1
|
Lin J, Cong Q, Zhang D. Magnetic Microrobots for In Vivo Cargo Delivery: A Review. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:664. [PMID: 38793237 PMCID: PMC11123378 DOI: 10.3390/mi15050664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Magnetic microrobots, with their small size and agile maneuverability, are well-suited for navigating the intricate and confined spaces within the human body. In vivo cargo delivery within the context of microrobotics involves the use of microrobots to transport and administer drugs and cells directly to the targeted regions within a living organism. The principal aim is to enhance the precision, efficiency, and safety of therapeutic interventions. Despite their potential, there is a shortage of comprehensive reviews on the use of magnetic microrobots for in vivo cargo delivery from both research and engineering perspectives, particularly those published after 2019. This review addresses this gap by disentangling recent advancements in magnetic microrobots for in vivo cargo delivery. It summarizes their actuation platforms, structural designs, cargo loading and release methods, tracking methods, navigation algorithms, and degradation and retrieval methods. Finally, it highlights potential research directions. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the current landscape of magnetic microrobot technologies for in vivo cargo delivery. It highlights their present implementation methods, capabilities, and prospective research directions. The review also examines significant innovations and inherent challenges in biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dandan Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK; (J.L.); (Q.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mironov VA, Senatov FS, Koudan EV, Pereira FDAS, Kasyanov VA, Granjeiro JM, Baptista LS. Design, Fabrication, and Application of Mini-Scaffolds for Cell Components in Tissue Engineering. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235068. [PMID: 36501463 PMCID: PMC9739131 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of "lockyballs" or interlockable mini-scaffolds fabricated by two-photon polymerization from biodegradable polymers for the encagement of tissue spheroids and their delivery into the desired location in the human body has been recently introduced. In order to improve control of delivery, positioning, and assembly of mini-scaffolds with tissue spheroids inside, they must be functionalized. This review describes the design, fabrication, and functionalization of mini-scaffolds as well as perspectives on their application in tissue engineering for precisely controlled cell and mini-tissue delivery and patterning. The development of functionalized mini-scaffolds advances the original concept of "lockyballs" and opens exciting new prospectives for mini-scaffolds' applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine and their eventual clinical translation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A. Mironov
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, National University of Science and Technology “MISIS”, 119049 Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Cell Technologies and Medical Genetics, National Medical Research Center for Traumatology and Orthopedics Named after N.N. Priorov, 127299 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (V.A.M.); (F.S.S.)
| | - Fedor S. Senatov
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, National University of Science and Technology “MISIS”, 119049 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (V.A.M.); (F.S.S.)
| | - Elizaveta V. Koudan
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, National University of Science and Technology “MISIS”, 119049 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Vladimir A. Kasyanov
- Joint Laboratory of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Jose Mauro Granjeiro
- Bioengineering Laboratory, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (INMETRO), Duque de Caxias 25.250-020, Brazil
| | - Leandra Santos Baptista
- Bioengineering Laboratory, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (INMETRO), Duque de Caxias 25.250-020, Brazil
- Campus UFRJ Duque de Caxias Prof Geraldo Cidade, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Duque de Caxias 25.240-005, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hybrid spheroid microscaffolds as modular tissue units to build macro-tissue assemblies for tissue engineering. Acta Biomater 2022:S1742-7061(22)00141-6. [PMID: 35288312 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Since its inception, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM) has been relying on either scaffold-based or scaffold-free strategies. Recent reports outlined the possibility of a synergistic, convergence approach, referred to as the third TERM strategy, which could alleviate bottlenecks of the two previous options. This strategy requires the fabrication of highly porous microscaffolds, allowing to create single spheroids within each of them. The resulting tissue units can then be combined and used as modular building blocks for creating tissue constructs through a bottom-up self-assembly. Such strategy can have a significant impact for the future of TERM, but so far, no reports have assessed its feasibility in detail. This work reports a first systematic study, which includes a comparison of the in vitro behavior of tissue units based on adipose derived stem cell spheroids cultured within microscaffolds versus conventional spheroids. We first proved that the presence of the microscaffold neither impairs the cells 'ability to form spheroids nor impacts their viability. Importantly, the fusiogenic and the differentiation potential (i.e. chondrogenesis and osteogenesis), which are important features for cellularized building blocks to be used in TERM, are preserved when spheroids are cultured within microscaffolds. Significant benefits of microscaffold-based tissue units include the enhanced cell retention, the decreased compaction and the better control over the size observed when larger tissue constructs are formed through self-assembly. The proof of concept study presented here demonstrates the great potential offered by those microsize tissue units to be used as building blocks for directed tissue self-assembly. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: One of the most exciting and recent advances in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM) is to combine together multiple micro-size cellularized units, which are able to self-assemble altogether to recreate larger tissue constructs. In this work, we produce such modules by forming single spheroids within highly porous microscaffolds, and study how this new microenvironment impacts on the spheroid's behavior and stemness potential. This work highlights as well that such novel route is enabled by two-photon polymerization, which is an additive manufacturing technique offering high spatial resolution down to 100 nm. These findings provide a first scientific evidence about the utilization of hybrid spheroid microscaffold-based tissue units with great perspective as a modular tool for TERM.
Collapse
|
4
|
Hasselmann S, Hahn L, Lorson T, Schätzlein E, Sébastien I, Beudert M, Lühmann T, Neubauer JC, Sextl G, Luxenhofer R, Heinrich D. Freeform direct laser writing of versatile topological 3D scaffolds enabled by intrinsic support hydrogel. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:3334-3344. [PMID: 34617095 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh00925g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a novel approach to create arbitrarily shaped 3D hydrogel objects is presented, wherein freeform two-photon polymerization (2PP) is enabled by the combination of a photosensitive hydrogel and an intrinsic support matrix. This way, topologies without physical contact such as a highly porous 3D network of concatenated rings were realized, which are impossible to manufacture with most current 3D printing technologies. Micro-Raman and nanoindentation measurements show the possibility to control water uptake and hence tailor the Young's modulus of the structures via the light dosage, proving the versatility of the concept regarding many scaffold characteristics that makes it well suited for cell specific cell culture as demonstrated by cultivation of human induced pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Hasselmann
- Fraunhofer Project Center for Stem Cell Process Engineering Neunerplatz 2, Würzburg 97082, Germany
| | - Lukas Hahn
- Functional Polymer Materials, Chair for Advanced Materials Synthesis, Institute for Functional Materials and Biofabrication, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070, Germany
| | - Thomas Lorson
- Functional Polymer Materials, Chair for Advanced Materials Synthesis, Institute for Functional Materials and Biofabrication, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070, Germany
| | - Eva Schätzlein
- East Bavarian Technical University of Applied Sciences, Prüfeninger Str. 58, Regensburg 93049, Germany
| | - Isabelle Sébastien
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Fraunhofer Project Center for Stem Cell Process Engineering, Neunerplatz 2, Würzburg 97082, Germany
| | - Matthias Beudert
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Tessa Lühmann
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Julia C Neubauer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Fraunhofer Project Center for Stem Cell Process Engineering, Neunerplatz 2, Würzburg 97082, Germany
| | - Gerhard Sextl
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Neunerplatz 2, Würzburg 97082, Germany.
| | - Robert Luxenhofer
- Functional Polymer Materials, Chair for Advanced Materials Synthesis, Institute for Functional Materials and Biofabrication, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070, Germany
- Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, Faculty of Science University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
| | - Doris Heinrich
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Neunerplatz 2, Würzburg 97082, Germany.
- Institute for Bioprocessing and Analytical Measurement Techniques, Rosenhof, Heilbad Heiligenstadt 37308, Germany
- Faculty for Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Ilmenau University of Technology, Ilmenau, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ju T, Zhao Z, Ma L, Li W, Li S, Zhang J. Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate-Enhanced Calvarial Regeneration by Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells on a Hydroxyapatite/Gelatin Scaffold. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:13684-13694. [PMID: 34095661 PMCID: PMC8173563 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) plays a significant role in inducing new bone formation by mediating various signal pathways. However, cAMP, combined with biomaterials, is rarely investigated to reconstruct calvarial defects. In this study, cAMP was loaded into a hydroxyapatite (HA)/gelatin (Gel) construct and implanted into critical skull defects in rats to evaluate the potential for enhancing skull regeneration. The physiochemical characteristics, the biocompatibility of Gel and HA/Gel scaffolds, and the regenerated bone tissue were assessed. The resulting HA/Gel scaffolds possessed a 3D interconnected porous structure with extensively distributed HA crystals and favorable physiochemical properties. Rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs) within the HA/Gel scaffold showed greater biocompatibility. Compared with the Gel and HA/Gel groups, the cAMP-HA/Gel group revealed the highest bone density, more mature mineralized tissue, and more favorable integration between the new bone and inherent bone as analyzed by cone beam computed tomography and hematoxylin & eosin and Masson staining, respectively. Collectively, our study verified HA/Gel scaffolds as a prospective biomimetic treatment with biocompatibility and the therapeutic potential of cAMP in promoting new bone growth of a skull, which indicates its promise as a growth factor for bone tissue engineering.
Collapse
|
6
|
Spanos I, Vangelatos Z, Grigoropoulos C, Farsari M. Design and Characterization of Microscale Auxetic and Anisotropic Structures Fabricated by Multiphoton Lithography. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:446. [PMID: 33578774 PMCID: PMC7916458 DOI: 10.3390/nano11020446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The need for control of the elastic properties of architected materials has been accentuated due to the advances in modelling and characterization. Among the plethora of unconventional mechanical responses, controlled anisotropy and auxeticity have been promulgated as a new avenue in bioengineering applications. This paper aims to delineate the mechanical performance of characteristic auxetic and anisotropic designs fabricated by multiphoton lithography. Through finite element analysis the distinct responses of representative topologies are conveyed. In addition, nanoindentation experiments observed in-situ through scanning electron microscopy enable the validation of the modeling and the observation of the anisotropic or auxetic phenomena. Our results herald how these categories of architected materials can be investigated at the microscale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Spanos
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 4BH, UK;
- Nonlinear Lithography Laboratory, Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology, Hellas (FORTH), 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Zacharias Vangelatos
- Laser Thermal Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; (Z.V.); (C.G.)
| | - Costas Grigoropoulos
- Laser Thermal Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; (Z.V.); (C.G.)
| | - Maria Farsari
- Nonlinear Lithography Laboratory, Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology, Hellas (FORTH), 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Vagropoulou G, Trentsiou M, Georgopoulou A, Papachristou E, Prymak O, Kritis A, Epple M, Chatzinikolaidou M, Bakopoulou A, Koidis P. Hybrid chitosan/gelatin/nanohydroxyapatite scaffolds promote odontogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells and in vitro biomineralization. Dent Mater 2020; 37:e23-e36. [PMID: 33208264 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2020.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hybrid chitosan/gelatin/nanohydroxyapatite (CS/Gel/nHA) scaffolds have attracted considerable interest in tissue engineering (TE) of mineralized tissues. The present study aimed to investigate the potential of CS/Gel/nHA scaffolds loaded with dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) to induce odontogenic differentiation and in vitro biomineralization. METHODS CS/Gel/nHA scaffolds were synthesized by freeze-drying, seeded with DPSCs, and characterized with flow cytometry. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), live/dead staining, and MTT assays were used to evaluate cell morphology and viability; real-time PCR for odontogenesis-related gene expression analysis; SEM-EDS (Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy), and X-ray Diffraction analysis (XRD) for structural and chemical characterization of the mineralized constructs, respectively. RESULTS CS/Gel/nHA scaffolds supported viability and proliferation of DPSCs over 14 days in culture. Gene expression patterns indicated pronounced odontogenic shift of DPSCs, evidenced by upregulation of DSPP, BMP-2, ALP, and the transcription factors RunX2 and Osterix. SEM-EDS showed the production of a nanocrystalline mineralized matrix inside the cell-based and - to a lesser extent - the cell-free constructs, with a time-dependent production of net-like nanocrystals (appr. 25-30nm in diameter). XRD analysis gave the crystallite size (D=50nm) but could not distinguish between the initially incorporated and the biologically produced nHA. SIGNIFICANCE This is the first study validating the potential of CS/Gel/nHA scaffolds to support viability and proliferation of DPSCs, and to provide a biomimetic microenvironment favoring odontogenic differentiation and in vitro biomineralization without the addition of any inductive factors, including dexamethasone and/or growth/morphogenetic factors. These results reveal a promising strategy towards TE of mineralized dental tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Vagropoulou
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (A.U.Th), Greece
| | - Maria Trentsiou
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (A.U.Th), Greece
| | | | - Eleni Papachristou
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (A.U.Th), Greece
| | - Oleg Prymak
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Aristeidis Kritis
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (A.U.Th), Greece
| | - Matthias Epple
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Maria Chatzinikolaidou
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, Greece; Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas-Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser FORTH-IESL, Heraklion, Greece.
| | - Athina Bakopoulou
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (A.U.Th), Greece.
| | - Petros Koidis
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (A.U.Th), Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Momper R, Landeta AI, Yang L, Halim H, Therien-Aubin H, Bodenschatz E, Landfester K, Riedinger A. Plasmonic and Semiconductor Nanoparticles Interfere with Stereolithographic 3D Printing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:50834-50843. [PMID: 33112135 PMCID: PMC7662908 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c14546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Two-photon polymerization stereolithographic three-dimensional (3D) printing is used for manufacturing a variety of structures ranging from microdevices to refractive optics. Incorporation of nanoparticles in 3D printing offers huge potential to create even more functional nanocomposite structures. However, this is difficult to achieve since the agglomeration of the nanoparticles can occur. Agglomeration not only leads to an uneven distribution of nanoparticles in the photoresin but also induces scattering of the excitation beam and altered absorption profiles due to interparticle coupling. Thus, it is crucial to ensure that the nanoparticles do not agglomerate during any stage of the process. To achieve noninteracting and well-dispersed nanoparticles on the 3D printing process, first, the stabilization of nanoparticles in the 3D printing resin is indispensable. We achieve this by functionalizing the nanoparticles with surface-bound ligands that are chemically similar to the photoresin that allows increased nanoparticle loadings without inducing agglomeration. By systematically studying the effect of different nanomaterials (Au nanoparticles, Ag nanoparticles, and CdSe/CdZnS nanoplatelets) in the resin on the 3D printing process, we observe that both, material-specific (absorption profiles) and unspecific (radical quenching at nanoparticle surfaces) pathways co-exist by which the photopolymerization procedure is altered. This can be exploited to increase the printing resolution leading to a reduction of the minimum feature size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Momper
- Max Planck Institute
for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Antonio Ibanez Landeta
- Max Planck Institute
for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Am Faßberg 17, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Long Yang
- Max Planck Institute
for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Henry Halim
- Max Planck Institute
for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Eberhard Bodenschatz
- Max Planck Institute
for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Am Faßberg 17, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Landfester
- Max Planck Institute
for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Riedinger
- Max Planck Institute
for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lee M, Rizzo R, Surman F, Zenobi-Wong M. Guiding Lights: Tissue Bioprinting Using Photoactivated Materials. Chem Rev 2020; 120:10950-11027. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mihyun Lee
- Tissue Engineering + Biofabrication HPL J22, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Riccardo Rizzo
- Tissue Engineering + Biofabrication HPL J22, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - František Surman
- Tissue Engineering + Biofabrication HPL J22, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marcy Zenobi-Wong
- Tissue Engineering + Biofabrication HPL J22, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dalton PD, Woodfield TBF, Mironov V, Groll J. Advances in Hybrid Fabrication toward Hierarchical Tissue Constructs. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1902953. [PMID: 32537395 PMCID: PMC7284200 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201902953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The diversity of manufacturing processes used to fabricate 3D implants, scaffolds, and tissue constructs is continuously increasing. This growing number of different applicable fabrication technologies include electrospinning, melt electrowriting, volumetric-, extrusion-, and laser-based bioprinting, the Kenzan method, and magnetic and acoustic levitational bioassembly, to name a few. Each of these fabrication technologies feature specific advantages and limitations, so that a combination of different approaches opens new and otherwise unreachable opportunities for the fabrication of hierarchical cell-material constructs. Ongoing challenges such as vascularization, limited volume, and repeatability of tissue constructs at the resolution required to mimic natural tissue is most likely greater than what one manufacturing technology can overcome. Therefore, the combination of at least two different manufacturing technologies is seen as a clear and necessary emerging trend, especially within biofabrication. This hybrid approach allows more complex mechanics and discrete biomimetic structures to address mechanotransduction and chemotactic/haptotactic cues. Pioneering milestone papers in hybrid fabrication for biomedical purposes are presented and recent trends toward future manufacturing platforms are analyzed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul D. Dalton
- Department of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry and Bavarian Polymer InstituteUniversity of WürzburgWürzburg97070Germany
| | - Tim B. F. Woodfield
- Christchurch Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering (CReaTE) GroupDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery and Musculoskeletal MedicineCentre for Bioengineering & NanomedicineUniversity of Otago ChristchurchChristchurch8011New Zealand
- New Zealand Medical Technologies Centre of Research Excellence (MedTech CoRE)Auckland0600‐2699New Zealand
| | - Vladimir Mironov
- 3D Bioprinting SolutionsMoscow115409Russia
- Institute for Regenerative MedicineSechenov Medical UniversityMoscow119992Russia
| | - Jürgen Groll
- Department of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry and Bavarian Polymer InstituteUniversity of WürzburgWürzburg97070Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Multiphoton 3D lithography is becoming a tool of choice in a wide variety of fields. Regenerative medicine is one of them. Its true 3D structuring capabilities beyond diffraction can be exploited to produce structures with diverse functionality. Furthermore, these objects can be produced from unique materials allowing expanded performance. Here, we review current trends in this research area. We pay particular attention to the interplay between the technology and materials used. Thus, we extensively discuss undergoing light-matter interactions and peculiarities of setups needed to induce it. Then, we continue with the most popular resins, photoinitiators, and general material functionalization, with emphasis on their potential usage in regenerative medicine. Furthermore, we provide extensive discussion of current advances in the field as well as prospects showing how the correct choice of the polymer can play a vital role in the structure’s functionality. Overall, this review highlights the interplay between the structure’s architecture and material choice when trying to achieve the maximum result in the field of regenerative medicine.
Collapse
|
12
|
Parkatzidis K, Chatzinikolaidou M, Kaliva M, Bakopoulou A, Farsari M, Vamvakaki M. Multiphoton 3D Printing of Biopolymer-Based Hydrogels. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:6161-6170. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kostas Parkatzidis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology—Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Maria Chatzinikolaidou
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology—Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Maria Kaliva
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology—Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Athina Bakopoulou
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Farsari
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology—Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Maria Vamvakaki
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology—Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nano-hydroxyapatite mineralized silk fibroin porous scaffold for tooth extraction site preservation. Dent Mater 2019; 35:1397-1407. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2019.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
14
|
Current research trends and challenges in tissue engineering for mending broken hearts. Life Sci 2019; 229:233-250. [PMID: 31103607 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is among the leading causes of mortality worldwide. The shortage of donor hearts to treat end-stage heart failure patients is a critical problem. An average of 3500 heart transplant surgeries are performed globally, half of these transplants are performed in the US alone. Stem cell therapy is growing rapidly as an alternative strategy to repair or replace the damaged heart tissue after a myocardial infarction (MI). Nevertheless, the relatively poor survival of the stem cells in the ischemic heart is a major challenge to the therapeutic efficacy of stem-cell transplantation. Recent advancements in tissue engineering offer novel biomaterials and innovative technologies to improve upon the survival of stem cells as well as to repair the damaged heart tissue following a myocardial infarction (MI). However, there are several limitations in tissue engineering technologies to develop a fully functional, beating cardiac tissue. Therefore, the main goal of this review article is to address the current advancements and barriers in cardiac tissue engineering to augment the survival and retention of stem cells in the ischemic heart.
Collapse
|
15
|
Camposeo A, Persano L, Farsari M, Pisignano D. Additive Manufacturing: Applications and Directions in Photonics and Optoelectronics. ADVANCED OPTICAL MATERIALS 2019; 7:1800419. [PMID: 30775219 PMCID: PMC6358045 DOI: 10.1002/adom.201800419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The combination of materials with targeted optical properties and of complex, 3D architectures, which can be nowadays obtained by additive manufacturing, opens unprecedented opportunities for developing new integrated systems in photonics and optoelectronics. The recent progress in additive technologies for processing optical materials is here presented, with emphasis on accessible geometries, achievable spatial resolution, and requirements for printable optical materials. Relevant examples of photonic and optoelectronic devices fabricated by 3D printing are shown, which include light-emitting diodes, lasers, waveguides, optical sensors, photonic crystals and metamaterials, and micro-optical components. The potential of additive manufacturing applied to photonics and optoelectronics is enormous, and the field is still in its infancy. Future directions for research include the development of fully printable optical and architected materials, of effective and versatile platforms for multimaterial processing, and of high-throughput 3D printing technologies that can concomitantly reach high resolution and large working volumes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Camposeo
- NESTIstituto Nanoscienze‐CNRPiazza San Silvestro 12I‐56127PisaItaly
| | - Luana Persano
- NESTIstituto Nanoscienze‐CNRPiazza San Silvestro 12I‐56127PisaItaly
| | | | - Dario Pisignano
- NESTIstituto Nanoscienze‐CNRPiazza San Silvestro 12I‐56127PisaItaly
- Dipartimento di FisicaUniversità di PisaLargo B. Pontecorvo 3I‐56127PisaItaly
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bakopoulou A, Georgopoulou Α, Grivas I, Bekiari C, Prymak O, Loza Κ, Epple M, Papadopoulos GC, Koidis P, Chatzinikolaidou Μ. Dental pulp stem cells in chitosan/gelatin scaffolds for enhanced orofacial bone regeneration. Dent Mater 2018; 35:310-327. [PMID: 30527589 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2018.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Biomimetic chitosan/gelatin (CS/Gel) scaffolds have attracted great interest in tissue engineering of several tissues. However, limited information exists regarding the potential of combining CS/Gel scaffolds with oral cells, such as dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), to produce customized constructs targeting alveolar/orofacial bone reconstruction, which has been the aim of the present study. METHODS Two scaffold types, designated as CS/Gel-0.1 and CS/Gel-1, were fabricated using 0.1 and 1% (v/v) respectively of the crosslinker glutaraldehyde (GTA). Scaffolds (n=240) were seeded with DPSCs with/without pre-exposure to recombinant human BMP-2. In vitro assessment included DPSCs characterization (flow cytometry), evaluation of viability/proliferation (live/dead staining, metabolic-based tests), osteo/odontogenic gene expression analysis (qRT-PCR) and structural/chemical characterization (scanning electron microscopy, SEM; energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, EDX; X-ray powder diffraction, XRD; thermogravimetry, TG). In vivo assessment included implantation of DPSC-seeded scaffolds in immunocompromised mice, followed by histology and SEM-EDX. Statistical analysis employed one/two-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc tests (significance for p<0.05). RESULTS Both scaffolds supported cell viability/proliferation over 14 days in culture, showing extensive formation of a hydroxyapatite-rich nanocrystalline calcium phosphate phase. Differential expression patterns indicated GTA concentration to significantly affect the expression of osteo/odontogenic genes, with CS/Gel-0.1 scaffolds being more effective in upregulating DSPP, IBSP and Osterix. In vivo analysis demonstrated time-dependent production of a nanocrystalline, mineralized matrix at 6, 8 and 10 weeks, being more prominent in constructs bearing rhBMP-2 pre-treated cells. The latter showed higher amounts of osteoid and fully mineralized bone, as well as empty space reduction. SIGNIFICANCE These results reveal a promising strategy for orofacial bone tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Athina Bakopoulou
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (A.U.Th), Greece
| | - Αnthie Georgopoulou
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Ioannis Grivas
- Department of Anatomy, Histology & Embryology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, A.U.Th, Greece
| | - Chryssa Bekiari
- Department of Anatomy, Histology & Embryology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, A.U.Th, Greece
| | - Oleg Prymak
- Inorganic Chemistry & Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Κateryna Loza
- Inorganic Chemistry & Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Matthias Epple
- Inorganic Chemistry & Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - George C Papadopoulos
- Department of Anatomy, Histology & Embryology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, A.U.Th, Greece
| | - Petros Koidis
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (A.U.Th), Greece
| | - Μaria Chatzinikolaidou
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece; Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Babaliari E, Petekidis G, Chatzinikolaidou M. A Precisely Flow-Controlled Microfluidic System for Enhanced Pre-Osteoblastic Cell Response for Bone Tissue Engineering. Bioengineering (Basel) 2018; 5:bioengineering5030066. [PMID: 30103544 PMCID: PMC6164058 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering5030066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone tissue engineering provides advanced solutions to overcome the limitations of currently used therapies for bone reconstruction. Dynamic culturing of cell-biomaterial constructs positively affects the cell proliferation and differentiation. In this study, we present a precisely flow-controlled microfluidic system employed for the investigation of bone-forming cell responses cultured on fibrous collagen matrices by applying two flow rates, 30 and 50 μL/min. We characterized the collagen substrates morphologically by means of scanning electron microscopy, investigated their viscoelastic properties, and evaluated the orientation, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation capacity of pre-osteoblastic cells cultured on them. The cells are oriented along the direction of the flow at both rates, in contrast to a random orientation observed under static culture conditions. The proliferation of cells after 7 days in culture was increased at both flow rates, with the flow rate of 50 μL/min indicating a significant increase compared to the static culture. The alkaline phosphatase activity after 7 days increased at both flow rates, with the rate of 30 μL/min indicating a significant enhancement compared to static conditions. Our results demonstrate that precisely flow-controlled microfluidic cell culture provides tunable control of the cell microenvironment that directs cellular activities involved in bone regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleftheria Babaliari
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, Crete 70013, Greece.
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Crete 70013, Greece.
| | - George Petekidis
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, Crete 70013, Greece.
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Crete 70013, Greece.
| | - Maria Chatzinikolaidou
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, Crete 70013, Greece.
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Crete 70013, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Li J, Li X, Luo T, Wang R, Liu C, Chen S, Li D, Yue J, Cheng SH, Sun D. Development of a magnetic microrobot for carrying and delivering targeted cells. Sci Robot 2018; 3:3/19/eaat8829. [DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.aat8829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
19
|
The Synergy of Scaffold-Based and Scaffold-Free Tissue Engineering Strategies. Trends Biotechnol 2018; 36:348-357. [PMID: 29475621 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering (TE) is a highly interdisciplinary research field driven by the goal to restore, replace, or regenerate defective tissues. Throughout more than two decades of intense research, different technological approaches, which can be principally categorized into scaffold-based and scaffold-free strategies, have been developed. In this opinion article, we discuss the emergence of a third strategy in TE. This synergetic strategy integrates the advantages of both of these traditional approaches, while being clearly distinct from them. Its characteristic attributes, numerous practical benefits, and recent literature reports supporting our opinion, are discussed in detail.
Collapse
|
20
|
Chatzinikolaidou M, Pontikoglou C, Terzaki K, Kaliva M, Kalyva A, Papadaki E, Vamvakaki M, Farsari M. Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP-2) immobilized on laser-fabricated 3D scaffolds enhance osteogenesis. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 149:233-242. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
21
|
Andréa Dernowsek JD, Rezende RA, Lopes da Silva JV. The role of information technology in the future of 3D biofabrication. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.2217/3dp-2016-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Information technology (IT) is ubiquitous in recent human existence. The aim of this article is to present some basic concepts and specific demands that biofabrication may place on IT. Some of these technologies are already available, with a need for improvement, while others will need to be newly developed. Technologies that clearly, precisely and unambiguously specify a tissue or organ are unavailable. A move from expensive in vitro and in vivo assays toward in silico technologies will allow for exhaustive tests and optimization of human substitutes by means of computer biological systems. To complete this substitution, biofabrication lines shall be established; integrating what was planned and designed into physical processes executed by automatic machines. Biofabrication will impose great challenges, since many tools will need to be developed by engineers together with biologists. Many other concerns and challenges will be faced in the path to an autonomous biofabrication line, including cybernetic and biological safety issues. Therefore, the main aim of this paper is to shed some light and establish a primary nexus between the present and future applications of IT in biofabrication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janaina de Andréa Dernowsek
- Three-Dimensional Technologies Division – DT3D, Renato Archer Information Technology Center – CTI, Rodovia Dom Pedro I (SP-65), Km 143,6, 13069–901 Campinas – SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Alvarenga Rezende
- Three-Dimensional Technologies Division – DT3D, Renato Archer Information Technology Center – CTI, Rodovia Dom Pedro I (SP-65), Km 143,6, 13069–901 Campinas – SP, Brazil
| | - Jorge Vicente Lopes da Silva
- Three-Dimensional Technologies Division – DT3D, Renato Archer Information Technology Center – CTI, Rodovia Dom Pedro I (SP-65), Km 143,6, 13069–901 Campinas – SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Silva KR, Rezende RA, Pereira FDAS, Gruber P, Stuart MP, Ovsianikov A, Brakke K, Kasyanov V, da Silva JVL, Granjeiro JM, Baptista LS, Mironov V. Delivery of Human Adipose Stem Cells Spheroids into Lockyballs. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166073. [PMID: 27829016 PMCID: PMC5102388 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose stem cells (ASCs) spheroids show enhanced regenerative effects compared to single cells. Also, spheroids have been recently introduced as building blocks in directed self-assembly strategy. Recent efforts aim to improve long-term cell retention and integration by the use of microencapsulation delivery systems that can rapidly integrate in the implantation site. Interlockable solid synthetic microscaffolds, so called lockyballs, were recently designed with hooks and loops to enhance cell retention and integration at the implantation site as well as to support spheroids aggregation after transplantation. Here we present an efficient methodology for human ASCs spheroids biofabrication and lockyballs cellularization using micro-molded non-adhesive agarose hydrogel. Lockyballs were produced using two-photon polymerization with an estimated mechanical strength. The Young’s modulus was calculated at level 0.1362 +/-0.009 MPa. Interlocking in vitro test demonstrates high level of loading induced interlockability of fabricated lockyballs. Diameter measurements and elongation coefficient calculation revealed that human ASCs spheroids biofabricated in resections of micro-molded non-adhesive hydrogel had a more regular size distribution and shape than spheroids biofabricated in hanging drops. Cellularization of lockyballs using human ASCs spheroids did not alter the level of cells viability (p › 0,999) and gene fold expression for SOX-9 and RUNX2 (p › 0,195). The biofabrication of ASCs spheroids into lockyballs represents an innovative strategy in regenerative medicine, which combines solid scaffold-based and directed self-assembly approaches, fostering opportunities for rapid in situ biofabrication of 3D building-blocks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karina R. Silva
- Laboratory of Tissue Bioengineering, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (Inmetro), Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Nucleus of Multidisciplinary Research in Biology (Numpex-Bio), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro-Xerém, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A. Rezende
- Division of 3D Technologies, Renato Archer Center for Information Technology (CTI), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Frederico D. A. S. Pereira
- Division of 3D Technologies, Renato Archer Center for Information Technology (CTI), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Peter Gruber
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, TU Wien (Technische Universität Wien), Vienna, Austria
| | - Mellannie P. Stuart
- Laboratory of Tissue Bioengineering, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (Inmetro), Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Aleksandr Ovsianikov
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, TU Wien (Technische Universität Wien), Vienna, Austria
| | - Ken Brakke
- Mathematics Department, Susquehanna University, Selinsgrove, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Vladimir Kasyanov
- Riga Stradins University and Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Jorge V. L. da Silva
- Division of 3D Technologies, Renato Archer Center for Information Technology (CTI), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José M. Granjeiro
- Laboratory of Tissue Bioengineering, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (Inmetro), Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leandra S. Baptista
- Laboratory of Tissue Bioengineering, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (Inmetro), Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Nucleus of Multidisciplinary Research in Biology (Numpex-Bio), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro-Xerém, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail: (LSB); (VM)
| | - Vladimir Mironov
- Laboratory of Tissue Bioengineering, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (Inmetro), Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Division of 3D Technologies, Renato Archer Center for Information Technology (CTI), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail: (LSB); (VM)
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Chatzinikolaidou M. Cell spheroids: the new frontiers in in vitro models for cancer drug validation. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:1553-1560. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
24
|
Jonušauskas L, Lau M, Gruber P, Gökce B, Barcikowski S, Malinauskas M, Ovsianikov A. Plasmon assisted 3D microstructuring of gold nanoparticle-doped polymers. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:154001. [PMID: 26925538 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/15/154001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
3D laser lithography of a negative photopolymer (zirconium/silicon hybrid solgel SZ2080) doped with gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) is performed with a 515 nm and 300 fs laser system and the effect of doping is explored. By varying the laser-generated Au NP doping concentration from 4.8 · 10(-6) wt% to 9.8 · 10(-3) wt% we find that the fabricated line widths are enlarged by up to 14.8% compared to structures achieved in pure SZ2080. While implicating a positive effect on the photosensitivity, the doping has no adverse impact on the mechanical quality of intricate 3D microstructures produced from the doped nanocompound. Additionally, we found that SZ2080 increases the long term (∼months) colloidal stability of Au NPs in isopropanol. By discussing the nanoparticle-light interaction in the 3D polymer structures we provide implications that our findings might have on other fields, such as biomedicine and photonics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linas Jonušauskas
- Department of Quantum Electronics, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio Ave. 9, Vilnius LT-10222, Lithuania
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|