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Noreen S, Wang E, Feng H, Li Z. Functionalization of TiO 2 for Better Performance as Orthopedic Implants. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:6868. [PMID: 36234208 PMCID: PMC9573462 DOI: 10.3390/ma15196868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This review mainly focuses on the surface functionalization approaches of titanium dioxide (TiO2) to prevent bacterial infections and facilitate osteointegration simultaneously for titanium (Ti)-based orthopedic implants. Infection is one of the major causes of implant failure. Meanwhile, it is also critical for the bone-forming cells to integrate with the implant surface. TiO2 is the native oxide layer of Ti which has good biocompatibility as well as enriched physical, chemical, electronic, and photocatalytic properties. The formed nanostructures during fabrication and the enriched properties of TiO2 have enabled various functionalization methods to combat the micro-organisms and enhance the osteogenesis of Ti implants. This review encompasses the various modifications of TiO2 in aspects of topology, drug loading, and element incorporation, as well as the most recently developed electron transfer and electrical tuning approaches. Taken together, these approaches can endow Ti implants with better bactericidal and osteogenic abilities via the functionalization of TiO2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zhou Li
- Correspondence: (H.F.); (Z.L.)
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Bartkowiak A, Zarzycki A, Kac S, Perzanowski M, Marszalek M. Mechanical Properties of Different Nanopatterned TiO 2 Substrates and Their Effect on Hydrothermally Synthesized Bioactive Hydroxyapatite Coatings. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13225290. [PMID: 33238366 PMCID: PMC7700237 DOI: 10.3390/ma13225290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is a very attractive tool for tailoring the surface of an orthopedic implant to optimize its interaction with the biological environment. Nanostructured interfaces are promising, especially for orthopedic applications. They can not only improve osseointegration between the implant and the living bone but also may be used as drug delivery platforms. The nanoporous structure can be used as a drug carrier to the surrounding tissue, with the intention to accelerate tissue–implant integration as well as to reduce and treat bacterial infections occurring after implantation. Titanium oxide nanotubes are promising for such applications; however, their brittle nature could be a significantly limiting factor. In this work, we modified the topography of commercially used titanium foil by the anodization process and hydrothermal treatment. As a result, we obtained a crystalline nanoporous u-shaped structure (US) of anodized titanium oxide with improved resistance to scratch compared to TiO2 nanotubes. The US titanium substrate was successfully modified with hydroxyapatite coating and investigated for bioactivity. Results showed high bioactivity in simulated body fluid (SBF) after two weeks of incubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Bartkowiak
- Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Radzikowskiego 152, PL-31342 Krakow, Poland; (A.Z.); (M.P.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Arkadiusz Zarzycki
- Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Radzikowskiego 152, PL-31342 Krakow, Poland; (A.Z.); (M.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Slawomir Kac
- Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, PL-30059 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Marcin Perzanowski
- Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Radzikowskiego 152, PL-31342 Krakow, Poland; (A.Z.); (M.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Marta Marszalek
- Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Radzikowskiego 152, PL-31342 Krakow, Poland; (A.Z.); (M.P.); (M.M.)
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Arkusz K, Nycz M, Paradowska E. Electrochemical Evaluation of the Compact and Nanotubular Oxide Layer Destruction under Ex Vivo Ti6Al4V ELI Transpedicular Screw Implantation. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13010176. [PMID: 31906376 PMCID: PMC6981910 DOI: 10.3390/ma13010176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nano-engineered implants are a promising orthopedic implant modification enhancing bioactivity and integration. Despite the lack of destruction of an oxide layer confirmed in ex vivo and in vivo implantation, the testing of a microrupture of an anodic layer initiating immune-inflammatory reaction is still underexplored. The aim of this work was to form the compact and nanotubular oxide layer on the Ti6Al4V ELI transpedicular screws and electrochemical detection of layer microrupture after implantation ex vivo by the Magerl technique using scanning electron microscopy and highly sensitive electrochemical methods. For the first time, the obtained results showed the ability to form the homogenous nanotubular layer on an Ti6Al4V ELI screw, both in α and β-phases, with favorable morphology, i.e., 35 ÷ 50 ± 5 nm diameter, 1500 ± 100 nm height. In contrast to previous studies, microrupture and degradation of both form layers were observed using ultrasensitive electrochemical methods. Mechanical stability and corrosion protection of nanotubular layer were significantly better when compared to compact oxide layer and bare Ti6Al4V ELI.
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Gunputh UF, Le H, Lawton K, Besinis A, Tredwin C, Handy RD. Antibacterial properties of silver nanoparticles grown in situ and anchored to titanium dioxide nanotubes on titanium implant against Staphylococcus aureus. Nanotoxicology 2019; 14:97-110. [PMID: 31566471 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2019.1665727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Medical grade titanium alloy, Ti-6Al-4V, with TiO2 nanotubes (TiO2-NTs) grown on the surface and then decorated with silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) is proposed to enhance the antimicrobial properties of the bone/dental implants. However, the decoration with Ag NPs is not consistent and there are concerns about the direct contact of Ag NPs with human tissue. The aim of this study was to achieve a more even coverage of Ag NPs on TiO2-NTs and determine their biocidal properties against Staphylococcus aureus, with and without a top coat of nano hydroxyapatite (nHA). The decoration with Ag NPs was optimised by adjusting the incubation time of the TiO2-NTs in a silver ammonia solution, and using biocompatible δ-gluconolactone as a reducing agent. The optimum incubation in silver ammonia was 7 min, and resulted in evenly distributed Ag NPs with an average diameter of 47.5 ± 1.7 nm attached to the surface of the nanotubes. The addition of nHA did not compromise the antimicrobial properties of the materials; high-resolution electron microscopy showed S. aureus did not grow on the composite with nHA and with >80% biocidal activity measured by the LIVE/DEAD assay, also limited lactate production. Dialysis experiment confirmed the stability of the coatings, and showed a slow release of dissolved silver (3.27 ± 0.15 μg/L over 24 h) through the top coat of nHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urvashi F Gunputh
- School of Engineering, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK.,School of Mechanical Engineering and Built Environment, University of Derby, Derby, UK
| | - Huirong Le
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Built Environment, University of Derby, Derby, UK
| | - Kiruthika Lawton
- Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK
| | | | - Christopher Tredwin
- Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK
| | - Richard D Handy
- School of Biological & Marine Sciences, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK
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Gunputh UF, Le H, Besinis A, Tredwin C, Handy RD. Multilayered composite coatings of titanium dioxide nanotubes decorated with zinc oxide and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles: controlled release of Zn and antimicrobial properties against Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:3583-3600. [PMID: 31190813 PMCID: PMC6529028 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s199219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This study aimed to decorate the surface of TiO2 nanotubes (TiO2 NTs) grown on medical grade Ti-6Al-4V alloy with an antimicrobial layer of nano zinc oxide particles (nZnO) and then determine if the antimicrobial properties were maintained with a final layer of nano-hydroxyapatite (HA) on the composite. Methods: The additions of nZnO were attempted at three different annealing temperatures: 350, 450 and 550 °C. Of these temperatures, 350°C provided the most uniform and nanoporous coating and was selected for antimicrobial testing. Results: The LIVE/DEAD assay showed that ZnCl2 and nZnO alone were >90% biocidal to the attached bacteria, and nZnO as a coating on the nanotubes resulted in around 70% biocidal activity. The lactate production assay agreed with the LIVE/DEAD assay. The concentrations of lactate produced by the attached bacteria on the surface of nZnO-coated TiO2 NTs and ZnO/HA-coated TiO2 NTs were 0.13±0.03 mM and 0.37±0.1 mM, respectively, which was significantly lower than that produced by the bacteria on TiO2 NTs alone, 1.09±0.30 mM (Kruskal–Wallis, P<0.05, n=6). These biochemical measurements were correlated with electron micrographs of cell morphology and cell coverage on the coatings. Conclusion: nZnO on TiO2 NTs was a stable and antimicrobial coating, and most of the biocidal properties remained in the presence of nano-HA on the coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urvashi F Gunputh
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Built Environment, University of Derby, Derby DE22 3AW, UK.,School of Engineering, Plymouth University, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Huirong Le
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Built Environment, University of Derby, Derby DE22 3AW, UK
| | | | - Christopher Tredwin
- Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth University, Plymouth, Devon PL6 8BU, UK
| | - Richard D Handy
- School of Biological & Marine Sciences, Plymouth University, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
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Su EP, Justin DF, Pratt CR, Sarin VK, Nguyen VS, Oh S, Jin S. Effects of titanium nanotubes on the osseointegration, cell differentiation, mineralisation and antibacterial properties of orthopaedic implant surfaces. Bone Joint J 2018; 100-B:9-16. [PMID: 29292334 PMCID: PMC6424438 DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.100b1.bjj-2017-0551.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The development and pre-clinical evaluation of
nano-texturised, biomimetic, surfaces of titanium (Ti) implants treated
with titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanotube arrays is reviewed. In
vitro and in vivo evaluations show that
TiO2 nanotubes on Ti surfaces positively affect the osseointegration,
cell differentiation, mineralisation, and anti-microbial properties.
This surface treatment can be superimposed onto existing macro and
micro porous Ti implants creating a surface texture that also interacts
with cells at the nano level. Histology and mechanical pull-out testing
of specimens in rabbits indicate that TiO2 nanotubes
improves bone bonding nine-fold (p = 0.008). The rate of mineralisation
associated with TiO2 nanotube surfaces is about three
times that of non-treated Ti surfaces. In addition to improved osseointegration
properties, TiO2 nanotubes reduce the initial adhesion
and colonisation of Staphylococcus epidermidis.
Collectively, the properties of Ti implant surfaces enhanced with
TiO2 nanotubes show great promise. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2018;100-B(1
Supple A):9–16.
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Affiliation(s)
- E P Su
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, USA
| | - D F Justin
- Nanovation Partners, LLC, Camarillo, California, USA
| | - C R Pratt
- Nanovation Partners, LLC, Camarillo, California, USA
| | - V K Sarin
- Kinamed Incorporated, Camarillo, California, USA
| | - V S Nguyen
- Optimotion Implants, LLC, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - S Oh
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, College of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - S Jin
- Nanovation Partners, LLC, Camarillo, California, USA
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Vorilhon C, Massard C, Raspal V, Sibaud Y, Forestier C, Charbonnel N, Descamps S, Awitor KO. Feasibility of a Chronic Foreign Body Infection Model Studying the Influence of TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanotube Layers on Bacterial Contamination. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/jbnb.2016.71006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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