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Farokhirad S, Kandy SK, Tsourkas A, Ayyaswamy PS, Eckmann DM, Radhakrishnan R. Biophysical Considerations in the Rational Design and Cellular Targeting of Flexible Polymeric Nanoparticles. ADVANCED MATERIALS INTERFACES 2021; 8:2101290. [PMID: 35782961 PMCID: PMC9248849 DOI: 10.1002/admi.202101290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
How nanoparticle (NP) mechanical properties impact multivalent ligand-receptor-mediated binding to cell surfaces, the avidity, propensity for internalization, and effects due to crowding remains unknown or unquantified. Through computational analyses, the effects of NP composition from soft, deformable NPs to rigid spheres, effect of tethers, the crowding of NPs at the membrane surface, and the cell membrane properties such as cytoskeletal interactions are addressed. Analyses of binding mechanisms of three distinct NPs that differ in type and rigidity (core-corona flexible NP, rigid NP, and rigid-tethered NP) but are otherwise similar in size and ligand surface density are reported; moreover, for the case of flexible NP, NP stiffness is tuned by varying the internal crosslinking density. Biophysical modeling of NP binding to membranes together with thermodynamic analysis powered by free energy calculations is employed, and it is shown that efficient cellular targeting and uptake of NP functionalized with targeting ligand molecules can be shaped by factors including NP flexibility and crowding, receptor-ligand binding avidity, state of the membrane cytoskeleton, and curvature inducing proteins. Rational design principles that confer tension, membrane excess area, and cytoskeletal sensing properties to the NP which can be exploited for cell-specific targeting of NP are uncovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Farokhirad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07114, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sreeja Kutti Kandy
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Andrew Tsourkas
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Portonovo S Ayyaswamy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - David M Eckmann
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ravi Radhakrishnan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Myerson JW, McPherson O, DeFrates KG, Towslee JH, Marcos-Contreras OA, Shuvaev VV, Braender B, Composto RJ, Muzykantov VR, Eckmann DM. Cross-linker-Modulated Nanogel Flexibility Correlates with Tunable Targeting to a Sterically Impeded Endothelial Marker. ACS NANO 2019; 13:11409-11421. [PMID: 31600053 PMCID: PMC7393972 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b04789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Deformability of injectable nanocarriers impacts rheological behavior, drug loading, and affinity target adhesion. Here, we present atomic force microscopy (AFM) and spectroscopy measurements of nanocarrier Young's moduli, tune the moduli of deformable nanocarriers with cross-linkers, and demonstrate vascular targeting behavior that correlates with Young's modulus. Homobifunctional cross-linkers were introduced into lysozyme-dextran nanogels (NGs). Single particle-scale AFM measurements determined NG moduli varying from ∼50-150 kPa for unmodified NGs or NGs with a short hydrophilic cross-linker (2,2'-(ethylenedioxy)bis(ethylamine), EOD) to ∼350 kPa for NGs modified with a longer hydrophilic cross-linker (4,9-dioxa-1,12-dodecanediamine, DODD) to ∼10 MPa for NGs modified with a longer hydrophobic cross-linker (1,12-diaminododecane, DAD). Cross-linked NGs were conjugated to antibodies for plasmalemma vesicle associated protein (PLVAP), a caveolar endothelial marker that cannot be accessed by rigid particles larger than ∼100 nm. In previous work, 150 nm NGs effectively targeted PLVAP, where rigid particles of similar diameter did not. EOD-modified NGs targeted PLVAP less effectively than unmodified NGs, but more effectively than DODD or DAD modified NGs, which both yielded low levels of targeting, resembling results previously obtained with polystyrene particles. Cross-linked NGs were also conjugated to antibodies against intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), an endothelial marker accessible to large rigid particles. Cross-linked NGs and unmodified NGs targeted uniformly to ICAM-1. We thus demonstrate cross-linker modification of NGs, AFM determination of NG mechanical properties varying with cross-linker, and tuning of specific sterically constrained vascular targeting behavior in correlation with cross-linker-modified NG mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Wheatley Myerson
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Olivia McPherson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Kelsey G. DeFrates
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Jenna H. Towslee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Oscar A. Marcos-Contreras
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Vladimir V. Shuvaev
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Bruce Braender
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Russell J. Composto
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Vladimir R. Muzykantov
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Corresponding Author:
| | - David M. Eckmann
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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Stanislawska I, Liwinska W, Lyp M, Stojek Z, Zabost E. Recent Advances in Degradable Hybrids of Biomolecules and NGs for Targeted Delivery. Molecules 2019; 24:E1873. [PMID: 31096669 PMCID: PMC6572277 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24101873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, the fast development of hybrid nanogels dedicated to various applications has been seen. In this context, nanogels incorporating biomolecules into their nanonetworks are promising innovative carriers that gain great potential in biomedical applications. Hybrid nanogels containing various types of biomolecules are exclusively designed for: improved and controlled release of drugs, targeted delivery, improvement of biocompatibility, and overcoming of immunological response and cell self-defense. This review provides recent advances in this rapidly developing field and concentrates on: (1) the key physical consequences of using hybrid nanogels and introduction of biomolecules; (2) the construction and functionalization of degradable hybrid nanogels; (3) the advantages of hybrid nanogels in controlled and targeted delivery; and (4) the analysis of the specificity of drug release mechanisms in hybrid nanogels. The limitations and future directions of hybrid nanogels in targeted specific- and real-time delivery are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Stanislawska
- Department of Nutrition, College of Rehabilitation, Kasprzaka 49, 01-234 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Wioletta Liwinska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Marek Lyp
- Department of Nutrition, College of Rehabilitation, Kasprzaka 49, 01-234 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Zbigniew Stojek
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Ewelina Zabost
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
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Protein-polysaccharide nanohybrids: Hybridization techniques and drug delivery applications. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 133:42-62. [PMID: 30300719 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Complex nanosystems fabricated by hybridization of different types of materials such as lipids, proteins, or polysaccharides are usually superior to simple ones in terms of features and applications. Proteins and polysaccharides hold great potential for development of nanocarriers for drug delivery purposes based on their unique biocompatibility, biodegradability, ease of functionalization, improved biodistribution and minimal toxicity profiles. Protein-polysaccharide nanohybrids have gained a lot of attention in the past few years particularly for drug delivery applications. In this review, different hybridization techniques utilized in the fabrication of such nanohybrids including electrostatic complexation, Maillard conjugation, chemical coupling and electrospinning were thoroughly reviewed. Moreover, various formulation factors affecting the characteristics of the formed nanohybrids were discussed. We also reviewed in depth the outcomes of such hybridization ranging from stability enhancement, to toxicity reduction, improved biocompatibility, and drug release modulation. We also gave an insight on their limitations and what hinders their clinical translation and market introduction.
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Lasič E, Galland F, Vardjan N, Šribar J, Križaj I, Leite MC, Zorec R, Stenovec M. Time-dependent uptake and trafficking of vesicles capturing extracellular S100B in cultured rat astrocytes. J Neurochem 2016; 139:309-323. [PMID: 27488079 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes, the most heterogeneous glial cells in the central nervous system, contribute to brain homeostasis, by regulating a myriad of functions, including the clearance of extracellular debris. When cells are damaged, cytoplasmic proteins may exit into the extracellular space. One such protein is S100B, which may exert toxic effects on neighboring cells unless it is removed from the extracellular space, but the mechanisms of this clearance are poorly understood. By using time-lapse confocal microscopy and fluorescently labeled S100B (S100B-Alexa488 ) and fluorescent dextran (Dextran546 ), a fluid phase uptake marker, we examined the uptake of fluorescently labeled S100B-Alexa488 from extracellular space and monitored trafficking of vesicles that internalized S100B-Alexa488 . Initially, S100B-Alexa488 and Dextran546 internalized with distinct rates into different endocytotic vesicles; S100B-Alexa488 internalized into smaller vesicles than Dextran546 . At a later stage, S100B-Alexa488 -positive vesicles substantially co-localized with Dextran546 -positive endolysosomes and with acidic LysoTracker-positive vesicles. Cell treatment with anti-receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) antibody, which binds to RAGE, a 'scavenger receptor', partially inhibited uptake of S100B-Alexa488 , but not of Dextran546 . The dynamin inhibitor dynole 34-2 inhibited internalization of both fluorescent probes. Directional mobility of S100B-Alexa488 -positive vesicles increased over time and was inhibited by ATP stimulation, an agent that increases cytosolic free calcium concentration ([Ca2+ ]i ). We conclude that astrocytes exhibit RAGE- and dynamin-dependent vesicular mechanism to efficiently remove S100B from the extracellular space. If a similar process occurs in vivo, astroglia may mitigate the toxic effects of extracellular S100B by this process under pathophysiologic conditions. This study reveals the vesicular clearance mechanism of extracellular S100B in astrocytes. Initially, fluorescent S100B internalizes into smaller endocytotic vesicles than dextran molecules. At a later stage, both probes co-localize within endolysosomes. S100B internalization is both dynamin- and RAGE-dependent, whereas dextran internalization is dependent on dynamin. Vesicle internalization likely mitigates the toxic effects of extracellular S100B and other waste products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Lasič
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology - Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Fabiana Galland
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology - Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Nina Vardjan
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology - Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Celica Biomedical, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Šribar
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Igor Križaj
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marina Concli Leite
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Robert Zorec
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology - Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia. .,Celica Biomedical, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Matjaž Stenovec
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology - Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia. .,Celica Biomedical, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Caporizzo MA, Roco CM, Ferrer MCC, Grady ME, Parrish E, Eckmann DM, Composto RJ. Strain-rate Dependence of Elastic Modulus Reveals Silver Nanoparticle Induced Cytotoxicity. Nanobiomedicine (Rij) 2015; 2. [PMID: 26834855 PMCID: PMC4732735 DOI: 10.5772/61328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Force-displacement measurements are taken at different rates with an atomic force microscope to assess the correlation between cell health and cell viscoelasticity in THP-1 cells that have been treated with a novel drug carrier. A variable indentation-rate viscoelastic analysis, VIVA, is employed to identify the relaxation time of the cells that are known to exhibit a frequency dependent stiffness. The VIVA agrees with a fluorescent viability assay. This indicates that dextran-lysozyme drug carriers are biocompatible and deliver concentrated toxic material (rhodamine or silver nanoparticles) to the cytoplasm of THP-1 cells. By modelling the frequency dependence of the elastic modulus, the VIVA provides three metrics of cytoplasmic viscoelasticity: a low frequency modulus, a high frequency modulus and viscosity. The signature of cytotoxicity by rhodamine or silver exposure is a frequency independent twofold increase in the elastic modulus and cytoplasmic viscosity, while the cytoskeletal relaxation time remains unchanged. This is consistent with the known toxic mechanism of silver nanoparticles, where metabolic stress causes an increase in the rigidity of the cytoplasm. A variable indentation-rate viscoelastic analysis is presented as a straightforward method to promote the self-consistent comparison between cells. This is paramount to the development of early diagnosis and treatment of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles M Roco
- Department of Materials Science Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Maria Carme Coll Ferrer
- Department of Materials Science Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Martha E Grady
- Department of Materials Science Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Emmabeth Parrish
- Department of Materials Science Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David M Eckmann
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Russell John Composto
- Department of Materials Science Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA
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Eckmann DM, Composto RJ, Tsourkas A, Muzykantov VR. Nanogel Carrier Design for Targeted Drug Delivery. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:8085-8097. [PMID: 25485112 PMCID: PMC4251498 DOI: 10.1039/c4tb01141d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Polymer-based nanogel formulations offer features attractive for drug delivery, including ease of synthesis, controllable swelling and viscoelasticity as well as drug loading and release characteristics, passive and active targeting, and the ability to formulate nanogel carriers that can respond to biological stimuli. These unique features and low toxicity make the nanogels a favorable option for vascular drug targeting. In this review, we address key chemical and biological aspects of nanogel drug carrier design. In particular, we highlight published studies of nanogel design, descriptions of nanogel functional characteristics and their behavior in biological models. These studies form a compendium of information that supports the scientific and clinical rationale for development of this carrier for targeted therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Eckmann
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - R J Composto
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - A Tsourkas
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - V R Muzykantov
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Icam-1 targeted nanogels loaded with dexamethasone alleviate pulmonary inflammation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102329. [PMID: 25019304 PMCID: PMC4096597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysozyme dextran nanogels (NG) have great potential in vitro as a drug delivery platform, combining simple chemistry with rapid uptake and cargo release in target cells with “stealth” properties and low toxicity. In this work, we study for the first time the potential of targeted NG as a drug delivery platform in vivo to alleviate acute pulmonary inflammation in animal model of LPS-induced lung injury. NG are targeted to the endothelium via conjugation with an antibody (Ab) directed to Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1(ICAM-NG), whereas IgG conjugated NG (IgG-NG) are used for control formulations. The amount of Ab conjugated to the NG and distribution in the body after intravenous (IV) injection have been quantitatively analyzed using a tracer isotope-labeled [125I]IgG. As a proof of concept, Ab-NG are loaded with dexamethasone, an anti-inflammatory therapeutic, and the drug uptake and release kinetics are measured by HPLC. In vivo studies in mice showed that: i) ICAM-NG accumulates in mouse lungs (∼120% ID/g vs ∼15% ID/g of IgG-NG); and, ii) DEX encapsulated in ICAM-NG, but not in IgG-NG practically blocks LPS-induced overexpression of pro-inflammatory cell adhesion molecules including ICAM-1 in the pulmonary inflammation.
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Ferrer MCC, Eckmann UN, Composto RJ, Eckmann DM. Hemocompatibility and biocompatibility of antibacterial biomimetic hybrid films. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 272:703-12. [PMID: 23933530 PMCID: PMC3805816 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In previous work, we developed novel antibacterial hybrid coatings based on dextran containing dispersed Ag NPs (~5 nm, DEX-Ag) aimed to offer dual protection against two of the most common complications associated with implant surgery, infections and rejection of the implant. However, their blood-material interactions are unknown. In this study, we assess the hemocompatibility and biocompatibility of DEX-Ag using fresh blood and two cell lines of the immune system, monocytes (THP-1 cells) and macrophages (PMA-stimulated THP-1 cells). Glass, polyurethane (PU) and bare dextran (DEX) were used as reference surfaces. PU, DEX and DEX-Ag exhibited non-hemolytic properties. Relative to glass (100%), platelet attachment on PU, DEX and DEX-Ag was 15%, 10% and 34%, respectively. Further, we assessed cell morphology and viability, pro-inflammatory cytokines expression (TNF-α and IL-1β), pro-inflammatory eicosanoid expression (Prostaglandin E2, PGE2) and release of reactive oxygen species (ROS, superoxide and H2O2) following incubation of the cells with the surfaces. The morphology and cell viability of THP-1 cells were not affected by DEX-Ag whereas DEX-Ag minimized spreading of PMA-stimulated THP-1 cells and caused a reduction in cell viability (16% relative to other surfaces). Although DEX-Ag slightly enhanced release of ROS, the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines remained minimal with similar levels of PGE2, as compared to the other surfaces studied. These results highlight low toxicity of DEX-Ag and hold promise for future applications in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Carme Coll Ferrer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Uriel N. Eckmann
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Russell J. Composto
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David M. Eckmann
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Ferrer MCC, Ferrier RC, Eckmann DM, Composto RJ. A facile route to synthesize nanogels doped with silver nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF NANOPARTICLE RESEARCH : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY FORUM FOR NANOSCALE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2012; 15:1323. [PMID: 23459266 PMCID: PMC3583544 DOI: 10.1007/s11051-012-1323-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we describe a simple method to prepare hybrid nanogels consisting of a biocompatible core-shell polymer host containing silver nanoparticles. First, the nanogels (NG, ~160 nm) containing a lysozyme rich core and a dextran rich shell, are prepared via Maillard and heat-gelation reactions. Second, silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs, ~5nm) are synthesized in situ in the NG solution without requiring additional reducing agents. This approach leads to stable Ag NPs located in the NG. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the amount of Ag NPs in the NG can be tuned by varying silver precursor concentration. Hybrid nanogels with silver nanoparticles have potential in antimicrobial, optical and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Carme Coll Ferrer
- Department of Materials Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, US
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, US
| | - Robert C. Ferrier
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, US
| | - David M. Eckmann
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, US
| | - Russell J. Composto
- Department of Materials Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, US
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