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Tomagra G, Franchino C, Carbone E, Marcantoni A, Pasquarelli A, Picollo F, Carabelli V. Methodologies for Detecting Quantal Exocytosis in Adrenal Chromaffin Cells Through Diamond-Based MEAs. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2565:213-221. [PMID: 36205897 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2671-9_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Diamond-based multiarray sensors are suitable to detect in real-time exocytosis and action potentials from cultured, spontaneously firing chromaffin cells, primary hippocampal neurons, and midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Here, we focus on how amperometric measurements of catecholamine release are performed on micrographitic diamond multiarrays (μG-D-MEAs) with high temporal and spatial resolution by 16 electrodes simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Tomagra
- Department of Drug Science and Technology and "NIS" Inter-departmental Centre, University of Torino, Turin, Italy.
| | - Claudio Franchino
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Emilio Carbone
- Department of Drug Science and Technology and "NIS" Inter-departmental Centre, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Andrea Marcantoni
- Department of Drug Science and Technology and "NIS" Inter-departmental Centre, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Federico Picollo
- Department of Physics and "NIS" Inter-departmental Centre, University of Torino, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare - Sezione di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Valentina Carabelli
- Department of Drug Science and Technology and "NIS" Inter-departmental Centre, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
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2
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Ultrasensitive Diamond Microelectrode Application in the Detection of Ca2+ Transport by AnnexinA5-Containing Nanostructured Liposomes. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12070525. [PMID: 35884328 PMCID: PMC9313143 DOI: 10.3390/bios12070525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This report describes the innovative application of high sensitivity Boron-doped nanocrystalline diamond microelectrodes for tracking small changes in Ca2+ concentration due to binding to Annexin-A5 inserted into the lipid bilayer of liposomes (proteoliposomes), which could not be assessed using common Ca2+ selective electrodes. Dispensing proteoliposomes to an electrolyte containing 1 mM Ca2+ resulted in a potential jump that decreased with time, reaching the baseline level after ~300 s, suggesting that Ca2+ ions were incorporated into the vesicle compartment and were no longer detected by the microelectrode. This behavior was not observed when liposomes (vesicles without AnxA5) were dispensed in the presence of Ca2+. The ion transport appears Ca2+-selective, since dispensing proteoliposomes in the presence of Mg2+ did not result in potential drop. The experimental conditions were adjusted to ensure an excess of Ca2+, thus confirming that the potential reduction was not only due to the binding of Ca2+ to AnxA5 but to the transfer of ions to the lumen of the proteoliposomes. Ca2+ uptake stopped immediately after the addition of EDTA. Therefore, our data provide evidence of selective Ca2+ transport into the proteoliposomes and support the possible function of AnxA5 as a hydrophilic pore once incorporated into lipid membrane, mediating the mineralization initiation process occurring in matrix vesicles.
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3
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Kuhn B, Picollo F, Carabelli V, Rispoli G. Advanced real-time recordings of neuronal activity with tailored patch pipettes, diamond multi-electrode arrays and electrochromic voltage-sensitive dyes. Pflugers Arch 2020; 473:15-36. [PMID: 33047171 PMCID: PMC7782438 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02472-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
To understand the working principles of the nervous system is key to figure out its electrical activity and how this activity spreads along the neuronal network. It is therefore crucial to develop advanced techniques aimed to record in real time the electrical activity, from compartments of single neurons to populations of neurons, to understand how higher functions emerge from coordinated activity. To record from single neurons, a technique will be presented to fabricate patch pipettes able to seal on any membrane with a single glass type and whose shanks can be widened as desired. This dramatically reduces access resistance during whole-cell recording allowing fast intracellular and, if required, extracellular perfusion. To simultaneously record from many neurons, biocompatible probes will be described employing multi-electrodes made with novel technologies, based on diamond substrates. These probes also allow to synchronously record exocytosis and neuronal excitability and to stimulate neurons. Finally, to achieve even higher spatial resolution, it will be shown how voltage imaging, employing fast voltage-sensitive dyes and two-photon microscopy, is able to sample voltage oscillations in the brain spatially resolved and voltage changes in dendrites of single neurons at millisecond and micrometre resolution in awake animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Kuhn
- Optical Neuroimaging Unit, OIST Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Federico Picollo
- Department of Physics, NIS Interdepartmental Centre, University of Torino and Italian Institute of Nuclear Physics, via Giuria 1, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Valentina Carabelli
- Department of Drug and Science Technology, NIS Interdepartmental Centre, University of Torino, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Giorgio Rispoli
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
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4
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Keighron JD, Wang Y, Cans AS. Electrochemistry of Single-Vesicle Events. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2020; 13:159-181. [PMID: 32151142 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061417-010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal transmission relies on electrical signals and the transfer of chemical signals from one neuron to another. Chemical messages are transmitted from presynaptic neurons to neighboring neurons through the triggered fusion of neurotransmitter-filled vesicles with the cell plasma membrane. This process, known as exocytosis, involves the rapid release of neurotransmitter solutions that are detected with high affinity by the postsynaptic neuron. The type and number of neurotransmitters released and the frequency of vesicular events govern brain functions such as cognition, decision making, learning, and memory. Therefore, to understand neurotransmitters and neuronal function, analytical tools capable of quantitative and chemically selective detection of neurotransmitters with high spatiotemporal resolution are needed. Electrochemistry offers powerful techniques that are sufficiently rapid to allow for the detection of exocytosis activity and provides quantitative measurements of vesicle neurotransmitter content and neurotransmitter release from individual vesicle events. In this review, we provide an overview of the most commonly used electrochemical methods for monitoring single-vesicle events, including recent developments and what is needed for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline D Keighron
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York 11568, USA
| | - Yuanmo Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Ann-Sofie Cans
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden;
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5
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Cui MR, Zhao W, Li XL, Xu CH, Xu JJ, Chen HY. Simultaneous monitoring of action potentials and neurotransmitter release from neuron-like PC12 cells. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1105:74-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.11.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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6
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Tomagra G, Franchino C, Pasquarelli A, Carbone E, Olivero P, Carabelli V, Picollo F. Simultaneous multisite detection of quantal release from PC12 cells using micro graphitic-diamond multi electrode arrays. Biophys Chem 2019; 253:106241. [PMID: 31398633 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2019.106241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Micro graphitic - diamond - multi electrode arrays (μG-D-MEAs) are suitable for measuring multisite quantal dopamine (DA) release from PC12 cells. Following cell stimulation with high extracellular KCl and electrode polarization at +650 mV, amperometric spikes are detected with a mean frequency of 0.60 ± 0.16 Hz. In each recording, simultaneous detection of secretory events is occurred in approximately 50% of the electrodes. Kinetic spike parameters and background noise are preserved among the different electrodes. Comparing the amperometric spikes recorder under control conditions with those recorders from PC12 cells previously incubated for 30 min with the dopamine precursor Levodopa (L-DOPA, 20 μM) it appears that the quantal size of amperometric spikes is increased by 250% and the half-time width (t1/2) by over 120%. On the contrary, L-DOPA has no effect on the frequency of secretory events. Overall, these data demonstrate that the μG-D-MEAs represent a reliable bio-sensor to simultaneously monitor quantal exocytotic events from different cells and in perspective can be exploited as a drug-screening tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Tomagra
- Department of Drug and Science Technology, NIS Inter-departmental Centre, University of Torino, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125 Torino, Italy.
| | - Claudio Franchino
- Department of Drug and Science Technology, NIS Inter-departmental Centre, University of Torino, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Alberto Pasquarelli
- Institute of Electron Devices and Circuits, University of Ulm, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Emilio Carbone
- Department of Drug and Science Technology, NIS Inter-departmental Centre, University of Torino, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Paolo Olivero
- Department of Physics, NIS Inter-departmental Centre, University of Torino, Italian Institute of Nuclear Physics, via Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Valentina Carabelli
- Department of Drug and Science Technology, NIS Inter-departmental Centre, University of Torino, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Federico Picollo
- Department of Physics, NIS Inter-departmental Centre, University of Torino, Italian Institute of Nuclear Physics, via Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy
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7
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Liu X, Tong Y, Fang PP. Recent development in amperometric measurements of vesicular exocytosis. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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8
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9
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Old and emerging concepts on adrenal chromaffin cell stimulus-secretion coupling. Pflugers Arch 2017; 470:1-6. [PMID: 29110079 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-2082-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The chromaffin cells (CCs) of the adrenal medulla play a key role in the control of circulating catecholamines to adapt our body function to stressful conditions. A huge research effort over the last 35 years has converted these cells into the Escherichia coli of neurobiology. CCs have been the testing bench for the development of patch-clamp and amperometric recording techniques and helped clarify most of the known molecular mechanisms that regulate cell excitability, Ca2+ signals associated with secretion, and the molecular apparatus that regulates vesicle fusion. This special issue provides a state-of-the-art on the many well-known and unsolved questions related to the molecular processes at the basis of CC function. The issue is also the occasion to highlight the seminal work of Antonio G. García (Emeritus Professor at UAM, Madrid) who greatly contributed to the advancement of our present knowledge on CC physiology and pharmacology. All the contributors of the present issue are distinguished scientists who are either staff members, external collaborators, or friends of Prof. García.
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10
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Fathali H, Cans AS. Amperometry methods for monitoring vesicular quantal size and regulation of exocytosis release. Pflugers Arch 2017; 470:125-134. [PMID: 28951968 PMCID: PMC5748430 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-2069-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chemical signaling strength during intercellular communication can be regulated by secretory cells through controlling the amount of signaling molecules that are released from a secretory vesicle during the exocytosis process. In addition, the chemical signal can also be influenced by the amount of neurotransmitters that is accumulated and stored inside the secretory vesicle compartment. Here, we present the development of analytical methodologies and cell model systems that have been applied in neuroscience research for gaining better insights into the biophysics and the molecular mechanisms, which are involved in the regulatory aspects of the exocytosis machinery affecting the output signal of chemical transmission at neuronal and neuroendocrine cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda Fathali
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 42196, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ann-Sofie Cans
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 42196, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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11
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Gillis KD, Liu XA, Marcantoni A, Carabelli V. Electrochemical measurement of quantal exocytosis using microchips. Pflugers Arch 2017; 470:97-112. [PMID: 28866728 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-2063-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-fiber electrodes (CFEs) are the gold standard for quantifying the release of oxidizable neurotransmitters from single vesicles and single cells. Over the last 15 years, microfabricated devices have emerged as alternatives to CFEs that offer the possibility of higher throughput, subcellular spatial resolution of exocytosis, and integration with other techniques for probing exocytosis including microfluidic cell handling and solution exchange, optical imaging and stimulation, and electrophysiological recording and stimulation. Here we review progress in developing electrochemical electrode devices capable of resolving quantal exocytosis that are fabricated using photolithography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Gillis
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Xin A Liu
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Andrea Marcantoni
- Department of Drug Science and "NIS" Inter-departmental Centre, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Valentina Carabelli
- Department of Drug Science and "NIS" Inter-departmental Centre, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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12
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Carabelli V, Marcantoni A, Picollo F, Battiato A, Bernardi E, Pasquarelli A, Olivero P, Carbone E. Planar Diamond-Based Multiarrays to Monitor Neurotransmitter Release and Action Potential Firing: New Perspectives in Cellular Neuroscience. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:252-264. [PMID: 28027435 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
High biocompatibility, outstanding electrochemical responsiveness, inertness, and transparency make diamond-based multiarrays (DBMs) first-rate biosensors for in vitro detection of electrochemical and electrical signals from excitable cells together, with potential for in vivo applications as neural interfaces and prostheses. Here, we will review the electrochemical and physical properties of various DBMs and how these devices have been employed for recording released neurotransmitter molecules and all-or-none action potentials from living cells. Specifically, we will overview how DBMs can resolve localized exocytotic events from subcellular compartments using high-density microelectrode arrays (MEAs), or monitoring oxidizable neurotransmitter release from populations of cells in culture and tissue slices using low-density MEAs. Interfacing DBMs with excitable cells is currently leading to the promising opportunity of recording electrical signals as well as creating neuronal interfaces through the same device. Given the recent increasingly growing development of newly available DBMs of various geometries to monitor electrical activity and neurotransmitter release in a variety of excitable and neuronal tissues, the discussion will be limited to planar DBMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Carabelli
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze fisiche della Materia (CNISM), 10125 Torino Unit, Italy
| | - Andrea Marcantoni
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze fisiche della Materia (CNISM), 10125 Torino Unit, Italy
| | - Federico Picollo
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze fisiche della Materia (CNISM), 10125 Torino Unit, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), 10125 sez. Torino, Italy
| | - Alfio Battiato
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze fisiche della Materia (CNISM), 10125 Torino Unit, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), 10125 sez. Torino, Italy
| | - Ettore Bernardi
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze fisiche della Materia (CNISM), 10125 Torino Unit, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), 10125 sez. Torino, Italy
| | - Alberto Pasquarelli
- Institute
of Electron Devices and Circuits, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Paolo Olivero
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze fisiche della Materia (CNISM), 10125 Torino Unit, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), 10125 sez. Torino, Italy
| | - Emilio Carbone
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze fisiche della Materia (CNISM), 10125 Torino Unit, Italy
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13
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Gunderson C, Zhang B. Microfabricated, Massive Electrochemical Arrays of Uniform Ultramicroelectrodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2016; 781:174-180. [PMID: 28579929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We report the preparation and electrochemical characterization of massive electrochemical arrays containing as many as 110,000 highly uniform ultramicroelectrodes (UMEs). These arrays were microfabricated using conventional photolithography techniques on a gold-coated silicon chip in a simple three-step method. Photoresist polymer was used as an effective insulating matrix to define 2 μm, 3 μm, and 4 μm diameter circular UMEs across a 1 × 1 mm2 area. The UME arrays are high uniform and contain tens of thousands of active disk-shape UMEs slightly recessed in thin films of photoresist. These arrays were tested with cyclic voltammetry and copper electrodeposition to assess the adhesion of photoresist to the gold surface as well as to examine their electrochemical activity. Numerical simulations were performed to further validate their electrochemical response. These UME arrays can be a useful platform for fundamental understanding molecular transport in uniform electrochemical arrays and designing highly-sensitive electroanalytical sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Gunderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle Washington 98195 United States
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle Washington 98195 United States
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14
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Picollo F, Battiato A, Bernardi E, Marcantoni A, Pasquarelli A, Carbone E, Olivero P, Carabelli V. Microelectrode Arrays of Diamond-Insulated Graphitic Channels for Real-Time Detection of Exocytotic Events from Cultured Chromaffin Cells and Slices of Adrenal Glands. Anal Chem 2016; 88:7493-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Picollo
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), 10125 Torino, Italy
- Physics
Department, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
- “Nanostructured
Interfaces and Surfaces” Inter-departmental Centre, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze Fisiche della Materia (CNISM), Torino Unit, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Alfio Battiato
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), 10125 Torino, Italy
- Physics
Department, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
- “Nanostructured
Interfaces and Surfaces” Inter-departmental Centre, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze Fisiche della Materia (CNISM), Torino Unit, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Ettore Bernardi
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), 10125 Torino, Italy
- Physics
Department, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
- “Nanostructured
Interfaces and Surfaces” Inter-departmental Centre, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze Fisiche della Materia (CNISM), Torino Unit, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Andrea Marcantoni
- “Nanostructured
Interfaces and Surfaces” Inter-departmental Centre, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze Fisiche della Materia (CNISM), Torino Unit, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Department
of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Alberto Pasquarelli
- Institute
of Electron Devices and Circuits, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Emilio Carbone
- “Nanostructured
Interfaces and Surfaces” Inter-departmental Centre, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze Fisiche della Materia (CNISM), Torino Unit, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Department
of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Paolo Olivero
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), 10125 Torino, Italy
- Physics
Department, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
- “Nanostructured
Interfaces and Surfaces” Inter-departmental Centre, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze Fisiche della Materia (CNISM), Torino Unit, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Valentina Carabelli
- “Nanostructured
Interfaces and Surfaces” Inter-departmental Centre, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze Fisiche della Materia (CNISM), Torino Unit, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Department
of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
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15
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Amatore C, Delacotte J, Guille-Collignon M, Lemaître F. Vesicular exocytosis and microdevices - microelectrode arrays. Analyst 2016; 140:3687-95. [PMID: 25803190 DOI: 10.1039/c4an01932f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Among all the analytical techniques capable of monitoring exocytosis in real time at the single cell level, electrochemistry (particularly amperometry at a constant potential) using ultramicroelectrodes has been demonstrated to be an important and convenient tool for more than two decades. Indeed, because the electrochemical sensor is located in the close vicinity of the emitting cell ("artificial synapse" configuration), much data can be gathered from the whole cell activity (secretion frequency) to the individual vesicular release (duration, fluxes or amount of molecules released) with an excellent sensitivity. However, such a single cell analysis and its intrinsic benefits are at the expense of the spatial resolution and/or the number of experiments. The quite recent development of microdevices/microsystems (and mainly the microelectrode arrays (MEAs)) offers in some way a complementary approach either by combining spectroscopy-microscopy or by implementing a multianalysis. Such developments are described and discussed in the present review over the 2005-2014 period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Amatore
- Ecole Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University, Département de Chimie, Sorbonne Universités - UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 8640 PASTEUR, 24, rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France.
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16
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Picollo F, Battiato A, Bernardi E, Plaitano M, Franchino C, Gosso S, Pasquarelli A, Carbone E, Olivero P, Carabelli V. All-carbon multi-electrode array for real-time in vitro measurements of oxidizable neurotransmitters. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20682. [PMID: 26857940 PMCID: PMC4746641 DOI: 10.1038/srep20682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We report on the ion beam fabrication of all-carbon multi electrode arrays (MEAs) based on 16 graphitic micro-channels embedded in single-crystal diamond (SCD) substrates. The fabricated SCD-MEAs are systematically employed for the in vitro simultaneous amperometric detection of the secretory activity from populations of chromaffin cells, demonstrating a new sensing approach with respect to standard techniques. The biochemical stability and biocompatibility of the SCD-based device combined with the parallel recording of multi-electrodes array allow: i) a significant time saving in data collection during drug screening and/or pharmacological tests over a large number of cells, ii) the possibility of comparing altered cell functionality among cell populations, and iii) the repeatition of acquisition runs over many cycles with a fully non-toxic and chemically robust bio-sensitive substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Picollo
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) Sez. Torino; via P. Giuria 1, 10125, Torino, Italy.,Physics Department and "NIS" Inter-departmental Centre - University of Torino; via P. Giuria 1, 10125, Torino, Italy.,Consorzio Nazionale Inter-universitario per le Scienze fisiche della Materia (CNISM) Sez. Torino, Italy
| | - Alfio Battiato
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) Sez. Torino; via P. Giuria 1, 10125, Torino, Italy.,Physics Department and "NIS" Inter-departmental Centre - University of Torino; via P. Giuria 1, 10125, Torino, Italy.,Consorzio Nazionale Inter-universitario per le Scienze fisiche della Materia (CNISM) Sez. Torino, Italy
| | - Ettore Bernardi
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) Sez. Torino; via P. Giuria 1, 10125, Torino, Italy.,Physics Department and "NIS" Inter-departmental Centre - University of Torino; via P. Giuria 1, 10125, Torino, Italy.,Consorzio Nazionale Inter-universitario per le Scienze fisiche della Materia (CNISM) Sez. Torino, Italy
| | - Marilena Plaitano
- Physics Department and "NIS" Inter-departmental Centre - University of Torino; via P. Giuria 1, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Claudio Franchino
- Consorzio Nazionale Inter-universitario per le Scienze fisiche della Materia (CNISM) Sez. Torino, Italy.,Drug Science and Technology Department and "NIS" Inter-departmental Centre - University of Torino; Corso Raffaello 30, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Sara Gosso
- Consorzio Nazionale Inter-universitario per le Scienze fisiche della Materia (CNISM) Sez. Torino, Italy.,Drug Science and Technology Department and "NIS" Inter-departmental Centre - University of Torino; Corso Raffaello 30, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Alberto Pasquarelli
- Institute of Electron Devices and Circuits - University of Ulm - Ulm; Albert Einstein Allee 45, 89069, Germany
| | - Emilio Carbone
- Consorzio Nazionale Inter-universitario per le Scienze fisiche della Materia (CNISM) Sez. Torino, Italy.,Drug Science and Technology Department and "NIS" Inter-departmental Centre - University of Torino; Corso Raffaello 30, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Paolo Olivero
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) Sez. Torino; via P. Giuria 1, 10125, Torino, Italy.,Physics Department and "NIS" Inter-departmental Centre - University of Torino; via P. Giuria 1, 10125, Torino, Italy.,Consorzio Nazionale Inter-universitario per le Scienze fisiche della Materia (CNISM) Sez. Torino, Italy
| | - Valentina Carabelli
- Consorzio Nazionale Inter-universitario per le Scienze fisiche della Materia (CNISM) Sez. Torino, Italy.,Drug Science and Technology Department and "NIS" Inter-departmental Centre - University of Torino; Corso Raffaello 30, 10125, Torino, Italy
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Cai Y, Edin F, Jin Z, Alexsson A, Gudjonsson O, Liu W, Rask-Andersen H, Karlsson M, Li H. Strategy towards independent electrical stimulation from cochlear implants: Guided auditory neuron growth on topographically modified nanocrystalline diamond. Acta Biomater 2016; 31:211-220. [PMID: 26593784 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cochlear implants (CI) have been used for several decades to treat patients with profound hearing loss. Nevertheless, results vary between individuals, and fine hearing is generally poor due to the lack of discrete neural stimulation from the individual receptor hair cells. A major problem is the deliverance of independent stimulation signals to individual auditory neurons. Fine hearing requires significantly more stimulation contacts with intimate neuron/electrode interphases from ordered axonal re-growth, something current CI technology cannot provide. Here, we demonstrate the potential application of micro-textured nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) surfaces on CI electrode arrays. Such textured NCD surfaces consist of micrometer-sized nail-head-shaped pillars (size 5×5μm(2)) made with sequences of micro/nano-fabrication processes, including sputtering, photolithography and plasma etching. The results show that human and murine inner-ear ganglion neurites and, potentially, neural progenitor cells can attach to patterned NCD surfaces without an extracellular matrix coating. Microscopic methods revealed adhesion and neural growth, specifically along the nail-head-shaped NCD pillars in an ordered manner, rather than in non-textured areas. This pattern was established when the inter-NCD pillar distance varied between 4 and 9μm. The findings demonstrate that regenerating auditory neurons show a strong affinity to the NCD pillars, and the technique could be used for neural guidance and the creation of new neural networks. Together with the NCD's unique anti-bacterial and electrical properties, patterned NCD surfaces could provide designed neural/electrode interfaces to create independent electrical stimulation signals in CI electrode arrays for the neural population. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Cochlear implant is currently a successful way to treat sensorineural hearing loss and deafness especially in children. Although clinically successful, patients' fine hearing cannot be completely restored. One problem is the amount of the electrodes; 12-20 electrodes are used to replace the function of 3400 inner hair cells. Intense research is ongoing aiming to increase the number of electrodes. This study demonstrates the use of nanocrystalline diamond as a potential nerve-electrode interface. Micrometer-sized nanocrystalline diamond pillars showed high affinity to regenerated human neurons, which grew into a pre-defined network based on the pillar design. Our findings are of particular interest since they can be applied on any silicon-based implant to increase electrode count and to achieve individual neuron stimulation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiao Cai
- Department of Engineering Sciences, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Edin
- Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Zhe Jin
- Physiology; Molecular Physiology and Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andrei Alexsson
- Rheumatology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Olafur Gudjonsson
- Neurosurgery, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Wei Liu
- Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helge Rask-Andersen
- Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mikael Karlsson
- Department of Engineering Sciences, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Hao Li
- Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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18
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Wigström J, Dunevall J, Najafinobar N, Lovrić J, Wang J, Ewing AG, Cans AS. Lithographic Microfabrication of a 16-Electrode Array on a Probe Tip for High Spatial Resolution Electrochemical Localization of Exocytosis. Anal Chem 2016; 88:2080-7. [PMID: 26771211 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the lithographic microfabrication of a movable thin film microelectrode array (MEA) probe consisting of 16 platinum band electrodes placed on top of a supporting borosilicate glass substrate. These 1.2 μm wide electrodes were tightly packed and positioned parallel in two opposite rows within a 20 μm × 25 μm square area and with a distance less than 10 μm from the edge of the glass substrate. We demonstrate the ability to control and place the probe in close proximity to the surface of adherent bovine chromaffin cells and to amperometrically record single exocytosis release events with high spatiotemporal resolution. The two-dimensional position of single exocytotic events occurring in the center gap area separating the two rows of MEA band electrodes and that were codetected by electrodes in both rows was determined by analysis of the fractional detection of catecholamine released between electrodes and exploiting random walk simulations. Hence, two-dimensional electrochemical imaging recording of exocytosis release between the electrodes within this area was achieved. Similarly, by modeling the current spikes codetected by parallel adjacent band electrodes positioned in the same electrode row, a one-dimensional imaging of exocytosis with submicrometer resolution was accomplished within the area. The one- and two-dimensional electrochemical imaging using the MEA probe allowed for high spatial resolution of exocytosis activity and revealed heterogeneous release of catecholamine at the chromaffin cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joakim Wigström
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology , SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johan Dunevall
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology , SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Neda Najafinobar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology , SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jelena Lovrić
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology , SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology , SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrew G Ewing
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology , SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ann-Sofie Cans
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology , SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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19
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3D-nanostructured boron-doped diamond for microelectrode array neural interfacing. Biomaterials 2015; 53:173-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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20
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Development and characterization of a diamond-insulated graphitic multi electrode array realized with ion beam lithography. SENSORS 2014; 15:515-28. [PMID: 25558992 PMCID: PMC4327033 DOI: 10.3390/s150100515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The detection of quantal exocytic events from neurons and neuroendocrine cells is a challenging task in neuroscience. One of the most promising platforms for the development of a new generation of biosensors is diamond, due to its biocompatibility, transparency and chemical inertness. Moreover, the electrical properties of diamond can be turned from a perfect insulator into a conductive material (resistivity ∼mΩ·cm) by exploiting the metastable nature of this allotropic form of carbon. A 16-channels MEA (Multi Electrode Array) suitable for cell culture growing has been fabricated by means of ion implantation. A focused 1.2 MeV He+ beam was scanned on a IIa single-crystal diamond sample (4.5 × 4.5 × 0.5 mm3) to cause highly damaged sub-superficial structures that were defined with micrometric spatial resolution. After implantation, the sample was annealed. This process provides the conversion of the sub-superficial highly damaged regions to a graphitic phase embedded in a highly insulating diamond matrix. Thanks to a three-dimensional masking technique, the endpoints of the sub-superficial channels emerge in contact with the sample surface, therefore being available as sensing electrodes. Cyclic voltammetry and amperometry measurements of solutions with increasing concentrations of adrenaline were performed to characterize the biosensor sensitivity. The reported results demonstrate that this new type of biosensor is suitable for in vitro detection of catecholamine release.
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