistry of tracheal sections and fully differentiated airway epithelial cell cultures revealed polarized expression of these tmACs, with types 1 and 8 localized to the apical membrane and thus at the position required for ciliary regulation. Real-time, ciliated-cell specific cAMP production by tmACs upon apical, purinergic stimulation with UTP was confirmed using fluorescent energy resonance transfer between fluorescently tagged PKA subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Christine Nlend
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Andreas Schmid
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Zoltan Sutto
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - George A. Ransford
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Gregory E. Conner
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Nevis Fregien
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Matthias Salathe
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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Schmid A, Bai G, Schmid N, Zaccolo M, Ostrowski LE, Conner GE, Fregien N, Salathe M. Real-time analysis of cAMP-mediated regulation of ciliary motility in single primary human airway epithelial cells. J Cell Sci 2006; 119:4176-86. [PMID: 16984973 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.03181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway ciliary beat frequency regulation is complex but in part influenced by cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-mediated changes in cAMP-dependent kinase activity, yet the cAMP concentration required for increases in ciliary beat frequency and the temporal relationship between ciliary beat frequency and cAMP changes are unknown. A lentiviral gene transfer system was developed to express a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based cAMP sensor in ciliated cells. Expression of fluorescently tagged cAMP-dependent kinase subunits from the ciliated-cell-specific foxj1 promoter enhanced expression in fully differentiated ciliated human airway epithelial cells, and permitted simultaneous measurements of ciliary beat frequency and cAMP (represented by the FRET ratio). Apical application of forskolin (1 microM, 10 microM, 20 microM) and, in permeabilized cells, basolateral cAMP (20 microM, 50 microM, 100 microM) caused dose-dependent, albeit similar and simultaneous-increases in cAMP and ciliary beat frequency. However, decreases in cAMP preceded decreases in ciliary beat frequency, suggesting that either cellular cAMP decreases before ciliary cAMP or the dephosphorylation of target proteins by phosphatases occur at a rate slower than the rate of cAMP hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schmid
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Miami School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Avenue, RMSB 7063, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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Hayashi T, Kawakami M, Sasaki S, Katsumata T, Mori H, Yoshida H, Nakahari T. ATP regulation of ciliary beat frequency in rat tracheal and distal airway epithelium. Exp Physiol 2005; 90:535-44. [PMID: 15769883 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2004.028746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ciliary beat frequency (CBF) was measured by video-optical microscopy in rat tracheal and distal airway ciliary cells using a slice preparation. In tracheal ciliary cells (tracheal slice), ATP or 2-methylthio ATP (MeSATP) increased CBF, which was inhibited by suramin (100 microm, an inhibitor of purinergic receptor). Ionomycin (5 microm) or thapsigargin (2 microm) increased CBF similarly. Ca2+-free solution or addition of Ni2+ (1 mm) decreased CBF gradually by approximately 25% and subsequent stimulation with ATP (10 microm) increased CBF transiently. The purinergic agonist experiments demonstrated that ATP increases CBF in tracheal ciliary cells via both P2X and P2Y receptors. ATP increased the intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) in tracheal ciliary cells. However, in distal airway ciliary cells (lung slice), ATP did not increase CBF and [Ca2+]i, although a Ca2+-free solution decreased CBF, and ionomycin (5 microm) or thapsigargin (2 microm) increased it. Moreover, acetylcholine (100 microm) did not increase CBF in distal airway ciliary cells, although it increased CBF in tracheal ciliary cells. Terbutaline (10 microm), a selective beta2-adrenergic agonist, increased CBF in both tracheal and distal airway ciliary cells. These observations suggest that the Ca2+-mobilization mechanisms via purinergic or muscarinic receptors of the distal airway ciliary cell may be different from those of the tracheal ciliary cell. In conclusion, the CBF increase is differently regulated in the tracheal and distal airway epithelia of the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Hayashi
- Department Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
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Mwimbi XKMS, Muimo R, Green MW, Mehta A. Making human nasal cilia beat in the cold: a real time assay for cell signalling. Cell Signal 2003; 15:395-402. [PMID: 12618214 DOI: 10.1016/s0898-6568(02)00143-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human nasal epithelium must adapt to cold climates, and yet, in vitro, human ciliary beat frequency (CBF) is zero at 4 degrees C. Similarly, hibernating mammals do not die of pneumonia despite a core body temperature as low as 6 degrees C, implying that cilia continue to beat. Here, we show that protein kinase C (PKC) and Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) regulate the profile of human nasal CBF in response to rising temperature from 4 degrees C. Onset of ciliary beat was at 10 degrees C in Medium 199, 7 degrees C in the presence of the PKC activator phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), the calcium ionophore ionomycin, or the CAMKII blocker myristoylated autocamtide-2 related inhibitory peptide (MACI), and 6 degrees C for the myristoylated peptide PKC inhibitor EGF-R Fragment 651-658 (MyrPKCI). During cell warming to 32 degrees C, the thermal profile was sigmoid in all solutions except those containing MACI+PMA. Surprisingly, cilia continued to beat despite 4 degrees C and were significantly more responsive to rising temperature with either MACI+PMA, or MACI+MyrPKCI. Our data suggest that CaMKII and PKC regulate the thermal slope and profile of CBF in vitro, and that when these protein kinases are manipulated, cilia can continue to beat despite hypothermia. These findings may relate to adaptive responses to cold climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xowi K M S Mwimbi
- Tayside Institute of Child Health (Centre for Research into Human Development), Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
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Mwimbi XKMS, Muimo R, Treharne KJ, Sijumbila G, Green M, Mehta A. 4alpha-Phorbol negates the inhibitory effects of phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate on human cilia and alters the phosphorylation of PKC. FEBS Lett 2002; 530:31-6. [PMID: 12387861 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(02)03358-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In medium 199, ciliary beat frequency (CBF) in human nasal epithelium declines to 60% of baseline by 2 h and 1 nM phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) doubles the rate of decline by activating protein kinase C (PKC). We find that a reported negative control for PMA, 4alpha-phorbol (1 pM-1 nM)+/-1 nM PMA, not only maintains CBF at baseline, but arrests a pre-existing PMA-induced decline in CBF and alters the profile of multiple phosphorylated PKC species. Thus, 4alpha-phorbol not only potently prevents PMA from inhibiting CBF but also has potent effects on the phosphorylation of PKC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xowi K M S Mwimbi
- Tayside Institute of Child Health, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, UK
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Frohock JI, Wijkstrom-Frei C, Salathe M. Effects of albuterol enantiomers on ciliary beat frequency in ovine tracheal epithelial cells. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2002; 92:2396-402. [PMID: 12015353 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00755.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
beta(2)-Adrenergic agonists stimulate ciliary beat frequency (CBF), an integral part of mucociliary clearance. To evaluate the differential effects of albuterol enantiomers and their racemic mixture on ciliary function, CBF and intracellular calcium were measured at room temperature from single ovine airway epithelial cells with use of digital videomicroscopy. Baseline CBF was 7.2 +/- 0.2 (SE) Hz (n = 80 measurements). R-albuterol (10 microM to 1 mM) stimulated CBF in a dose-dependent manner to maximally 24.4 +/- 5.4% above baseline. Racemic albuterol stimulated CBF to maximally 12.8 +/- 3.6% above baseline, a significantly lower increase compared with R-albuterol alone, despite identical R-enantiomer amounts in both groups. Simultaneous recordings of intracellular calcium concentration and CBF from single cells indicated that the CBF increase in response to R-albuterol was mediated through beta-receptors and stimulation of protein kinase A, in a calcium-dependent and -independent fashion. S-albuterol had a negligible effect on CBF and did not change intracellular calcium. Together, these results suggest that R-albuterol is more efficacious than racemic albuterol in stimulating CBF. Thus S-albuterol may interfere with the ability of R-albuterol to increase CBF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey I Frohock
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
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Salathe M, Bookman RJ. Mode of Ca2+ action on ciliary beat frequency in single ovine airway epithelial cells. J Physiol 1999; 520 Pt 3:851-65. [PMID: 10545149 PMCID: PMC2269609 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7793.1999.00851.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
1. We analysed the kinetics of coupling between cytoplasmic calcium ([Ca2+]i) and ciliary beat frequency (CBF) using simultaneous single cilium recording and single cell [Ca2+]i measurements from cultured ovine tracheal epithelial cells. 2. CBF and [Ca2+]i (indicated by fura-2) were measured at rest and in response to activation of the G-protein coupled M3 muscarinic receptor by 10 microM acetylcholine (ACh). 3. Fourier transform analysis of 3 s data segments of light intensity from phase-contrast microscopy showed no significant delay between changes in [Ca2+]i and CBF during a 2 min exposure to ACh and subsequent washout. 4. CBF time resolution was improved by computing instantaneous beat frequency. This revealed that CBF lagged the rapid increase in [Ca2+]i in response to ACh with a delay of less than 1 beat cycle (143 ms at 7 Hz). When CBF was estimated by an improved Fourier method, this delay was observed to be 70 +/- 30 ms (mean +/- s.e.m.; n = 20 cilia). During the slower return to baseline, a lag of 8 +/- 3.2 s was observed, indicative of hysteresis. 5. While calmodulin inhibitors (calmidazolium and W-7; each n = 5) decreased baseline CBF by an average of 1.1 +/- 0.1 Hz, they did not alter the kinetic relationship between [Ca2+]i and CBF. Similarly, phosphatase inhibitors (okadaic acid and cyclosporin A; each n = 5), changed neither baseline CBF nor the kinetic coupling between [Ca2+]i and CBF. 6. These data suggest that the timing of Ca2+ action on CBF in ovine airway epithelial cells, is unlikely to be determined by phosphorylation reactions involving calmodulin or kinase/phosphatase reactions. 7. A simple model for Ca2+ stimulation of CBF is presented. Fits of the model to the data suggest four or more Ca2+ ions bind cooperatively to speed up CBF.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Salathe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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Sisson JH, May K, Wyatt TA. Nitric Oxide Dependent Ethanol Stimulation of Ciliary Motility Is Linked to cAMP-Dependent Protein Kinase (PKA) Activation in Bovine Bronchial Epithelium. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1999. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1999.tb04677.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Braiman A, Zagoory O, Priel Z. PKA induces Ca2+ release and enhances ciliary beat frequency in a Ca2+-dependent and -independent manner. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 275:C790-7. [PMID: 9730963 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.1998.275.3.c790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The intent of this work was to evaluate the role of cAMP in regulation of ciliary activity in frog mucociliary epithelium and to examine the possibility of cross talk between the cAMP- and Ca2+-dependent pathways in that regulation. Forskolin and dibutyryl cAMP induced strong transient intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) elevation and strong ciliary beat frequency enhancement with prolonged stabilization at an elevated plateau. The response was not affected by reduction of extracellular Ca2+ concentration. The elevation in [Ca2+]i was canceled by pretreatment with 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid-AM, thapsigargin, and a phospholipase C inhibitor, U-73122. Under those experimental conditions, forskolin raised the beat frequency to a moderately elevated plateau, whereas the initial strong rise in frequency was completely abolished. All effects were canceled by H-89, a selective protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor. The results suggest a dual role for PKA in ciliary regulation. PKA releases Ca2+ from intracellular stores, strongly activating ciliary beating, and, concurrently, produces moderate prolonged enhancement of the beat frequency by a Ca2+-independent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Braiman
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
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