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Yoon S, Tam TM, Rajaraman PK, Lin CL, Tawhai M, Hoffman EA, Choi S. An integrated 1D breathing lung simulation with relative hysteresis of airway structure and regional pressure for healthy and asthmatic human lungs. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 129:732-747. [PMID: 32758040 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00176.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to develop a one-dimensional (1D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model with dynamic airway geometry that considers airway wall compliance and acinar dynamics. The proposed 1D model evaluates the pressure distribution and the hysteresis between the pressure and tidal volume (Vtidal) in the central and terminal airways for healthy and asthmatic subjects. Four-dimensional CT images were captured at 11-14 time points during the breathing cycle. The airway diameter and length were reconstructed using a volume-filling method and a stochastic model at respective time points. The obtained values for the airway diameter and length were interpolated via the Akima spline to avoid unboundedness. A 1D energy balance equation considering the effects of wall compliance and parenchymal inertance was solved using the efficient aggregation-based algebraic multigrid solver, a sparse matrix solver, reducing the computational costs by around 90% when compared with the generalized minimal residual solver. In the Vtidal versus displacement in the basal direction (z-coordinate), the inspiration curve was lower than the expiration curve, leading to relative hysteresis. The dynamic deformation model was the major factor influencing the difference in the workload in the central and terminal airways. In contrast, wall compliance and parenchymal inertance appeared only marginally to affect the pressure and workload. The integrated 1D model mimicked dynamic deformation by predicting airway diameter and length at each time point, describing the effects of wall compliance and parenchymal inertance. This computationally efficient model could be utilized to assess breathing mechanism as an alternative to pulmonary function tests.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study introduces a one-dimensional (1D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model mimicking the realistic changes in diameter and length in whole airways and reveals differences in lung deformation between healthy and asthmatic subjects. Utilizing computational models, the effects of parenchymal inertance and airway wall compliance are investigated by changing ventilation frequency and airway wall elastance, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Yoon
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Tran Minh Tam
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Prathish K Rajaraman
- IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Ching-Long Lin
- IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.,Department of Radiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Merryn Tawhai
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Eric A Hoffman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.,Department of Radiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Sanghun Choi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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Jiang F, Hirano T, Ohgi J, Chen X. A voxel image-based pulmonary airflow simulation method with an automatic detection algorithm for airway outlets. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2020; 36:e3305. [PMID: 31913573 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.3305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Investigations of pulmonary airflows in respiratory systems are important for the diagnostics and treatment of pulmonary diseases. For accurate prediction of the flow field in an airway, a numerical simulation must be conducted using the true geometry from computed tomography (CT) data. Flow simulation is still a difficult task because of the mesh generation process and preprocessing setup procedures. In this study, we developed a voxel image-based simulation method using an automatic detection algorithm for airway outlets to simplify the simulation process and improve its applicability in the medical field. Our approach is based on the lattice Boltzmann method with a topology analysis algorithm, which can preserve all raw information from the original CT images and give an accurate flow field inside the airways. Our method can reproduce the essential flow features inside airways, is highly efficient, and decreases the overall processing time. Thus, it has a great potential for future real-time airflow analyses to provide airflow information to medical experts. HIGHLIGHTS: This paper proposed a voxel image-based simulation method with a novel automatic outlet-selecting algorithm to calculate the velocity and pressure of physiological flows in multi-generation-branched airways. Our approach simplifies the simulation process by automatically applying the boundary conditions to large numbers of outlets and minimizes the time-consuming mesh generation process. Our proposed method has considerable potential for real-time simulations improving the applicability to patient-specific medical diagnostics and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Jiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
- Biomedical Engineering Center (YUBEC), Yamaguchi University, Ube, Japan
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Blue Energy Center for SGE Technology (BEST), Yamaguchi University, Ube, Japan
| | - Tsunahiko Hirano
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Disease, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Junji Ohgi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
- Biomedical Engineering Center (YUBEC), Yamaguchi University, Ube, Japan
| | - Xian Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
- Biomedical Engineering Center (YUBEC), Yamaguchi University, Ube, Japan
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Choi J, LeBlanc LJ, Choi S, Haghighi B, Hoffman EA, O'Shaughnessy P, Wenzel SE, Castro M, Fain S, Jarjour N, Schiebler ML, Denlinger L, Delvadia R, Walenga R, Babiskin A, Lin CL. Differences in Particle Deposition Between Members of Imaging-Based Asthma Clusters. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2019; 32:213-223. [PMID: 30888242 PMCID: PMC6685197 DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2018.1487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Four computed tomography (CT) imaging-based clusters have been identified in a study of the Severe Asthma Research Program (SARP) cohort and have been significantly correlated with clinical and demographic metrics (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140:690-700.e8). We used a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model to investigate air flow and aerosol deposition within imaging archetypes representative of the four clusters. Methods: CFD simulations for air flow and 1-8 μm particle transport were performed using CT-based airway models from two healthy subjects and eight asthma subjects. The subject selection criterion was based on the discriminant imaging-based flow-related variables of J(Total) (average local volume expansion in the total lung) and Dh*(sLLL) (normalized airway hydraulic diameter in the left lower lobe), where reduced J(Total) and Dh*(sLLL) indicate reduced regional ventilation and airway constriction, respectively. The analysis focused on the comparisons between all clusters with respect to healthy subjects, between cluster 2 and cluster 4 (nonsevere and severe asthma clusters with airway constriction) and between cluster 3 and cluster 4 (two severe asthma clusters characterized by normal and constricted airways, respectively). Results: Nonsevere asthma cluster 2 and severe asthma cluster 4 subjects characterized by airway constriction had an increase in the deposition fraction (DF) in the left lower lobe. Constricted flows impinged on distal bifurcations resulting in large depositions. Although both cluster 3 (without constriction) and cluster 4 (with constriction) were severe asthma, they exhibited different particle deposition patterns with increasing particle size. The statistical analysis showed that Dh*(sLLL) plays a more important role in particle deposition than J(Total), and regional flow fraction is correlated with DF among lobes for smaller particles. Conclusions: We demonstrated particle deposition characteristics associated with cluster-specific imaging-based metrics such as airway constriction, which could pertain to the design of future drug delivery improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwoong Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Lawrence J. LeBlanc
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Sanghun Choi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Babak Haghighi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Eric A. Hoffman
- Department of Radiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Patrick O'Shaughnessy
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Sally E. Wenzel
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mario Castro
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Sean Fain
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Nizar Jarjour
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Mark L. Schiebler
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Loren Denlinger
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Renishkumar Delvadia
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Ross Walenga
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Andrew Babiskin
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Ching-Long Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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Choi S, Yoon S, Jeon J, Zou C, Choi J, Tawhai MH, Hoffman EA, Delvadia R, Babiskin A, Walenga R, Lin CL. 1D network simulations for evaluating regional flow and pressure distributions in healthy and asthmatic human lungs. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 127:122-133. [PMID: 31095459 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00016.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to introduce a one-dimensional (1D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model for airway resistance and lung compliance to examine the relationship between airway resistance, pressure, and regional flow distribution. We employed five healthy and five asthmatic subjects who had dynamic computed tomography (CT) scans (4D CT) along with two static scans at total lung capacity and functional residual capacity. Fractional air-volume change ( ΔVairf ) from 4D CT was used for a validation of the 1D CFD model. We extracted the diameter ratio from existing data sets of 61 healthy subjects for computing mean and standard deviation (SD) of airway constriction/dilation in CT-resolved airways. The lobar mean (SD) of airway constriction/dilation was used to determine diameters of CT-unresolved airways. A 1D isothermal energy balance equation was solved, and pressure boundary conditions were imposed at the acinar region (model A) or at the pleural region (model B). A static compliance model was only applied for model B to link acinar and pleural regions. The values of 1D CFD-derived ΔVairf for model B demonstrated better correlation with 4D CT-derived ΔVairf than model A. In both inspiration and expiration, asthmatic subjects with airway constriction show much greater pressure drop than healthy subjects without airway constriction. This increased transpulmonary pressures in the asthmatic subjects, leading to an increased workload (hysteresis). The 1D CFD model was found to be useful in investigating flow structure, lung hysteresis, and pressure distribution for healthy and asthmatic subjects. The derived flow distribution could be used for imposing boundary conditions of 3D CFD. NEW & NOTEWORTHY A one-dimensional (1D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model for airway resistance and lung compliance was introduced to examine the relationship between airway resistance, pressure, and regional flow distribution. The 1D CFD model investigated differences of flow structure, lung hysteresis, and pressure distribution for healthy and asthmatic subjects. The derived flow distribution could be used for imposing boundary conditions of three-dimensional CFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghun Choi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Kyungpook National University , Daegu , Republic of Korea
| | - Sujin Yoon
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Kyungpook National University , Daegu , Republic of Korea
| | - Jichan Jeon
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Kyungpook National University , Daegu , Republic of Korea
| | - Chunrui Zou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa.,IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Jiwoong Choi
- IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Merryn H Tawhai
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Eric A Hoffman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa.,Department of Radiology, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Renishkumar Delvadia
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Andrew Babiskin
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Ross Walenga
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Ching-Long Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa.,Department of Radiology, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa.,IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa
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5
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A Feasible Computational Fluid Dynamics Study for Relationships of Structural and Functional Alterations with Particle Depositions in Severe Asthmatic Lungs. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2018; 2018:6564854. [PMID: 30140302 PMCID: PMC6081571 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6564854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the effect of altered structures and functions in severe asthma on particle deposition by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models. Airway geometrical models of two healthy subjects and two severe asthmatics were reconstructed from computed tomography (CT) images. Subject-specific flow boundary conditions were obtained by image registration to account for regional functional alterations of severe asthmatics. A large eddy simulation (LES) model for transitional and turbulent flows was applied to simulate airflows, and particle transport simulations were then performed for 2.5, 5, and 10 μm particles using CFD-predicted flow fields. Compared to the healthy subjects, the severe asthmatics had a smaller air-volume change in the lower lobes and a larger air-volume change in the upper lobes. Both severe asthmatics had smaller airway circularity (Cr), but one of them had a significant reduction of hydraulic diameter (Dh). In severe asthmatics, the larger air-volume change in the upper lobes resulted in more particles in the upper lobes, especially for the small 2.5 μm particles. The structural alterations measured by Cr and Dh were associated with a higher particle deposition. Dh was found to be the most important metric which affects the specific location of particle deposition. This study demonstrates the relationship of CT-based structural and functional alterations in severe asthma with flow and particle dynamics.
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