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Wong PC, Chen KH, Wang WR, Chen CY, Wang YT, Lee YB, Wu JL. Injectable ChitHCl-DDA tissue adhesive with high adhesive strength and biocompatibility for torn meniscus repair and regeneration. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 270:132409. [PMID: 38768918 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Suture pull-through is a clinical problem in meniscus repair surgery due to the sharp leading edge of sutures. Several tissue adhesives have been developed as an alternative to traditional suturing; however, there is still no suitable tissue adhesive specific for meniscus repair treatment due to unsatisfactory biosafety, biodegradable, sterilizable, and tissue-bonding characteristics. In this study, we used a tissue adhesive composed of chitosan hydrochloride reacted with oxidative periodate-oxidized dextran (ChitHCl-DDA) combined with a chitosan-based hydrogel and oxidative dextran to attach to the meniscus. We conducted viscoelastic tests, viscosity tests, lap shear stress tests, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, swelling ratio tests, and degradation behavior tests to characterize these materials. An MTT assay, alcian blue staining, migration assay, cell behavior observations, and protein expression tests were used to understand cell viability and responses. Moreover, ex vivo and in vivo tests were used to analyze tissue regeneration and biocompatibility of the ChitHCl-DDA tissue adhesive. Our results revealed that the ChitHCl-DDA tissue adhesive provided excellent tissue adhesive strength, cell viability, and cell responses. This tissue adhesive has great potential for torn meniscus tissue repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Chun Wong
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Optomechatronics, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Hao Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Orthopedics, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ru Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Optomechatronics, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Ying Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tzu Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Electro-Mechanical Engineering, TamKang University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Bin Lee
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Jia-Lin Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Orthopedics Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Centers for Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Ray S, Thormann U, Kramer I, Sommer U, Budak M, Schumacher M, Bernhardt A, Lode A, Kern C, Rohnke M, Heiss C, Lips KS, Gelinsky M, Alt V. Mesoporous Bioactive Glass-Incorporated Injectable Strontium-Containing Calcium Phosphate Cement Enhanced Osteoconductivity in a Critical-Sized Metaphyseal Defect in Osteoporotic Rats. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1203. [PMID: 37892933 PMCID: PMC10604136 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10101203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the in vitro and in vivo bone formation behavior of mesoporous bioactive glass (MBG) particles incorporated in a pasty strontium-containing calcium phosphate bone cement (pS100G10) was studied in a metaphyseal fracture-defect model in ovariectomized rats and compared to a plain pasty strontium-containing calcium phosphate bone cement (pS100) and control (empty defect) group, respectively. In vitro testing showed good cytocompatibility on human preosteoblasts and ongoing dissolution of the MBG component. Neither the released strontium nor the BMG particles from the pS100G10 had a negative influence on cell viability. Forty-five female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to three different treatment groups: (1) pS100 (n = 15), (2) pS100G10 (n = 15), and (3) empty defect (n = 15). Twelve weeks after bilateral ovariectomy and multi-deficient diet, a 4 mm wedge-shaped fracture-defect was created at the metaphyseal area of the left femur in all animals. The originated fracture-defect was substituted with pS100 or pS100G10 or left empty. After six weeks, histomorphometrical analysis revealed a statistically significant higher bone volume/tissue volume ratio in the pS100G10 group compared to the pS100 (p = 0.03) and empty defect groups (p = 0.0001), indicating enhanced osteoconductivity with the incorporation of MBG. Immunohistochemistry revealed a significant decrease in the RANKL/OPG ratio for pS100 (p = 0.004) and pS100G10 (p = 0.003) compared to the empty defect group. pS100G10 showed a statistically higher expression of BMP-2. In addition, a statistically significant higher gene expression of alkaline phosphatase, osteoprotegerin, collagen1a1, collagen10a1 with a simultaneous decrease in RANKL, and carbonic anhydrase was seen in the pS100 and pS100G10 groups compared to the empty defect group. Mass spectrometric imaging by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) showed the release of Sr2+ ions from both pS100 and pS100G10, with a gradient into the interface region. ToF-SIMS imaging also revealed that resorption of the MBG particles allowed for new bone formation in cement pores. In summary, the current work shows better bone formation of the injectable pasty strontium-containing calcium phosphate bone cement with incorporated mesoporous bioactive glass compared to the bioactive-free bone cement and empty defects and can be considered for clinical application for osteopenic fracture defects in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seemun Ray
- Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery, Justus Liebig University, 35390 Giessen, Germany; (S.R.); (U.T.); (I.K.); (U.S.); (M.B.); (C.H.); (K.S.L.)
| | - Ulrich Thormann
- Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery, Justus Liebig University, 35390 Giessen, Germany; (S.R.); (U.T.); (I.K.); (U.S.); (M.B.); (C.H.); (K.S.L.)
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Giessen-Marburg GmbH, Campus Giessen, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Inga Kramer
- Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery, Justus Liebig University, 35390 Giessen, Germany; (S.R.); (U.T.); (I.K.); (U.S.); (M.B.); (C.H.); (K.S.L.)
| | - Ursula Sommer
- Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery, Justus Liebig University, 35390 Giessen, Germany; (S.R.); (U.T.); (I.K.); (U.S.); (M.B.); (C.H.); (K.S.L.)
| | - Matthäus Budak
- Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery, Justus Liebig University, 35390 Giessen, Germany; (S.R.); (U.T.); (I.K.); (U.S.); (M.B.); (C.H.); (K.S.L.)
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Giessen-Marburg GmbH, Campus Giessen, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Matthias Schumacher
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint, and Soft Tissue Research, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (M.S.); (A.B.); (A.L.); (M.G.)
| | - Anne Bernhardt
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint, and Soft Tissue Research, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (M.S.); (A.B.); (A.L.); (M.G.)
| | - Anja Lode
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint, and Soft Tissue Research, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (M.S.); (A.B.); (A.L.); (M.G.)
| | - Christine Kern
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (C.K.); (M.R.)
| | - Marcus Rohnke
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (C.K.); (M.R.)
| | - Christian Heiss
- Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery, Justus Liebig University, 35390 Giessen, Germany; (S.R.); (U.T.); (I.K.); (U.S.); (M.B.); (C.H.); (K.S.L.)
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Giessen-Marburg GmbH, Campus Giessen, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Katrin S. Lips
- Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery, Justus Liebig University, 35390 Giessen, Germany; (S.R.); (U.T.); (I.K.); (U.S.); (M.B.); (C.H.); (K.S.L.)
| | - Michael Gelinsky
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint, and Soft Tissue Research, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (M.S.); (A.B.); (A.L.); (M.G.)
| | - Volker Alt
- Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery, Justus Liebig University, 35390 Giessen, Germany; (S.R.); (U.T.); (I.K.); (U.S.); (M.B.); (C.H.); (K.S.L.)
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Giessen-Marburg GmbH, Campus Giessen, 35390 Giessen, Germany
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Kret P, Bodzon-Kulakowska A, Drabik A, Ner-Kluza J, Suder P, Smoluch M. Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Biomaterials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6343. [PMID: 37763619 PMCID: PMC10534324 DOI: 10.3390/ma16186343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The science related to biomaterials and tissue engineering accounts for a growing part of our knowledge. Surface modifications of biomaterials, their performance in vitro, and the interaction between them and surrounding tissues are gaining more and more attention. It is because we are interested in finding sophisticated materials that help us to treat or mitigate different disorders. Therefore, efficient methods for surface analysis are needed. Several methods are routinely applied to characterize the physical and chemical properties of the biomaterial surface. Mass Spectrometry Imaging (MSI) techniques are able to measure the information about molecular composition simultaneously from biomaterial and adjacent tissue. That is why it can answer the questions connected with biomaterial characteristics and their biological influence. Moreover, this kind of analysis does not demand any antibodies or dyes that may influence the studied items. It means that we can correlate surface chemistry with a biological response without any modification that could distort the image. In our review, we presented examples of biomaterials analyzed by MSI techniques to indicate the utility of SIMS, MALDI, and DESI-three major ones in the field of biomaterials applications. Examples include biomaterials used to treat vascular system diseases, bone implants with the effects of implanted material on adjacent tissues, nanofibers and membranes monitored by mass spectrometry-related techniques, analyses of drug-eluting long-acting parenteral (LAPs) implants and microspheres where MSI serves as a quality control system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Marek Smoluch
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Krakow, A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (P.K.); (A.B.-K.); (A.D.); (J.N.-K.); (P.S.)
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Jia F, Zhao X, Zhao Y. Advancements in ToF-SIMS imaging for life sciences. Front Chem 2023; 11:1237408. [PMID: 37693171 PMCID: PMC10483116 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1237408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last 2 decades, Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) has gained significant prominence as a powerful imaging technique in the field of life sciences. This comprehensive review provides an in-depth overview of recent advancements in ToF-SIMS instrument technology and its applications in metabolomics, lipidomics, and single-cell analysis. We highlight the use of ToF-SIMS imaging for studying lipid distribution, composition, and interactions in cells and tissues, and discuss its application in metabolomics, including the analysis of metabolic pathways. Furthermore, we review recent progress in single-cell analysis using ToF-SIMS, focusing on sample preparation techniques, in situ investigation for subcellular distribution of drugs, and interactions between drug molecules and biological targets. The high spatial resolution and potential for multimodal analysis of ToF-SIMS make it a promising tool for unraveling the complex molecular landscape of biological systems. We also discuss future prospects and potential advancements of ToF-SIMS in the research of life sciences, with the expectation of a significant impact in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Jia
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Zhao
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Kern C, Kern S, Henss A, Rohnke M. Secondary ion mass spectrometry for bone research. Biointerphases 2023; 18:041203. [PMID: 37489909 DOI: 10.1116/6.0002820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this Tutorial is to highlight the suitability of time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and OrbiTrap™ SIMS (Orbi-SIMS) in bone research by introducing fundamentals and best practices of bone analysis with these mass spectrometric imaging (MSI) techniques. The Tutorial includes sample preparation, determination of best-suited measurement settings, data acquisition, and data evaluation, as well as a brief overview of SIMS applications in bone research in the current literature. SIMS is a powerful analytical technique that allows simultaneous analysis and visualization of mineralized and nonmineralized bone tissue, bone marrow as well as implanted biomaterials, and interfaces between bone and implants. Compared to histological staining, which is the standard analytical procedure in bone research, SIMS provides chemical imaging of nonstained bone sections that offers insights beyond what is conventionally obtained. The Tutorial highlights the versatility of ToF- and Orbi-SIMS in addressing important questions in bone research. By illustrating the value of these MSI techniques, it demonstrates how they can contribute to advance progress in bone research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Kern
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kern
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - Anja Henss
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, Giessen 35392, Germany
- Center for Materials Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - Marcus Rohnke
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, Giessen 35392, Germany
- Center for Materials Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen 35392, Germany
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Kern C, Pauli A, Rohnke M. Determination of Sr 2+ mobility in viscous bovine bone marrow by cryo-time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9300. [PMID: 35312121 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE In osteoporosis research, strontium ions (Sr2+ ) have emerged as promising therapeutic agent in modified bone cements for better fracture healing. Modeling of Sr2+ dispersion in bone could be used as a predictive tool for the evaluation of functionalized biomaterials in future. Therefore, determination of experimental parameters for Sr2+ transport in bone is essential. In this study, we focus on the determination of Sr2+ diffusion in viscous bovine bone marrow by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). METHODS For this comparatively fast diffusion (FD) experiment, a specific experimental protocol of ToF-SIMS depth profiling under cryogenic conditions was developed. The validity of our experimental approach is proven by a time-dependent experimental series. Furthermore, 2D and 3D mass spectrometric imaging analysis was used to study Sr2+ surface and bulk distribution within bovine bone marrow. RESULTS Detailed 2D and 3D mass spectrometric imaging analysis revealed that Sr2+ diffusion is slower in bone marrow areas with high intensity of lipid and fatty acid signals than in areas with less lipid content. The Sr2+ transport within this passive model can be described by Fickian diffusion. Average diffusion coefficients of Sr2+ in bovine bone marrow were obtained from diffusion profiles in FD areas (Dbovine,FD = [2.09 ± 2.39]·10-9 cm2 s-1 ), slow diffusion areas (Dbovine,SD = [1.52 ± 1.80]·10-10 cm2 s-1 ), and total area diffusion (Dbovine,TA = [1.94 ± 2.40]·10-9 cm2 s-1 ). CONCLUSIONS We were able to show that cryo-ToF-SIMS is a useful tool for the characterization of rapid diffusion in water-containing highly viscous media. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported experimental approach for the investigation of the distribution of low concentrated therapeutic agents in bone marrow. Overall, our results provide important insights about Sr2+ diffusion in bovine bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Kern
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Anna Pauli
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Marcus Rohnke
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Matjacic L, Seah MP, Trindade GF, Pirkl A, Havelund R, Vorng J, Niehuis E, Gilmore IS. OrbiSIMS metrology Part I: Optimisation of the target potential and collision cell pressure. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.7058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lidija Matjacic
- National Physical Laboratory, NiCE‐MSI, Teddington Middlesex UK
| | - Martin P. Seah
- National Physical Laboratory, NiCE‐MSI, Teddington Middlesex UK
| | | | | | - Rasmus Havelund
- National Physical Laboratory, NiCE‐MSI, Teddington Middlesex UK
| | - Jean‐Luc Vorng
- National Physical Laboratory, NiCE‐MSI, Teddington Middlesex UK
| | | | - Ian S. Gilmore
- National Physical Laboratory, NiCE‐MSI, Teddington Middlesex UK
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Kern C, Jamous R, El Khassawna T, Rohnke M. Characterisation of Sr 2+ mobility in osteoporotic rat bone marrow by cryo-ToF-SIMS and cryo-OrbiSIMS. Analyst 2022; 147:4141-4157. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an00913g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometric imaging approach for ex vivo monitoring of drug transport in bone sections. Cryo-ToF-SIMS depth profiling and high-resolution imaging as well as OrbiSIMS analysis revealed inhomogeneous Sr2+ transport in rat bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Kern
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Reem Jamous
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Aulweg 128, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Thaqif El Khassawna
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Aulweg 128, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Marcus Rohnke
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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The Influence of Strontium on Bone Tissue Metabolism and Its Application in Osteoporosis Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126564. [PMID: 34207344 PMCID: PMC8235140 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a chronic disease characterized by low bone mass caused by increased bone turnover and impaired bone microarchitecture. In treatment, we use antiresorptive or anabolic drugs, which usually have a unidirectional effect, i.e., they inhibit the activity of osteoclasts or stimulate the effect of osteoblasts. Strontium ranelate is an anti-osteoporosis drug with a unique mechanism of action (used primarily in postmenopausal women). Unlike other medicines, it has a multidirectional effect on bone tissue, intensifying osteoblastogenesis while inhibiting osteoclastogenesis. It turns out that this effect is demonstrated by strontium ions, an element showing physical and chemical similarity to calcium, the basic element that builds the mineral fraction of bone. As a result, strontium acts through the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) receptor in bone tissue cells. In recent years, there has been a significant increase in interest in the introduction of strontium ions in place of calcium ions in ceramics used as bone replacement materials for the treatment of bone fractures and defects caused by osteoporosis. The aim of this study was to summarize current knowledge about the role of strontium in the treatment of osteoporosis, its effects (in various forms), and the ways in which it is administered.
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Gelatin-Modified Calcium/Strontium Hydrogen Phosphates Stimulate Bone Regeneration in Osteoblast/Osteoclast Co-Culture and in Osteoporotic Rat Femur Defects-In Vitro to In Vivo Translation. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25215103. [PMID: 33153127 PMCID: PMC7662833 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The development and characterization of biomaterials for bone replacement in case of large defects in preconditioned bone (e.g., osteoporosis) require close cooperation of various disciplines. Of particular interest are effects observed in vitro at the cellular level and their in vivo representation in animal experiments. In the present case, the material-based alteration of the ratio of osteoblasts to osteoclasts in vitro in the context of their co-cultivation was examined and showed equivalence to the material-based stimulation of bone regeneration in a bone defect of osteoporotic rats. Gelatin-modified calcium/strontium phosphates with a Ca:Sr ratio in their precipitation solutions of 5:5 and 3:7 caused a pro-osteogenic reaction on both levels in vitro and in vivo. Stimulation of osteoblasts and inhibition of osteoclast activity were proven during culture on materials with higher strontium content. The same material caused a decrease in osteoclast activity in vitro. In vivo, a positive effect of the material with increased strontium content was observed by immunohistochemistry, e.g., by significantly increased bone volume to tissue volume ratio, increased bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP2) expression, and significantly reduced receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL)/osteoprotegerin (OPG) ratio. In addition, material degradation and bone regeneration were examined after 6 weeks using stage scans with ToF-SIMS and µ-CT imaging. The remaining material in the defects and strontium signals, which originate from areas exceeding the defect area, indicate the incorporation of strontium ions into the surrounding mineralized tissue. Thus, the material inherent properties (release of biologically active ions, solubility and degradability, mechanical strength) directly influenced the cellular reaction in vitro and also bone regeneration in vivo. Based on this, in the future, materials might be synthesized and specifically adapted to patient-specific needs and their bone status.
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