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Hacioglu C, Oral D. Borax affects cellular viability by inducing ER stress in hepatocellular carcinoma cells by targeting SLC12A5. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18380. [PMID: 38780503 PMCID: PMC11114215 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) presents a persistent challenge to conventional therapeutic approaches. SLC12A5 is implicated in an oncogenic capacity and facilitates the progression of cancer. The objective of this investigation is to scrutinize the inhibitory effects of borax on endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stress and apoptosis mediated by SLC12A5 in HepG2 cells. Initially, we evaluated the cytotoxic impact of borax on both HL-7702 and HepG2 cell lines. Subsequently, the effects of borax on cellular morphology and the cell cycle of these lines were examined. Following this, we explored the impact of borax treatment on the mRNA and protein expression levels of SLC12A5, C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), glucose-regulated protein-78 (GRP78), activating transcription factor-6 (ATF6), caspase-3 (CASP3), and cytochrome c (CYC) in these cellular populations. The determined IC50 value of borax for HL-7702 cells was 40.8 mM, whereas for HepG2 cells, this value was 22.6 mM. The concentrations of IC50 (22.6 mM) and IC75 (45.7 mM) of borax in HepG2 cells did not manifest morphological aberrations in HL-7702 cells. Conversely, these concentrations in HepG2 cells induced observable morphological and nuclear abnormalities, resulting in cell cycle arrest in the G1/G0 phase. Additionally, the levels of SLC12A5, ATF6, CHOP, GRP78, CASP3, and CYC were elevated in HepG2 cells in comparison to HL-7702 cells. Moreover, SLC12A5 levels decreased following borax treatment in HepG2 cells, whereas ATF6, CHOP, GRP78, CASP3, and CYC levels exhibited a significant increase. In conclusion, our data highlight the potential therapeutic effects of borax through the regulation of ER stress in HCC by targeting SLC12A5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceyhan Hacioglu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of BiochemistryDüzce UniversityDüzceTurkey
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical BiochemistryDüzce UniversityDüzceTurkey
| | - Didem Oral
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical ToxicologyDüzce UniversityDüzceTurkey
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Järvelä V, Hamze M, Komulainen-Ebrahim J, Rahikkala E, Piispala J, Kallio M, Kangas SM, Nickl T, Huttula M, Hinttala R, Uusimaa J, Medina I, Immonen EV. A novel pathogenic SLC12A5 missense variant in epilepsy of infancy with migrating focal seizures causes impaired KCC2 chloride extrusion. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1372662. [PMID: 38660387 PMCID: PMC11039960 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1372662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The potassium-chloride co-transporter 2, KCC2, is a neuron-specific ion transporter that plays a multifunctional role in neuronal development. In mature neurons, KCC2 maintains a low enough intracellular chloride concentration essential for inhibitory neurotransmission. During recent years, pathogenic variants in the KCC2 encoding gene SLC12A5 affecting the functionality or expression of the transporter protein have been described in several patients with epilepsy of infancy with migrating focal seizures (EIMFS), a devastating early-onset developmental and epileptic encephalopathy. In this study, we identified a novel recessively inherited SLC12A5 c.692G>A, p. (R231H) variant in a patient diagnosed with severe and drug-resistant EIMFS and profound intellectual disability. The functionality of the variant was assessed in vitro by means of gramicidin-perforated patch-clamp experiments and ammonium flux assay, both of which indicated a significant reduction in chloride extrusion. Based on surface immunolabeling, the variant showed a reduction in membrane expression. These findings implicate pathogenicity of the SLC12A5 variant that leads to impaired inhibitory neurotransmission, increasing probability for hyperexcitability and epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viivi Järvelä
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mira Hamze
- INMED, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Jonna Komulainen-Ebrahim
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Children and Adolescents, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Elisa Rahikkala
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Johanna Piispala
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mika Kallio
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Salla M. Kangas
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tereza Nickl
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Marko Huttula
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Reetta Hinttala
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Johanna Uusimaa
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Children and Adolescents, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Igor Medina
- INMED, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Esa-Ville Immonen
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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Chen J, Wang H, Deng C, Fei M. SLC12A5 as a novel potential biomarker of glioblastoma multiforme. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:4285-4299. [PMID: 36917367 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08371-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most prevalent and malignant intracranial tumor with significant features of dismal prognosis and limited therapeutic solutions. Consequently, the present studies are committed to exploring potential biomarkers through bioinformatics analysis, which may serve as valuable prognostic predictors or novel therapeutic targets and provide new insights into the pathogenesis of GBM. METHODS We filtered overlapping differentially expressed genes (DEGs) based on expression profilings from three GBM microarray datasets (GSE116520, GSE4290 and GSE68848) and combined RNA sequencing data from The Cancer Genome Atlas and the Genotype-Tissue Expression databases. Hub genes were prioritized from DEGs after performing protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). This was followed by survival analysis to identify potential biomarkers among hub genes. Ultimately, the distributions of gene expressions, genetic alterations, upstream regulatory mechanisms and enrichments of gene functions of the identified biomarkers were analysed on public databases. QRT-PCR, immunohistochemical staining and western blotting was also used to confirm the gene expression patterns in GBM and normal brain tissues. CCK-8 assay clarified the effects of the genes on GBM cells. RESULTS A total of 322 common DEGs were determined and nine genes were subsequently considered as hub genes by the combination of PPI network analysis and WGCNA. Only SLC12A5 had prognostic significance, which was deficient in GBM whereas especially enriched in normal neural tissues. SLC12A5 overexpression would inhibit cell proliferation of U251MG. Genetic alterations of SLC12A5 were rarely seen in GBM patients, and there was no apparent association existed between SLC12A5 expression and DNA methylation. SLC12A5 was prominently involved in ion transport, synapse and neurotransmitter. CONCLUSION SLC12A5 shows promise to function as a novel effective biomarker for GBM and deserves further systematic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiakai Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Handong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Chulei Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Maoxing Fei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Tong Q, Qin W, Li Z, Liu C, Wang Z, Chu Y, Xu X. SLC12A5 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma growth and ferroptosis resistance by inducing ER stress and cystine transport changes. Cancer Med 2023; 12:8526-8541. [PMID: 36645171 PMCID: PMC10134347 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has a poor prognosis and new effective treatments are needed. SLC12A5 plays important roles in multiple complex pathological states and is overexpressed in a variety of malignancies. However, the effects of SLC12A5 in HCC have not been determined. METHODS SLC12A5 expression was assessed by immunostaining and western blotting. A cell viability assay was used to detect cell proliferation. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate the intracellular calcium concentration and cell cycle. Ferroptosis was detected by transmission electron microscopy, lipid peroxidation, and glutathione assays. Subcutaneous tumor formation experiments were used to validate the tumorigenic effect of SLC12A5 in vivo. RNA-seq was used to evaluate the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of SLC12A5. The therapeutic efficacy of targeting SLC12A5 was assessed in a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model. RESULTS High SLC12A5 expression was strongly associated with a poor clinical prognosis and promoted HCC growth. Mechanistically, SLC12A5 promoted ER stress to enhance calcium release and upregulated PNCK expression levels. Concomitantly, PNCK was significantly activated by calcium ions released from the ER. PNCK activated and induced the phosphorylation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway components. Furthermore, SLC12A5 inhibited ferroptosis in HCC by upregulating the expression of xCT, a cystine transporter. CONCLUSION High SLC12A5 levels were correlated with a poor prognosis, promoted tumorigenesis, and inhibited ferroptosis in HCC. These findings suggested that SLC12A5 is a therapeutic target and provide insight into the link between ER stress and ferroptosis in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Tong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research & Division of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic Surgery, Department of SurgeryThe Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangshaChina
- Department of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic SurgeryThe 3rd Affiliated Teaching Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University (Affiliated Cancer Hospital)UrumqiChina
| | - Wei Qin
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research & Division of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic Surgery, Department of SurgeryThe Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Zheng‐Hao Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research & Division of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic Surgery, Department of SurgeryThe Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Chun Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research & Division of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic Surgery, Department of SurgeryThe Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Zi‐Cheng Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research & Division of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic Surgery, Department of SurgeryThe Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Yuan Chu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research & Division of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic Surgery, Department of SurgeryThe Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Xun‐Di Xu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research & Division of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic Surgery, Department of SurgeryThe Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangshaChina
- Department of General SurgeryThe South China Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhenChina
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Wang J, Liu W, Xu W, Yang B, Cui M, Li Z, Zhang H, Jin C, Xue H, Zhang J. Comprehensive Analysis of the Oncogenic, Genomic Alteration, and Immunological Landscape of Cation-Chloride Cotransporters in Pan-Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:819688. [PMID: 35372048 PMCID: PMC8968682 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.819688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Assessing the phenotypic diversity underlying tumor progression requires the identification of variations in the respective molecular interaction in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Despite emerging studies focusing on the association between cation-chloride cotransporters (CCCs) and carcinogenesis, direct evidence that CCCs (KCC2 and NKCC1) mediate tumor progression in pan-cancer remains unclear. Methods We conducted a comprehensive assessment of the expression, DNA variation profiles, and prognostic and immunologic implications of CCCs based on a large-scale pan-cancer population, including 10,967 cancer patients from the Cancer Genome Atlas, 9,162 cancer patients from Genomics Expression Omnibus, 48,834 cancer patients from 188 independent studies, and 356 cancer patients from three real-world cohorts. Results In this study, we first found that CCCs were highly expressed in most tumors, and prominently associated with prognosis. Kaplan–Meier analysis and Cox regression analysis revealed that KCC2 and NKCC1 significantly predicted survival for patients with pan-cancer, suggesting that CCCs have inconsistent tumorigenesis regulatory mechanisms in cancers. Next, we examined the DNA variation landscape of KCC2 and NKCC1 and their prognostic implications in pan-cancer. The results demonstrated that UCEC patients with somatic copy number variation (CNV) of NKCC1 received significantly better outcomes (p < 0.05). Besides emphasizing the clinical implications of CNV of CCCs for cancer patients, we found that NKCC1MUT could prominently prolong progression-free survival (p = 2.59e-04), disease-specific survival (p = 0.019), and overall survival (p = 0.034) compared with NKCC1WT cancer patients possibly via regulation of cell proliferation and oncogenic stress pathways. Additionally, KCC2 positively correlated with the levels of tumor-infiltrating macrophages and CD4+ T cells, but NKCC1 showed a significantly widely negative association with tumor-infiltrated lymphocytes, suggesting an immune-excluded TME in cancers. Similarly, expression of KCC2, rather than NKCC1, was positively correlated with the immune checkpoint molecules, indicating its role as an immune regulator in a wide variety of cancers. Finally, to verify our hypothesis and altered expression of CCCs, we performed IHC analysis and revealed the staining distribution in tumor and adjacent normal tissues of glioma, clear cell renal cell carcinoma, papillary cell renal cell carcinoma, and hepatocellular and breast cancer from three real-world cohorts, and validated prominently prognostic implications of CCCs in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Conclusion This study first comprehensively investigated the molecular and clinical role of CCCs, and illustrated the significant association among KCC2/NKCC1 expression, DNA variation profiles prognosis, and TME of pan-cancer. The pan-cancer findings provided an in-depth understanding of potential oncogenic and immunologic of differential expression and DNA alteration of KCC2/NKCC1 cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wangrui Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Wenhao Xu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Baofeng Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Affiliate Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mingzhu Cui
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Pathology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hailiang Zhang
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuntao Jin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
- *Correspondence: Jiaqiang Zhang, ; Huanzhou Xue, ; Chuntao Jin,
| | - Huanzhou Xue
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jiaqiang Zhang, ; Huanzhou Xue, ; Chuntao Jin,
| | - Jiaqiang Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jiaqiang Zhang, ; Huanzhou Xue, ; Chuntao Jin,
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The Important Role of Ion Transport System in Cervical Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010333. [PMID: 35008759 PMCID: PMC8745646 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is a significant gynecological cancer and causes cancer-related deaths worldwide. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is implicated in the etiology of cervical malignancy. However, much evidence indicates that HPV infection is a necessary but not sufficient cause in cervical carcinogenesis. Therefore, the cellular pathophysiology of cervical cancer is worthy of study. This review summarizes the recent findings concerning the ion transport processes involved in cell volume regulation and intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis of epithelial cells and how these transport systems are themselves regulated by the tumor microenvironment. For cell volume regulation, we focused on the volume-sensitive Cl− channels and K+-Cl− cotransporter (KCC) family, important regulators for ionic and osmotic homeostasis of epithelial cells. Regarding intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis, the Ca2+ store sensor STIM molecules and plasma membrane Ca2+ channel Orai proteins, the predominant Ca2+ entry mechanism in epithelial cells, are discussed. Furthermore, we evaluate the potential of these membrane ion transport systems as diagnostic biomarkers and pharmacological interventions and highlight the challenges.
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Drug development in targeting ion channels for brain edema. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2020; 41:1272-1288. [PMID: 32855530 PMCID: PMC7609292 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-00503-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral edema is a pathological hallmark of various central nervous system (CNS) insults, including traumatic brain injury (TBI) and excitotoxic injury such as stroke. Due to the rigidity of the skull, edema-induced increase of intracranial fluid significantly complicates severe CNS injuries by raising intracranial pressure and compromising perfusion. Mortality due to cerebral edema is high. With mortality rates up to 80% in severe cases of stroke, it is the leading cause of death within the first week. Similarly, cerebral edema is devastating for patients of TBI, accounting for up to 50% mortality. Currently, the available treatments for cerebral edema include hypothermia, osmotherapy, and surgery. However, these treatments only address the symptoms and often elicit adverse side effects, potentially in part due to non-specificity. There is an urgent need to identify effective pharmacological treatments for cerebral edema. Currently, ion channels represent the third-largest target class for drug development, but their roles in cerebral edema remain ill-defined. The present review aims to provide an overview of the proposed roles of ion channels and transporters (including aquaporins, SUR1-TRPM4, chloride channels, glucose transporters, and proton-sensitive channels) in mediating cerebral edema in acute ischemic stroke and TBI. We also focus on the pharmacological inhibitors for each target and potential therapeutic strategies that may be further pursued for the treatment of cerebral edema.
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Wang L, Zhang Q, Wu P, Xiang W, Xie D, Wang N, Deng M, Cao K, Zeng H, Xu Z, Xiaoming Liu, He L, Long Z, Tan J, Wang J, Liu B, Liu J. SLC12A5 interacts and enhances SOX18 activity to promote bladder urothelial carcinoma progression via upregulating MMP7. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:2349-2360. [PMID: 32449280 PMCID: PMC7385366 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Solute carrier family 12 member 5 (SLC12A5) has an oncogenic role in bladder urothelial carcinoma. The present study aimed to characterize the molecular mechanisms of SLC12A5 in bladder urothelial carcinoma pathogenesis. Functional assays identified that in bladder urothelial carcinoma SLC12A5 interacts with and stabilizes SOX18, and then upregulates matrix metalloproteinase 7 (MMP7). In vivo and in vitro assays were performed to confirm the effect of SLC12A5’s interaction with SOX18 on MMP7‐mediated bladder urothelial carcinoma progression. SLC12A5 was upregulated in human bladder tumors, and correlated with the poor survival of patients with bladder urothelial carcinoma tumor invasion and metastasis, promoted by SLC12A5 overexpression. We demonstrated that SLC12A5 interacted with SOX18, and then upregulated MMP7, thus enhancing tumor progression. Importantly, SLC12A5 expression correlated positively with SOX18 and MMP7 expression in bladder urothelial carcinoma. Furthermore, SLC12A5 expression was suppressed by miR‐133a‐3p. Ectopic expression of SLC12A5 partly abolished miR‐133a‐3p‐mediated suppression of cell migration. SLC12A5‐SOX18 complex‐mediated upregulation on MMP7 was important in bladder urothelial carcinoma progression. The miR‐133a‐3p/SLC12A5/SOX18/MMP7 signaling axis was critical for progression, and provided an effective therapeutic approach against bladder urothelial carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Wang
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qun Zhang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei Wu
- Department of Operation Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Xiang
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dan Xie
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minhua Deng
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ke Cao
- Department of Oncology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hongliang Zeng
- Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Zhenzhou Xu
- Department of Urology, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- Department of Digestive, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Leye He
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhi Long
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Tan
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinrong Wang
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianye Liu
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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Yang GP, He WP, Tan JF, Yang ZX, Fan RR, Ma NF, Wang FW, Chen L, Li Y, Shen HW, You ZS, Xie D, Yang GF. Overexpression of SLC12A5 is associated with tumor progression and poor survival in ovarian carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2019; 29:1280-1284. [PMID: 31570543 DOI: 10.1136/ijgc-2019-000229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The solute carrier family 12 member 5 (SLC12A5) gene is playing a putative oncogenic role in colorectal carcinoma. However, the status of SLC12A5 amplification and expression in ovarian carcinoma and its potential clinical and/or prognostic significance has not yet been investigated. METHODS In the present study, semi-quantitative staining and fluorescence in situ hybridization were used to investigate SLC12A5 protein expression and gene amplification levels. Samples were obtained from archival, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded pathological specimens consisting of 30 normal ovaries, 30 ovarian cystadenomas, 30 borderline ovarian tumors, and 147 invasive ovarian carcinomas. SLC12A5 immunohistochemical staining results, pathological parameters, and patient prognosis were then evaluated using various statistical models. Patient survival rate was also assessed using receiver-operator curve analysis. RESULTS Our results revealed no SLC12A5 protein overexpression in normal ovaries. However, 7% of cystadenomas had SLC12A5 protein overexpression along with 17% of borderline tumors and 37% of ovarian carcinomas (P<0.01). Amplification of SLC12A5 was detected in 10.3% of ovarian carcinomas. Further correlational analyses showed that SLC12A5 protein overexpression in ovarian carcinomas was significantly associated with ascending histological grade, pT/pN/pM status, as well as FIGO stage (P<0.05). A subsequent univariate survival analysis of our ovarian carcinoma cohorts resulted in a significant association between SLC12A5 protein overexpression and decreased patient survival (44.3 and 85.9 months for high and low SLC12A5 protein expression, respectively; P<0.001). Importantly, additional multivariate analysis revealed that SLC12A5 protein expression was a significant, independent prognostic factor for overall survival in ovarian carcinoma patients (P=0.003). CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these findings support the conclusion that SLC12A5 protein overexpression could indicate an invasive and/or aggressive phenotype of ovarian carcinoma. Future work will need to investigate whether SLC12A5 protein can serve as an independent prognostic molecular marker in patients with ovarian carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Ping Yang
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Peng He
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin-Feng Tan
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zun-Xian Yang
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong-Rong Fan
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ning-Fang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Institute of Oncology, Tumor Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng-Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Institute of Oncology, Tumor Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Wei Shen
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ze-Shan You
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guo-Fen Yang
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Lauf PK, Sharma N, Adragna NC. Kinetic studies of K-Cl cotransport in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 316:C274-C284. [PMID: 30649919 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00002.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
During aging, and development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD), aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) transition from healthy contractile to diseased synthetic phenotypes. K-Cl cotransport (KCC) maintains cell volume and ion homeostasis in growth and differentiation, and hence is important for VSMC proliferation and migration. Therefore, KCC activity may play a role in the contractile-to-synthetic VSMC phenotypic transition. Early, medium, and late synthetic passage VSMCs were tested for specific cytoskeletal protein expression. KCC-mediated ouabain- and bumetanide-insensitive Rb+ (a K+ congener) influx was determined as Cl--dependent Rb+ influx at different external Rb+ and Cl- ion concentrations, [Rb+]o and [Cl-]o. Expressions of the cytoskeletal proteins α-actin, vimentin, and desmin fell from early through late synthetic VSMCs. KCC kinetic parameters, such as maximum velocity ( Vm), and apparent Cl- and Rb+ affinities ( Km), were calculated with Lineweaver-Burk, Hanes-Woolf, and Hill approximations. Vm values of both Rb+- and Cl--dependent influxes were of equal magnitude, commensurate with a KCC stoichiometry of unity, and rose threefold from early to late synthetic VSMCs. Hill coefficients for Rb+ and Cl- correlated with cell passage number, suggesting increased KCC ligand cooperativity. However, Km values for [Cl-]o were strikingly bimodal with 60-80 mM in early, ~20-30 mM in medium, and 60 mM in late passage cells. In contrast, Km values for [Rb+]o remained steady at ~17 mM. Since total KCC isoform expression was similar with cell passage, structure/function changes of the KCC signalosome may accompany the transition of aortic VSMCs from a healthy to a diseased phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter K Lauf
- The Cell Biophysics Group, Wright State University , Dayton, Ohio
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University , Dayton, Ohio
- Department of Pathology, Wright State University , Dayton, Ohio
- Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University , Dayton, Ohio
| | - Neelima Sharma
- The Cell Biophysics Group, Wright State University , Dayton, Ohio
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University , Dayton, Ohio
- Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University , Dayton, Ohio
| | - Norma C Adragna
- The Cell Biophysics Group, Wright State University , Dayton, Ohio
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University , Dayton, Ohio
- Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University , Dayton, Ohio
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11
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Shorthouse D, Riedel A, Kerr E, Pedro L, Bihary D, Samarajiwa S, Martins CP, Shields J, Hall BA. Exploring the role of stromal osmoregulation in cancer and disease using executable modelling. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3011. [PMID: 30069015 PMCID: PMC6070494 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05414-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Osmotic regulation is a vital homoeostatic process in all cells and tissues. Cells initially respond to osmotic stresses by activating transmembrane transport proteins to move osmotically active ions. Disruption of ion and water transport is frequently observed in cellular transformations such as cancer. We report that genes involved in membrane transport are significantly deregulated in many cancers, and that their expression can distinguish cancer cells from normal cells with a high degree of accuracy. We present an executable model of osmotic regulation and membrane transport in mammalian cells, providing a mechanistic explanation for phenotype change in varied disease states, and accurately predicting behaviour from single cell expression data. We also predict key proteins involved in cellular transformation, SLC4A3 (AE3), and SLC9A1 (NHE1). Furthermore, we predict and verify a synergistic drug combination in vitro, of sodium and chloride channel inhibitors, which target the osmoregulatory network to reduce cancer-associated phenotypes in fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Shorthouse
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Angela Riedel
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Emma Kerr
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Luisa Pedro
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Dóra Bihary
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Shamith Samarajiwa
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Carla P Martins
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Jacqueline Shields
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK.
| | - Benjamin A Hall
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK.
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12
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Rahmati N, Hoebeek FE, Peter S, De Zeeuw CI. Chloride Homeostasis in Neurons With Special Emphasis on the Olivocerebellar System: Differential Roles for Transporters and Channels. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:101. [PMID: 29765304 PMCID: PMC5938380 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The intraneuronal ionic composition is an important determinant of brain functioning. There is growing evidence that aberrant homeostasis of the intracellular concentration of Cl- ([Cl-]i) evokes, in addition to that of Na+ and Ca2+, robust impairments of neuronal excitability and neurotransmission and thereby neurological conditions. More specifically, understanding the mechanisms underlying regulation of [Cl-]i is crucial for deciphering the variability in GABAergic and glycinergic signaling of neurons, in both health and disease. The homeostatic level of [Cl-]i is determined by various regulatory mechanisms, including those mediated by plasma membrane Cl- channels and transporters. This review focuses on the latest advances in identification, regulation and characterization of Cl- channels and transporters that modulate neuronal excitability and cell volume. By putting special emphasis on neurons of the olivocerebellar system, we establish that Cl- channels and transporters play an indispensable role in determining their [Cl-]i and thereby their function in sensorimotor coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negah Rahmati
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Freek E. Hoebeek
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- NIDOD Institute, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht and Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Saša Peter
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Chris I. De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Dutch Academy for Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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13
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Chen XG, Ma L, Xu JX. Abnormal DNA methylation may contribute to the progression of osteosarcoma. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:193-199. [PMID: 29115427 PMCID: PMC5780126 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of optimal methylation biomarkers to achieve maximum diagnostic ability remains a challenge. The present study aimed to elucidate the potential molecular mechanisms underlying osteosarcoma (OS) using DNA methylation analysis. Based on the GSE36002 dataset obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, differentially methylated genes were extracted between patients with OS and controls using t-tests. Subsequently, hierarchical clustering was performed to segregate the samples into two distinct clusters, OS and normal. Gene Ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment analyses for differentially methylated genes were performed using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery tool. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was established, followed by hub gene identification. Using the cut-off threshold of ≥0.2 average β-value difference, 3,725 unique CpGs (2,862 genes) were identified to be differentially methylated between the OS and normal groups. Among these 2,862 genes, 510 genes were differentially hypermethylated and 2,352 were differentially hypomethylated. The differentially hypermethylated genes were primarily involved in 20 GO terms, and the top 3 terms were associated with potassium ion transport. For differentially hypomethylated genes, GO functions principally included passive transmembrane transporter activity, channel activity and metal ion transmembrane transporter activity. In addition, a total of 10 significant pathways were enriched by differentially hypomethylated genes; notably, neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction was the most significant pathway. Based on a connectivity degree >90, 7 hub genes were selected from the PPI network, including neuromedin U (NMU; degree=103) and NMU receptor 1 (NMUR1; degree=103). Functional terms (potassium ion transport, transmembrane transporter activity, and neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction) and hub genes (NMU and NMUR1) may serve as potential targets for the treatment and diagnosis of OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Gang Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The People's Hospital of Baoan Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518101, P.R. China
| | - Liang Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250011, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Xin Xu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
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14
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Franklin BM, Voss SR, Osborn JL. Ion channel signaling influences cellular proliferation and phagocyte activity during axolotl tail regeneration. Mech Dev 2017; 146:42-54. [PMID: 28603004 PMCID: PMC6386162 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the potential for ion channels to regulate cellular behaviors during tissue regeneration. Here, we utilized an amphibian tail regeneration assay coupled with a chemical genetic screen to identify ion channel antagonists that altered critical cellular processes during regeneration. Inhibition of multiple ion channels either partially (anoctamin1/Tmem16a, anoctamin2/Tmem16b, KV2.1, KV2.2, L-type CaV channels and H/K ATPases) or completely (GlyR, GABAAR, KV1.5 and SERCA pumps) inhibited tail regeneration. Partial inhibition of tail regeneration by blocking the calcium activated chloride channels, anoctamin1&2, was associated with a reduction of cellular proliferation in tail muscle and mesenchymal regions. Inhibition of anoctamin 1/2 also altered the post-amputation transcriptional response of p44/42 MAPK signaling pathway genes, including decreased expression of erk1/erk2. We also found that complete inhibition via voltage gated K+ channel blockade was associated with diminished phagocyte recruitment to the amputation site. The identification of H+ pumps as required for axolotl tail regeneration supports findings in Xenopus and Planaria models, and more generally, the conservation of ion channels as regulators of tissue regeneration. This study provides a preliminary framework for an in-depth investigation of the mechanistic role of ion channels and their potential involvement in regulating cellular proliferation and other processes essential to wound healing, appendage regeneration, and tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M Franklin
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, United States
| | - S Randal Voss
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, United States
| | - Jeffrey L Osborn
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, United States.
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15
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Solute carrier family 12 member 5 promotes tumor invasion/metastasis of bladder urothelial carcinoma by enhancing NF-κB/MMP-7 signaling pathway. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2691. [PMID: 28333147 PMCID: PMC5386524 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Solute carrier family 12 member 5 (SLC12A5), an integral membrane KCl cotransporter, which maintains chloride homeostasis in neurons, is aberrantly expressed and involved in the tumorigenesis of certain cancers. However, the clinical significance and biological role of SLC12A5 in human bladder urothelial carcinoma (BUC) remains unclear. In this study, the expression of SLC12A5 was examined in clinical specimens of primary BUC and in BUC cell lines using quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), western blot and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The prognostic value of SLC12A5 expression and its correlation with the clinicopathological features of patients with BUC were analyzed statistically. A series of in vitro and in vivo assays were performed to elucidate the effect of SLC12A5 in BUC and its underlying mechanisms. The present results showed that SLC12A5 expression was significantly increased in BUC tissues. SLC12A5 expression significantly correlated with the tumor node metastasis (TNM) stage. Kaplan–Meier survival curves showed that high SLC12A5 expression was associated with poor survival in patients with BUC. Multivariate analysis indicated that SLC12A5 expression was an independent prognostic marker for the survival of patients. Downregulation of SLC12A5 inhibited the migratory and invasive abilities of BUC cells in vitro, and knocking down SLC12A5 diminished BUC metastasis in vivo. Moreover, we identified that SLC12A5 promoted the migration and invasion of BUC by enhancing MMP-7 expression via NF-κB-dependent transcription. Taken together, our findings indicated that SLC12A5 might function as a tumor metastasis promoting factor in the development and progression of BUC by regulating the NF-κB/MMP-7 signaling pathway. Thus, SLC12A5 might be a prognostic marker as well as a therapeutic target for BUC.
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16
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Kahle KT, Khanna AR, Duan J, Staley KJ, Delpire E, Poduri A. The KCC2 Cotransporter and Human Epilepsy: Getting Excited About Inhibition. Neuroscientist 2016; 22:555-562. [PMID: 27130838 DOI: 10.1177/1073858416645087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The cation-Cl- cotransporter KCC2, encoded by SLC12A5, is required for the emergence and maintenance of GABAergic fast synaptic inhibition in organisms across evolution. These findings have suggested that KCC2 deficiency might play a role in the pathogenesis human epilepsy, but this has only recently been substantiated by two lines of genetic evidence. The first is the discovery of heterozygous missense polymorphisms in SLC12A5, causing decreased KCC2-dependent Cl- extrusion capacity, in an Australian family with inherited febrile seizures and in a French-Canadian cohort with severe genetic generalized epilepsy (GGE). The second is the discovery of recessive loss-of-function mutations in SLC12A5 in patients with a severe, early-onset Mendelian disease termed "epilepsy of infancy with migrating focal seizures" (EIMFS). These findings collectively support the paradigm that precisely regulated KCC2 activity is required for synaptic inhibition in humans, and that genetically encoded impairment of KCC2 function, due to effects on gene dosage, intrinsic activity, or extrinsic regulation, can influence epilepsy phenotypes in patients. Accordingly, KCC2 could be a target for a novel antiepileptic strategies that aims to restore GABA inhibition by facilitating Cl- extrusion. Such drugs could have relevance for pharmaco-resistant epilepsies and possibly other diseases characterized by synaptic hyperexcitability, such as the spectrum autism disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristopher T Kahle
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Pediatrics, and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale Program in Neurogenetics, and Centers for Mendelian Genomics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Arjun R Khanna
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - JingJing Duan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kevin J Staley
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric Delpire
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Annapurna Poduri
- Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Electrophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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17
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Wu H, Che X, Tang J, Ma F, Pan K, Zhao M, Shao A, Wu Q, Zhang J, Hong Y. The K(+)-Cl(-) Cotransporter KCC2 and Chloride Homeostasis: Potential Therapeutic Target in Acute Central Nervous System Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 53:2141-51. [PMID: 25941074 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9162-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The K(+)-Cl(-) cotransporter-2 (KCC2) is a well-known member of the electroneutral cation-chloride cotransporters with a restricted expression pattern to neurons. This transmembrane protein mediates the efflux of Cl(-) out of neurons and exerts a critical role in inhibitory γ-aminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic) and glycinergic neurotransmission. Moreover, KCC2 participates in the regulation of various physiological processes of neurons, including cell migration, dendritic outgrowth, spine morphology, and dendritic synaptogenesis. It is important to note that down-regulation of KCC2 is associated with the pathogenesis of multiple neurological diseases, which is of particular relevance to acute central nervous system (CNS) injury. In this review, we aim to survey the pathogenic significance of KCC2 down-regulation under the condition of acute CNS injuries. We propose that further elucidation of the molecular mechanisms regarding KCC2 down-regulation after acute CNS injuries is necessary because of potential promising avenues for prevention and treatment of acute CNS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijian Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoru Che
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junjia Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Feiqiang Ma
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kun Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mingfei Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qun Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuan Hong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.
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18
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Xu L, Li X, Cai M, Chen J, Li X, Wu WKK, Kang W, Tong J, To KF, Guan XY, Sung JJY, Chan FKL, Yu J. Increased expression of Solute carrier family 12 member 5 via gene amplification contributes to tumour progression and metastasis and associates with poor survival in colorectal cancer. Gut 2016; 65:635-46. [PMID: 25947013 PMCID: PMC4819609 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-308257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Using whole genome sequencing, we identified gene amplification of solute carrier family 12 member 5 (SLC12A5) located at 20q13.12 in colorectal cancer (CRC). We analysed its amplification, overexpression, biological effects and prognostic significance in CRC. DESIGN SLC12A5 amplification status was evaluated by fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH). The effects of SLC12A5 re-expression or knockdown were determined in proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and metastasis assays. SLC12A5 target genes and related pathways were identified by reporter activity and cDNA microarray analyses. Clinical impact of SLC12A5 overexpression was assessed in 195 patients with CRC. RESULTS Amplification of SLC12A5 was verified in 78 out of 191 (40.8%) patients with primary CRC by FISH, which was positively correlated with its protein overexpression (p<0.001). Biofunctional investigation of SLC12A5 revealed that SLC12A5 significantly increased cell proliferation, G1-S cell cycle transition, invasion/migration abilities, but suppressed apoptosis in vitro and promoted xenograft tumour growth as well as lung metastasis in vivo. The antiapoptosis effect by SLC12A5 was mediated through inhibiting apoptosis-inducing factor and endonuclease G-dependent apoptotic signalling pathway; and the pro-metastasis role was by regulating key elements of the matrix architecture, including matrix metallopeptidase and fibronectin. After a median follow-up of 50.16 months, multivariate analysis revealed that patients with SLC12A5 protein overexpression had a significant decrease in overall survival. Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that SLC12A5 overexpression was significantly associated with shortened survival in patients with CRC. CONCLUSIONS SLC12A5 plays a pivotal oncogenic role in colorectal carcinogenesis; its overexpression is an independent prognostic factor of patients with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Xu
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong,Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxing Li
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Muyan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinna Chen
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Xiangchun Li
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - William K K Wu
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Wei Kang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Joanna Tong
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ka-Fai To
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Xin-Yuan Guan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Joseph J Y Sung
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Francis K L Chan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jun Yu
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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19
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Llano O, Smirnov S, Soni S, Golubtsov A, Guillemin I, Hotulainen P, Medina I, Nothwang HG, Rivera C, Ludwig A. KCC2 regulates actin dynamics in dendritic spines via interaction with β-PIX. J Cell Biol 2015; 209:671-86. [PMID: 26056138 PMCID: PMC4460141 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201411008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chloride extrusion in mature neurons is largely mediated by the neuron-specific potassium-chloride cotransporter KCC2. In addition, independently of its chloride transport function, KCC2 regulates the development and morphology of dendritic spines through structural interactions with the actin cytoskeleton. The mechanism of this effect remains largely unknown. In this paper, we show a novel pathway for KCC2-mediated regulation of the actin cytoskeleton in neurons. We found that KCC2, through interaction with the b isoform of Rac/Cdc42 guanine nucleotide exchange factor β-PIX, regulates the activity of Rac1 GTPase and the phosphorylation of one of the major actin-regulating proteins, cofilin-1. KCC2-deficient neurons had abnormally high levels of phosphorylated cofilin-1. Consistently, dendritic spines of these neurons exhibited a large pool of stable actin, resulting in reduced spine motility and diminished density of functional synapses. In conclusion, we describe a novel signaling pathway that couples KCC2 to the cytoskeleton and regulates the formation of glutamatergic synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaya Llano
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sergey Smirnov
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Shetal Soni
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrey Golubtsov
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Isabelle Guillemin
- Neurogenetics group, Center of Excellence Hearing4All, School of Medicine and Health Sciences and Research Center for Neurosensory Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Pirta Hotulainen
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Igor Medina
- Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 901, 13009 Marseille, France Aix-Marseille Université, Unité Mixte de Recherche 901, 13273 Marseille, France
| | - Hans Gerd Nothwang
- Neurogenetics group, Center of Excellence Hearing4All, School of Medicine and Health Sciences and Research Center for Neurosensory Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Claudio Rivera
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 901, 13009 Marseille, France Aix-Marseille Université, Unité Mixte de Recherche 901, 13273 Marseille, France
| | - Anastasia Ludwig
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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20
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Blaesse P, Schmidt T. K-Cl cotransporter KCC2--a moonlighting protein in excitatory and inhibitory synapse development and function. Pflugers Arch 2015; 467:615-24. [PMID: 24909111 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-014-1547-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The K-Cl cotransporter KCC2 has two entirely independent biological actions as either an ion transporter or a structural protein orchestrating the organization of the cytoskeleton in neuronal structures. The K-Cl cotransport by KCC2 is central for hyperpolarizing inhibitory signaling, which is based on chloride currents mediated by γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)- or glycine-gated receptor channels. In contrast, the structural role of KCC2 seems to be crucially involved in the maturation and regulation of excitatory glutamatergic synapses. This dual role at GABAergic/glycinergic and glutamatergic synapses makes KCC2 a key molecule in the regulation of inhibitory and excitatory signaling. Therefore, KCC2 is most likely involved in the synchronization of the two types of activity during network formation in the immature system and a similar synchronizing role might also be important under physiological and pathological conditions in mature neuronal networks. In this review, we explore new findings on the regulation of KCC2 by protease-mediated cleavage and on the structural role of KCC2 in spine morphogenesis and glutamate receptor clustering. We then discuss the implications of the putative interaction between the independent functions of the transporter and overlapping regulatory mechanisms in a neurophysiological context. In addition, we look at the multifunctional properties of KCC2 in the light of evolution and propose that KCC2 belongs to the group of moonlighting (multifunctional) proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Blaesse
- Institute of Physiology I (Neurophysiology), Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, Robert-Koch-Strasse 27a, 48149, Münster, Germany,
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Mallik S, Mukhopadhyay A, Maulik U. RANWAR: Rank-Based Weighted Association Rule Mining From Gene Expression and Methylation Data. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2015; 14:59-66. [DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2014.2359494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Yu C, Yu J, Yao X, Wu WKK, Lu Y, Tang S, Li X, Bao L, Li X, Hou Y, Wu R, Jian M, Chen R, Zhang F, Xu L, Fan F, He J, Liang Q, Wang H, Hu X, He M, Zhang X, Zheng H, Li Q, Wu H, Chen Y, Yang X, Zhu S, Xu X, Yang H, Wang J, Zhang X, Sung JJY, Li Y, Wang J. Discovery of biclonal origin and a novel oncogene SLC12A5 in colon cancer by single-cell sequencing. Cell Res 2014; 24:701-12. [PMID: 24699064 PMCID: PMC4042168 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2014.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-cell sequencing is a powerful tool for delineating clonal relationship and identifying key driver genes for personalized cancer management. Here we performed single-cell sequencing analysis of a case of colon cancer. Population genetics analyses identified two independent clones in tumor cell population. The major tumor clone harbored APC and TP53 mutations as early oncogenic events, whereas the minor clone contained preponderant CDC27 and PABPC1 mutations. The absence of APC and TP53 mutations in the minor clone supports that these two clones were derived from two cellular origins. Examination of somatic mutation allele frequency spectra of additional 21 whole-tissue exome-sequenced cases revealed the heterogeneity of clonal origins in colon cancer. Next, we identified a mutated gene SLC12A5 that showed a high frequency of mutation at the single-cell level but exhibited low prevalence at the population level. Functional characterization of mutant SLC12A5 revealed its potential oncogenic effect in colon cancer. Our study provides the first exome-wide evidence at single-cell level supporting that colon cancer could be of a biclonal origin, and suggests that low-prevalence mutations in a cohort may also play important protumorigenic roles at the individual level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Yu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Institute of Digestive Disease and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - William KK Wu
- Institute of Digestive Disease and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Youyong Lu
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University School of Oncology, Beijing Cancer Hospital/Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Senwei Tang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
- Institute of Digestive Disease and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Li Bao
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
| | - Xiaoxing Li
- Institute of Digestive Disease and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yong Hou
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Renhua Wu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
| | - Min Jian
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
| | - Ruoyan Chen
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
- Department of Peadiatrics & Adolescent medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Lixia Xu
- Institute of Digestive Disease and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fan Fan
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
| | - Jun He
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
- Institute of Digestive Disease and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qiaoyi Liang
- Institute of Digestive Disease and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hongyi Wang
- Department of Surgery, Peking University School of Oncology, Beijing Cancer Hospital/Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Xueda Hu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
| | - Minghui He
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Institute of Digestive Disease and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Qibin Li
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
| | - Hanjie Wu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
| | - Yan Chen
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
| | - Xu Yang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
| | - Shida Zhu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
| | - Xun Xu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
| | | | - Jian Wang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
| | | | - Joseph JY Sung
- Institute of Digestive Disease and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yingrui Li
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
| | - Jun Wang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Princess Al Jawhara Center of Excellence in the Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai long, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
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Medina I, Friedel P, Rivera C, Kahle KT, Kourdougli N, Uvarov P, Pellegrino C. Current view on the functional regulation of the neuronal K(+)-Cl(-) cotransporter KCC2. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:27. [PMID: 24567703 PMCID: PMC3915100 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mammalian central nervous system (CNS), the inhibitory strength of chloride (Cl(-))-permeable GABAA and glycine receptors (GABAAR and GlyR) depends on the intracellular Cl(-) concentration ([Cl(-)]i). Lowering [Cl(-)]i enhances inhibition, whereas raising [Cl(-)]i facilitates neuronal activity. A neuron's basal level of [Cl(-)]i, as well as its Cl(-) extrusion capacity, is critically dependent on the activity of the electroneutral K(+)-Cl(-) cotransporter KCC2, a member of the SLC12 cation-Cl(-) cotransporter (CCC) family. KCC2 deficiency compromises neuronal migration, formation and the maturation of GABAergic and glutamatergic synaptic connections, and results in network hyperexcitability and seizure activity. Several neurological disorders including multiple epilepsy subtypes, neuropathic pain, and schizophrenia, as well as various insults such as trauma and ischemia, are associated with significant decreases in the Cl(-) extrusion capacity of KCC2 that result in increases of [Cl(-)]i and the subsequent hyperexcitability of neuronal networks. Accordingly, identifying the key upstream molecular mediators governing the functional regulation of KCC2, and modifying these signaling pathways with small molecules, might constitute a novel neurotherapeutic strategy for multiple diseases. Here, we discuss recent advances in the understanding of the mechanisms regulating KCC2 activity, and of the role these mechanisms play in neuronal Cl(-) homeostasis and GABAergic neurotransmission. As KCC2 mediates electroneutral transport, the experimental recording of its activity constitutes an important research challenge; we therefore also, provide an overview of the different methodological approaches utilized to monitor function of KCC2 in both physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Medina
- INSERM, Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée (INMED)Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, UMR901Marseille, France
| | - Perrine Friedel
- INSERM, Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée (INMED)Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, UMR901Marseille, France
| | - Claudio Rivera
- INSERM, Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée (INMED)Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, UMR901Marseille, France
- Neuroscience Center, University of HelsinkiHelsinki, Finland
| | - Kristopher T. Kahle
- Department of Cardiology, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's HospitalBoston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA
| | - Nazim Kourdougli
- INSERM, Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée (INMED)Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, UMR901Marseille, France
| | - Pavel Uvarov
- Institute of Biomedicine, Anatomy, University of HelsinkiHelsinki, Finland
| | - Christophe Pellegrino
- INSERM, Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée (INMED)Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, UMR901Marseille, France
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Kitagawa M, Niisato N, Shiozaki A, Ohta-Fujimoto M, Hosogi S, Miyazaki H, Ichikawa D, Otsuji E, Marunaka Y. A regulatory role of K(+)-Cl(-) cotransporter in the cell cycle progression of breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 2013; 539:92-8. [PMID: 23831333 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2013.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Revised: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
K(+)-Cl(-) cotransporter (KCC) has been shown to be involved in cell proliferation as well as cell volume regulation. A regulatory role of KCC in cell cycle progression of breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells was explored by using synchronized MDA-MB-231 cells and dihydro-indenyloxy-alkanoic acid (DIOA), a potent inhibitor of KCC. MDA-MB-231 cells cultured in the presence of DIOA exhibited an increase in cell volume, a decrease in intracellular Cl(-) concentration, and reduction in cell proliferation with the G0/G1 phase arrest, which was accompanied with down-regulation of cyclin D1 and cyclin E2, and up-regulation of p21. Among these molecules, the expression of cyclin E2, a molecule essential for the transition from G1 to S phase, was markedly suppressed by DIOA treatment. DIOA-mediated up- or down-regulation of these molecules occurred at the transcriptional level. These findings suggest that KCC plays an important role in the early phase of cell cycle progression by regulating the expression of cyclin D1, cyclin E2, and p21, the molecules essential for the cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Kitagawa
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.
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Schwab A, Fabian A, Hanley PJ, Stock C. Role of ion channels and transporters in cell migration. Physiol Rev 2013; 92:1865-913. [PMID: 23073633 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00018.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell motility is central to tissue homeostasis in health and disease, and there is hardly any cell in the body that is not motile at a given point in its life cycle. Important physiological processes intimately related to the ability of the respective cells to migrate include embryogenesis, immune defense, angiogenesis, and wound healing. On the other side, migration is associated with life-threatening pathologies such as tumor metastases and atherosclerosis. Research from the last ≈ 15 years revealed that ion channels and transporters are indispensable components of the cellular migration apparatus. After presenting general principles by which transport proteins affect cell migration, we will discuss systematically the role of channels and transporters involved in cell migration.
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Antrobus SP, Lytle C, Payne JA. K+-Cl- cotransporter-2 KCC2 in chicken cardiomyocytes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2012; 303:C1180-91. [PMID: 23034386 PMCID: PMC3530769 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00274.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Using antibodies prepared against a unique region (exon 22-24) of rat K(+)-Cl(-) cotransporter-2 (KCC2), we confirmed that the ~140-kDa KCC2 protein is exclusively expressed in rat brain, but in chicken, we observed strong reactivity not only with the ~140-kDa KCC2 protein in brain but also a slightly larger ~145-kDa protein in heart. In silico analysis showed that while exon 22 of KCC2 is unique to this isoform in therian mammals, it is retained in KCC2's closest paralog, KCC4, of lower vertebrates, including chicken. To eliminate potential cross-reactivity with chicken KCC4, the antibodies were preadsorbed with blocking peptides prepared over the only two regions showing significant sequence identity to chicken KCC4. This completely eliminated antibody recognition of exogenously expressed chicken KCC4 but not of the ~145-kDa protein in chicken heart, indicating that chicken heart expresses KCC2. Real-time PCR confirmed robust KCC2 transcript expression in both chicken brain and heart. Chicken heart expressed predominantly the longer KCC2a splice variant consistent with the larger ~145-kDa protein in chicken heart. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed prominent plasma membrane KCC2 labeling in chicken ventricular cardiomyocytes. We hypothesize that KCC2 is an important Cl(-) extrusion pathway in avian cardiomyocytes that counters channel-mediated Cl(-) loading during high heart rates with β-adrenergic stimulation. While KCC2 is absent from mammalian cardiomyocytes, understanding the role that the other KCC isoforms play in Cl(-) homeostasis of these cells represents a nascent area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane P Antrobus
- Dept. of Physiology and Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, Univ. of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Anselm A Zdebik
- UCL Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK.
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Lauf PK, Di Fulvio M, Srivastava V, Sharma N, Adragna NC. KCC2a expression in a human fetal lens epithelial cell line. Cell Physiol Biochem 2012; 29:303-12. [PMID: 22415099 DOI: 10.1159/000337611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The fetal human lens epithelial cell (LEC) line (FHL124) possesses all four K(+)Cl(-) (KCC) cotransporter isoforms, KCC1-4, despite KCC2 being typically considered a neuronal isoform. Since at least two spliced variants, KCC2a and KCC2b, are co-expressed in cells of the central nervous system, this study sought to define the KCC2 expression profile in FHL124 cells. KCC2a, but not KCC2b transcripts were detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Proteins of molecular weights ranging from 95 to 135 kDa were found by Western blotting using non-variant specific anti-KCC2 antibodies directed against two different regions of the KCC2 proteins, and by biotinylation suggesting membrane expression. Immunofluorescence revealed membrane and punctate cytoplasmic staining for KCC2. Low levels of cytosolic αA and αB crystallines, and neuron-specific enolase were also detected contrasting with the strong membrane immunofluorescence staining for the Na/K ATPase α1 subunit. Since the lack of neuron-specific expression of the KCC2b variant in non-neuronal tissues has been proposed under control of a neuron-restrictive silencing element in the KCC2 gene, we hypothesize that this control may be lifted for the KCC2a variant in the FHL124 epithelial cell culture, a non-neuronal tissue of ectodermal origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter K Lauf
- Cell Biophysics Group, Department of Pathology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA.
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Chamma I, Chevy Q, Poncer JC, Lévi S. Role of the neuronal K-Cl co-transporter KCC2 in inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmission. Front Cell Neurosci 2012; 6:5. [PMID: 22363264 PMCID: PMC3282916 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2012.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The K-Cl co-transporter KCC2 plays multiple roles in the physiology of central neurons and alterations of its function and/or expression are associated with several neurological conditions. By regulating intraneuronal chloride homeostasis, KCC2 strongly influences the efficacy and polarity of the chloride-permeable γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) type A and glycine receptor (GlyR) mediated synaptic transmission. This appears particularly critical for the development of neuronal circuits as well as for the dynamic control of GABA and glycine signaling in mature networks. The activity of the transporter is also associated with transmembrane water fluxes which compensate solute fluxes associated with synaptic activity. Finally, KCC2 interaction with the actin cytoskeleton appears critical both for dendritic spine morphogenesis and the maintenance of glutamatergic synapses. In light of the pivotal role of KCC2 in the maturation and function of central synapses, it is of particular importance to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying its regulation. These include development and activity-dependent modifications both at the transcriptional and post-translational levels. We emphasize the importance of post-translational mechanisms such as phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, oligomerization, cell surface stability, clustering and membrane diffusion for the rapid and dynamic regulation of KCC2 function.
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