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Dunn KJ, Matlock A, Funkenbusch G, Yaqoob Z, So PTC, Berger AJ. Optical diffraction tomography for assessing single cell models in angular light scattering. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 15:973-990. [PMID: 38404316 PMCID: PMC10890861 DOI: 10.1364/boe.512149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Angularly resolved light scattering (ALS) has become a useful tool for assessing the size and refractive index of biological scatterers at cellular and organelle length scales. Sizing organelle populations with ALS relies on Mie scattering theory models, which require significant assumptions about the object, including spherical scatterers and a homogeneous medium. These assumptions may incur greater error at the single cell level, where there are fewer scatterers to be averaged over. We investigate the validity of these assumptions using 3D refractive index (RI) tomograms measured via optical diffraction tomography (ODT). We compute the angular scattering on digitally manipulated tomograms with increasingly strong model assumptions, including RI-matched immersion media, homogeneous cytosol, and spherical organelles. We also compare the tomogram-computed angular scattering to experimental measurements of angular scattering from the same cells to ensure that the ODT-based approach accurately models angular scattering. We show that enforced RI-matching with the immersion medium and a homogeneous cytosol significantly affects the angular scattering intensity shape, suggesting that these assumptions can reduce the accuracy of size distribution estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin J. Dunn
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Alex Matlock
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Zahid Yaqoob
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter T. C. So
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrew J. Berger
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
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Insights into Biochemical Sources and Diffuse Reflectance Spectral Features for Colorectal Cancer Detection and Localization. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14225715. [PMID: 36428806 PMCID: PMC9688116 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14225715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common and second most deadly type of cancer worldwide. Early detection not only reduces mortality but also improves patient prognosis by allowing the use of minimally invasive techniques to remove cancer while avoiding major surgery. Expanding the use of microsurgical techniques requires accurate diagnosis and delineation of the tumor margins in order to allow complete excision of cancer. We have used diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) to identify the main optical CRC biomarkers and to optimize parameters for the integration of such technologies into medical devices. A total number of 2889 diffuse reflectance spectra were collected in ex vivo specimens from 47 patients. Short source-detector distance (SDD) and long-SDD fiber-optic probes were employed to measure tissue layers from 0.5 to 1 mm and from 0.5 to 1.9 mm deep, respectively. The most important biomolecules contributing to differentiating DRS between tissue types were oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin (Hb and HbO2), followed by water and lipid. Accurate tissue classification and potential DRS device miniaturization using Hb, HbO2, lipid and water data were achieved particularly well within the wavelength ranges 350-590 nm and 600-1230 nm for the short-SDD probe, and 380-400 nm, 420-610 nm, and 650-950 nm for the long-SDD probe.
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Dunn KJ, Elias TM, Brown EB, Berger AJ. Matching an immersion medium's refractive index to a cell's cytosol isolates organelle scattering. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:4236-4246. [PMID: 36032574 PMCID: PMC9408249 DOI: 10.1364/boe.461874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Angularly-resolved light scattering has been proven to be an early detector of subtle changes in organelle size due to its sensitivity to scatterer size and refractive index contrast. However, for cells immersed in media with a refractive index close to 1.33, the cell itself acts as a larger scatterer and contributes its own angular signature. This whole-cell scattering, highly dependent on the cell's shape and size, is challenging to distinguish from the desired organelle scattering signal. This degrades the accuracy with which organelle size information can be extracted from the angular scattering. To mitigate this effect, we manipulate the refractive index of the immersion medium by mixing it with a water-soluble, biocompatible, high-refractive-index liquid. This approach physically reduces the amount of whole-cell scattering by minimizing the refractive index contrast between the cytosol and the modified medium. We demonstrate this technique on live cells adherent on a coverslip, using Fourier transform light scattering to compute the angular scattering from complex field images. We show that scattering from the cell: media refractive index contrast contributes significant scattering at angles up to twenty degrees and that refractive index-matching reduces such low-angle scatter by factors of up to 4.5. This result indicates the potential of refractive index-matching for improving the estimates of organelle size distributions in single cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin J. Dunn
- University of Rochester, The Institute of Optics, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Tresa M. Elias
- University of Rochester, Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Edward B. Brown
- University of Rochester, Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Andrew J. Berger
- University of Rochester, The Institute of Optics, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
- University of Rochester, Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
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Cannaday AE, Hanna S, Hoelle J. A mobile angular scattering microscope for organelle size estimation. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:083702. [PMID: 34470384 DOI: 10.1063/5.0054975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Angular light scattering measurements have been used to determine the size parameters of spherical particles. By measuring the angular scattering from biological specimen, the average size of the cellular organelles can be estimated, which can be used to determine information about the health of the biological sample. An angular scattering microscope with the ability to be easily moved was constructed from common inexpensive components, which has potential applications for clinical and low-resource settings. The stability and accuracy of the system were investigated by measuring the scattering from polystyrene beads with mean sizes of 5 and 1.75 μm with narrow size distributions. Resulting size estimates obtained from the scattering patterns were consistent with the manufacturer-specified range of diameters for each sample. Initial studies were also conducted on individual fixed HeLa cells. The results presented indicate that the system is capable of obtaining precise and accurate size estimates of beads and single cells' organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E Cannaday
- Department of Physics, Rollins College, 1000 Holt Avenue, Winter Park, Florida 32789, USA
| | - Samuel Hanna
- Department of Physics, Rollins College, 1000 Holt Avenue, Winter Park, Florida 32789, USA
| | - James Hoelle
- Department of Physics, Rollins College, 1000 Holt Avenue, Winter Park, Florida 32789, USA
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Streeter SS, Jacques SL, Pogue BW. Perspective on diffuse light in tissue: subsampling photon populations. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2021; 26:JBO-210114-PER. [PMID: 34216136 PMCID: PMC8253553 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.26.7.070601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Diffuse light is ubiquitous in biomedical optics and imaging. Understanding the process of migration of an initial photon population entering tissue to a completely randomized, diffusely scattered population provides valuable insight to the interpretation and design of optical measurements. AIM The goal of this perspective is to present a brief, unifying analytical framework to describe how properties of light transition from an initial state to a distributed state as light diffusion occurs. APPROACH First, measurement parameters of light are introduced, and Monte Carlo simulations along with a simple analytical expression are used to explore how these individual parameters might exhibit diffusive behavior. Second, techniques to perform optical measurements are considered, highlighting how various measurement parameters can be leveraged to subsample photon populations. RESULTS Simulation results reinforce the fact that light undergoes a transition from a non-diffuse population to one that is first subdiffuse and then fully diffuse. Myriad experimental methods exist to isolate subpopulations of photons, which can be broadly categorized as source- and/or detector-encoded techniques, as well as methods of tagging the tissue of interest. CONCLUSIONS Characteristic properties of light progressing to diffusion can be described by some form of Gaussian distribution that grows in space, time, angle, wavelength, polarization, and coherence. In some cases, these features can be approximated by simpler exponential behavior. Experimental methods to subsample features of the photon distribution can be achieved or theoretical methods can be used to better interpret the data with this framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel S. Streeter
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
- Address all correspondence to Samuel S. Streeter,
| | - Steven L. Jacques
- University of Washington, Department of Bioengineering, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Brian W. Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States
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Draham RL, Dunn KJ, Berger AJ. Phase-sensitive, angle-resolved light-scattering microscopy of single cells. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:6775-6778. [PMID: 33325894 DOI: 10.1364/ol.409345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report what is to our knowledge the first use of Fourier phase microscopy (FPM) to estimate diameters of individual single-micrometer beads and to classify cells based upon changes in scatterer size distribution. FPM, a quantitative phase imaging (QPI) method, combines the planar illumination typically used in off-axis QPI (ideal for Mie theory analysis) with the common-path geometry typically used in on-axis QPI (ideal for optimizing angular scattering range). Low-spatial-frequency imaging artifacts inherent to FPM have negligible impact upon these angular-domain applications. The system is simple to align and stable, and requires no external reference beam. Angular scattering patterns obtained from single 1 µm polystyrene beads in glycerol (Δn=0.11) display unprecedented fidelity to Mie theory, produce diameter estimates consistent with the manufacturer's specifications, and offer precision on the scale of tens of nanometers. Measurements of macrophages at different stages of antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis demonstrate the ability to detect changes in a cell's scattering caused by the presence of phagocytosed material within.
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Song G, Steelman ZA, Kendall W, Park HS, Wax A. Spatial scanning of a sample with two-dimensional angle-resolved low-coherence interferometry for analysis of anisotropic scatterers. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:4419-4430. [PMID: 32923053 PMCID: PMC7449733 DOI: 10.1364/boe.398052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Angle-resolved low-coherence interferometry (a/LCI) measures depth-resolved angular scattering for cell nuclear morphology analysis. 2D a/LCI, developed to collect across two scattering planes, is currently limited by the lack of spatial scanning. Here we demonstrate 2D a/LCI scanning across a three-dimensional volume using an image rotation scheme and a scanning mirror. Validation using various optical phantoms demonstrated excellent scatterer size determination over a 7.5 mm linear range, for a total accessible area of ∼44 mm2. Measurements from anisotropic scatterers allowed accurate determination of sizes and computation of aspect ratios. This scanning system will facilitate analysis of scatterer structure across wider tissue areas.
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Cannaday AE, Sorrells JE, Berger AJ. Angularly resolved, finely sampled elastic scattering measurements of single cells: requirements for robust organelle size extractions. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2019; 24:1-12. [PMID: 31446681 PMCID: PMC6983487 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.8.086502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Angularly resolved elastic light scattering is an established technique for probing the average size of organelles in biological tissue and cellular ensembles. Focusing of the incident light to illuminate no more than one cell at a time restricts the minimum forward-scattering angle θmin that can be detected. Series of simulated single-cell angular-scattering patterns have been generated to explore how size estimates vary as a function of θmin. At a setting of θmin = 20 deg, the size estimates hop unstably between multiple minima in the solution space as simulated noise (mimicking experimentally observed levels) is varied. As θmin is reduced from 20 deg to 10 deg, the instability vanishes, and the variance of estimates near the correct answer also decreases. The simulations thus suggest that robust Mie theory fits to single-cell scattering at 785 nm excitation require measurements down to at least 15 deg. Notably, no such instability was observed at θmin = 20 deg for narrow bead distributions. Accurate sizing of traditional calibration beads is, therefore, insufficient proof that an angular-scattering system is capable of robust analysis of single cells. Experimental support for the simulation results is also presented using measurements on cells fixed with formaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E. Cannaday
- University of Rochester, The Institute of Optics, Rochester, New York, United States
- Rollins College, Department of Physics, Winter Park, Florida, United States
| | - Janet E. Sorrells
- University of Rochester, The Institute of Optics, Rochester, New York, United States
- University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Department of Bioengineering, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Andrew J. Berger
- University of Rochester, The Institute of Optics, Rochester, New York, United States
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Steelman ZA, Ho DS, Chu KK, Wax A. Light scattering methods for tissue diagnosis. OPTICA 2019; 6:479-489. [PMID: 33043100 PMCID: PMC7544148 DOI: 10.1364/optica.6.000479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Light scattering has become a common biomedical research tool, enabling diagnostic sensitivity to myriad tissue alterations associated with disease. Light-tissue interactions are particularly attractive for diagnostics due to the variety of contrast mechanisms that can be used, including spectral, angle-resolved, and Fourier-domain detection. Photonic diagnostic tools offer further benefit in that they are non-ionizing, non-invasive, and give real-time feedback. In this review, we summarize recent innovations in light scattering technologies, with a focus on clinical achievements over the previous ten years.
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Gataric M, Gordon GSD, Renna F, Ramos AGCP, Alcolea MP, Bohndiek SE. Reconstruction of Optical Vector-Fields With Applications in Endoscopic Imaging. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2019; 38:955-967. [PMID: 30334753 PMCID: PMC6456146 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2018.2875875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a framework for the reconstruction of the amplitude, phase, and polarization of an optical vector-field using measurements acquired by an imaging device characterized by an integral transform with an unknown spatially variant kernel. By incorporating effective regularization terms, this new approach is able to recover an optical vector-field with respect to an arbitrary representation system, which may be different from the one used for device calibration. In particular, it enables the recovery of an optical vector-field with respect to a Fourier basis, which is shown to yield indicative features of increased scattering associated with tissue abnormalities. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach using synthetic holographic images and biological tissue samples in an experimental setting, where the measurements of an optical vector-field are acquired by a multicore fiber endoscope, and observe that indeed the recovered Fourier coefficients are useful in distinguishing healthy tissues from tumors in early stages of oesophageal cancer.
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11
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Jagtap J, Patil N, Parchur AK, Pantola C, Agarwal A, Pandey K, Pradhan A. Effective Screening and Classification of Cervical Precancer Biopsy Imagery. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2017; 16:687-693. [PMID: 28727556 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2017.2728321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Microscope images of biopsy samples of cervical precancers conventionally discriminated by histopathology, the current "gold standard" for cancer detection, showed that their correlation properties are segregated into different classes. The correlation domains clearly indicate increasing cellular clustering in different grades of precancer compared with their normal counterparts. This trend indicates the probability of pixel distribution of the corresponding tissue images. Because the cell density is not uniform in the higher grades, the skewness (asymmetry of a distribution), kurtosis (sharpness of a distribution), entropy (randomness), and standard deviation are affected. A combination of these parameters effectively improves the diagnosis and quantitatively classifies the normal and all the three grades of precancerous cervical tissue sections significantly. Thus, the statistical analysis of microscope images is a promising approach for early stage tumor detection and quantitative classification of precancerous grades; this can effectively supplement the qualitative analysis by the pathologist.
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12
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Pogue BW, Wang KK. Cancer diagnostics: Light scattering by pancreatic cysts. Nat Biomed Eng 2017. [DOI: 10.1038/s41551-017-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Shan M, Kandel ME, Popescu G. Refractive index variance of cells and tissues measured by quantitative phase imaging. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:1573-1581. [PMID: 28158039 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.001573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The refractive index distribution of cells and tissues governs their interaction with light and can report on morphological modifications associated with disease. Through intensity-based measurements, refractive index information can be extracted only via scattering models that approximate light propagation. As a result, current knowledge of refractive index distributions across various tissues and cell types remains limited. Here we use quantitative phase imaging and the statistical dispersion relation (SDR) to extract information about the refractive index variance in a variety of specimens. Due to the phase-resolved measurement in three-dimensions, our approach yields refractive index results without prior knowledge about the tissue thickness. With the recent progress in quantitative phase imaging systems, we anticipate that using SDR will become routine in assessing tissue optical properties.
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Kienle A, Michels R, Hibst R. Magnification—a New Look at a Long-known Optical Property of Dentin. J Dent Res 2016; 85:955-9. [PMID: 16998140 DOI: 10.1177/154405910608501017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Light propagation in human dentin exhibits a strong directional dependence featuring the long-known optical magnification property. We hypothesized that this anisotropic effect is caused by multiple scattering at the dentin tubules, and not by fiberoptic effects, as had been previously assumed. We performed measurements of the transmitted intensity from dentin disks and compared them with Monte Carlo simulations of light propagation in dentin, considering the scattering by the tissue’s microstructure. We found that the optical anisotropy of dentin can be fully explained with this model. We concluded that the magnification property of dentin is due to multiple scattering by the dental microstructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kienle
- Institut für Lasertechnologien in der Medizin und Messtechnik, Helmholtzstrasse 12, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.
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15
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Aernouts B, Sharma S, Gellynck K, Vlaminck L, Cornelissen M, Saeys W. Near-infrared bulk optical properties of goat wound tissue and human serum: consequences for an implantable optical glucose sensor. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2016; 9:1033-1043. [PMID: 26645103 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201500262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy offers a promising technological platform for continuous glucose monitoring in the human body. Moreover, these measurements could be performed in vivo with an implantable single-chip based optical sensor. However, a thin tissue layer may grow in the optical path of the sensor. As most biological tissues are highly scattering, they only allow a small fraction of the collimated light to pass, significantly reducing the light throughput. To quantify the effect of a thin tissue layer in the optical path, the bulk optical properties of serum and tissue samples grown on implanted dummy sensors were characterized using double integrating sphere and unscattered transmittance measurements. The estimated bulk optical properties were then used to calculate the light attenuation through a thin tissue layer. The combination band of glucose was found to be the better option, relative to the first overtone band, as the absorptivity of glucose molecules is higher, while the reduction in unscattered transmittance due to tissue growth is less. Additionally, as the wound tissue was found to be highly scattering, the unscattered transmittance of the tissue layer is expected to be very low. Therefore, a sensor configuration which measures the diffuse transmittance and/or reflectance instead was recommended. (a) Dummy sensor; (b) explanted dummy sensor in tissue lump; (c) removal of dummy sensor from tissue lump; and (d) 900 µm slices of tissue lump.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Aernouts
- KU Leuven, Department of Biosystems, MeBioS, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sandeep Sharma
- KU Leuven, Department of Biosystems, MeBioS, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karolien Gellynck
- Ghent University, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, De Pintelaan 185 B3, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Lieven Vlaminck
- Ghent University, Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Maria Cornelissen
- Ghent University, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, De Pintelaan 185 B3, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Wouter Saeys
- KU Leuven, Department of Biosystems, MeBioS, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
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Tuchin VV. Polarized light interaction with tissues. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2016; 21:71114. [PMID: 27121763 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.7.071114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
This tutorial-review introduces the fundamentals of polarized light interaction with biological tissues and presents some of the recent key polarization optical methods that have made possible the quantitative studies essential for biomedical diagnostics. Tissue structures and the corresponding models showing linear and circular birefringence, dichroism, and chirality are analyzed. As the basis for a quantitative description of the interaction of polarized light with tissues, the theory of polarization transfer in a random medium is used. This theory employs the modified transfer equation for Stokes parameters to predict the polarization properties of single- and multiple-scattered optical fields. The near-order of scatterers in tissues is accounted for to provide an adequate description of tissue polarization properties. Biomedical diagnostic techniques based on polarized light detection, including polarization imaging and spectroscopy, amplitude and intensity light scattering matrix measurements, and polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography are described. Examples of biomedical applications of these techniques for early diagnostics of cataracts, detection of precancer, and prediction of skin disease are presented. The substantial reduction of light scattering multiplicity at tissue optical clearing that leads to a lesser influence of scattering on the measured intrinsic polarization properties of the tissue and allows for more precise quantification of these properties is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery V Tuchin
- Saratov National Research State University, Research-Educational Institute of Optics and Biophotonics, 83 Astrakhanskaya street, Saratov 410012, RussiabInstitute of Precision Mechanics and Control of Russian Academy of Sciences, 24 Rabochaya street, Sarat
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17
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Bodenschatz N, Lam S, Carraro A, Korbelik J, Miller DM, McAlpine JN, Lee M, Kienle A, MacAulay C. Diffuse optical microscopy for quantification of depth-dependent epithelial backscattering in the cervix. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2016; 21:66001. [PMID: 27251077 PMCID: PMC8357336 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.6.066001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A fiber optic imaging approach is presented using structured illumination for quantification of almost pure epithelial backscattering. We employ multiple spatially modulated projection patterns and camera-based reflectance capture to image depth-dependent epithelial scattering. The potential diagnostic value of our approach is investigated on cervical ex vivo tissue specimens. Our study indicates a strong backscattering increase in the upper part of the cervical epithelium caused by dysplastic microstructural changes. Quantization of relative depth-dependent backscattering is confirmed as a potentially useful diagnostic feature for detection of precancerous lesions in cervical squamous epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Bodenschatz
- Institut für Lasertechnologien in der Medizin und Meßtechnik, Helmholtzstr. 12, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
- British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Imaging Department, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Sylvia Lam
- British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Imaging Department, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Anita Carraro
- British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Imaging Department, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Jagoda Korbelik
- British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Imaging Department, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Dianne M. Miller
- University of British Columbia, Division of Gynaecologic Oncology, 2775 Laurel Street, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Jessica N. McAlpine
- University of British Columbia, Division of Gynaecologic Oncology, 2775 Laurel Street, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Marette Lee
- University of British Columbia, Division of Gynaecologic Oncology, 2775 Laurel Street, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Alwin Kienle
- Institut für Lasertechnologien in der Medizin und Meßtechnik, Helmholtzstr. 12, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Calum MacAulay
- British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Imaging Department, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
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Konagaya K, Inagaki T, Kitamura R, Tsuchikawa S. Optical properties of drying wood studied by time-resolved near-infrared spectroscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:9561-9573. [PMID: 27137569 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.009561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We measured the optical properties of drying wood with the moisture contents ranging from 10% to 200%. By using time-resolved near-infrared spectroscopy, the reduced scattering coefficient μs' and absorption coefficient μa were determined independent of each other, providing information on the chemical and structural changes, respectively, of wood on the nanometer scale. Scattering from dry pores dominated, which allowed us to determine the drying process of large pores during the period of constant drying rate, and the drying process of smaller pores during the period of decreasing drying rate. The surface layer and interior of the wood exhibit different moisture states, which affect the scattering properties of the wood.
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Nguyen J, Hayakawa CK, Mourant JR, Venugopalan V, Spanier J. Development of perturbation Monte Carlo methods for polarized light transport in a discrete particle scattering model. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:2051-2066. [PMID: 27231642 PMCID: PMC4871102 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.002051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We present a polarization-sensitive, transport-rigorous perturbation Monte Carlo (pMC) method to model the impact of optical property changes on reflectance measurements within a discrete particle scattering model. The model consists of three log-normally distributed populations of Mie scatterers that approximate biologically relevant cervical tissue properties. Our method provides reflectance estimates for perturbations across wavelength and/or scattering model parameters. We test our pMC model performance by perturbing across number densities and mean particle radii, and compare pMC reflectance estimates with those obtained from conventional Monte Carlo simulations. These tests allow us to explore different factors that control pMC performance and to evaluate the gains in computational efficiency that our pMC method provides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 3120 Natural Sciences II, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2715,
USA
- Laser Microbeam and Medical Program, Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine Irvine, California 92697,
USA
| | - Carole K. Hayakawa
- Laser Microbeam and Medical Program, Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine Irvine, California 92697,
USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, 916 Engineering Tower, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2575,
USA
| | - Judith R. Mourant
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545,
USA
| | - Vasan Venugopalan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 3120 Natural Sciences II, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2715,
USA
- Laser Microbeam and Medical Program, Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine Irvine, California 92697,
USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, 916 Engineering Tower, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2575,
USA
| | - Jerome Spanier
- Laser Microbeam and Medical Program, Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine Irvine, California 92697,
USA
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Zhang L, Chen X, Zhang Z, Chen W, Zhao H, Zhao X, Li K, Yuan L. Scattering pulse of label free fine structure cells to determine the size scale of scattering structures. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:044301. [PMID: 27131687 DOI: 10.1063/1.4946781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Scattering pulse is sensitive to the morphology and components of each single label-free cell. The most direct detection result, label free cell's scattering pulse is studied in this paper as a novel trait to recognize large malignant cells from small normal cells. A set of intrinsic scattering pulse calculation method is figured out, which combines both hydraulic focusing theory and small particle's scattering principle. Based on the scattering detection angle ranges of widely used flow cytometry, the scattering pulses formed by cell scattering energy in forward scattering angle 2°-5° and side scattering angle 80°-110° are discussed. Combining the analysis of cell's illuminating light energy, the peak, area, and full width at half maximum (FWHM) of label free cells' scattering pulses for fine structure cells with diameter 1-20 μm are studied to extract the interrelations of scattering pulse's features and cell's morphology. The theoretical and experimental results show that cell's diameter and FWHM of its scattering pulse agree with approximate linear distribution; the peak and area of scattering pulse do not always increase with cell's diameter becoming larger, but when cell's diameter is less than about 16 μm the monotone increasing relation of scattering pulse peak or area with cell's diameter can be obtained. This relationship between the features of scattering pulse and cell's size is potentially a useful but very simple criterion to distinguishing malignant and normal cells by their sizes and morphologies in label free cells clinical examinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Xingyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Zhenxi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Kaixing Li
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Li Yuan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
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21
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Chung SH, Feldman MD, Martinez D, Kim H, Putt ME, Busch DR, Tchou J, Czerniecki BJ, Schnall MD, Rosen MA, DeMichele A, Yodh AG, Choe R. Macroscopic optical physiological parameters correlate with microscopic proliferation and vessel area breast cancer signatures. Breast Cancer Res 2015; 17:72. [PMID: 26013572 PMCID: PMC4487833 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-015-0578-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Non-invasive diffuse optical tomography (DOT) and diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) can detect and characterize breast cancer and predict tumor responses to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, even in patients with radiographically dense breasts. However, the relationship between measured optical parameters and pathological biomarker information needs to be further studied to connect information from optics to traditional clinical cancer biology. Thus we investigate how optically measured physiological parameters in malignant tumors such as oxy-, deoxy-hemoglobin concentration, tissue blood oxygenation, and metabolic rate of oxygen correlate with microscopic histopathological biomarkers from the same malignant tumors, e.g., Ki67 proliferation markers, CD34 stained vasculature markers and nuclear morphology. METHODS In this pilot study, we investigate correlations of macroscopic physiological parameters of malignant tumors measured by diffuse optical technologies with microscopic histopathological biomarkers of the same tumors, i.e., the Ki67 proliferation marker, the CD34 stained vascular properties marker, and nuclear morphology. RESULTS The tumor-to-normal relative ratio of Ki67-positive nuclei is positively correlated with DOT-measured relative tissue blood oxygen saturation (R = 0.89, p-value: 0.001), and lower tumor-to-normal deoxy-hemoglobin concentration is associated with higher expression level of Ki67 nuclei (p-value: 0.01). In a subset of the Ki67-negative group (defined by the 15 % threshold), an inverse correlation between Ki67 expression level and mammary metabolic rate of oxygen was observed (R = -0.95, p-value: 0.014). Further, CD34 stained mean-vessel-area in tumor is positively correlated with tumor-to-normal total-hemoglobin and oxy-hemoglobin concentration. Finally, we find that cell nuclei tend to have more elongated shapes in less oxygenated DOT-measured environments. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, the pilot data are consistent with the notion that increased blood is supplied to breast cancers, and it also suggests that less conversion of oxy- to deoxy-hemoglobin occurs in more proliferative cancers. Overall, the observations corroborate expectations that macroscopic measurements of breast cancer physiology using DOT and DCS can reveal microscopic pathological properties of breast cancer and hold potential to complement pathological biomarker information.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Hyun Chung
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 S. 33rd St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Michael D Feldman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Daniel Martinez
- Pathology Core Laboratory, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Helen Kim
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 S. 33rd St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Mary E Putt
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - David R Busch
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 S. 33rd St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Division of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Julia Tchou
- Department of Surgery, The Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Brian J Czerniecki
- Department of Surgery, The Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Mitchell D Schnall
- Department of Radiology, The Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Mark A Rosen
- Department of Radiology, The Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Angela DeMichele
- Department of Medicine, The Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Arjun G Yodh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 S. 33rd St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Regine Choe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, 209 Goergen Hall, P.O. Box 270168, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA.
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Li L, Zhang Q, Ding Y, Jiang H, Thiers BH, Wang JZ. Automatic diagnosis of melanoma using machine learning methods on a spectroscopic system. BMC Med Imaging 2014; 14:36. [PMID: 25311811 PMCID: PMC4204387 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2342-14-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Early and accurate diagnosis of melanoma, the deadliest type of skin cancer, has the potential to reduce morbidity and mortality rate. However, early diagnosis of melanoma is not trivial even for experienced dermatologists, as it needs sampling and laboratory tests which can be extremely complex and subjective. The accuracy of clinical diagnosis of melanoma is also an issue especially in distinguishing between melanoma and mole. To solve these problems, this paper presents an approach that makes non-subjective judgements based on quantitative measures for automatic diagnosis of melanoma. Methods Our approach involves image acquisition, image processing, feature extraction, and classification. 187 images (19 malignant melanoma and 168 benign lesions) were collected in a clinic by a spectroscopic device that combines single-scattered, polarized light spectroscopy with multiple-scattered, un-polarized light spectroscopy. After noise reduction and image normalization, features were extracted based on statistical measurements (i.e. mean, standard deviation, mean absolute deviation, L1 norm, and L2 norm) of image pixel intensities to characterize the pattern of melanoma. Finally, these features were fed into certain classifiers to train learning models for classification. Results We adopted three classifiers – artificial neural network, naïve bayes, and k-nearest neighbour to evaluate our approach separately. The naive bayes classifier achieved the best performance - 89% accuracy, 89% sensitivity and 89% specificity, which was integrated with our approach in a desktop application running on the spectroscopic system for diagnosis of melanoma. Conclusions Our work has two strengths. (1) We have used single scattered polarized light spectroscopy and multiple scattered unpolarized light spectroscopy to decipher the multilayered characteristics of human skin. (2) Our approach does not need image segmentation, as we directly probe tiny spots in the lesion skin and the image scans do not involve background skin. The desktop application for automatic diagnosis of melanoma can help dermatologists get a non-subjective second opinion for their diagnosis decision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Department of Computer Science & Software Engineering, Seattle University, Seattle, WA 98122, USA.
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Ho D, Kim S, Drake TK, Eldridge WJ, Wax A. Wavelet transform fast inverse light scattering analysis for size determination of spherical scatterers. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 5:3292-304. [PMID: 25360350 PMCID: PMC4206302 DOI: 10.1364/boe.5.003292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We present a fast approach for size determination of spherical scatterers using the continuous wavelet transform of the angular light scattering profile to address the computational limitations of previously developed sizing techniques. The potential accuracy, speed, and robustness of the algorithm were determined in simulated models of scattering by polystyrene beads and cells. The algorithm was tested experimentally on angular light scattering data from polystyrene bead phantoms and MCF-7 breast cancer cells using a 2D a/LCI system. Theoretical sizing of simulated profiles of beads and cells produced strong fits between calculated and actual size (r(2) = 0.9969 and r(2) = 0.9979 respectively), and experimental size determinations were accurate to within one micron.
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24
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Feng Y, Zhang N, Jacobs KM, Jiang W, Yang LV, Li Z, Zhang J, Lu JQ, Hu XH. Polarization imaging and classification of Jurkat T and Ramos B cells using a flow cytometer. Cytometry A 2014; 85:817-26. [PMID: 25044756 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Label-free and rapid classification of cells can have awide range of applications in biology. We report a robust method of polarization diffraction imaging flow cytometry (p-DIFC) for achieving this goal. Coherently scattered light signals are acquired from single cells excited by a polarized laser beam in the form of two cross-polarized diffraction images. Image texture and intensity parameters are extracted with a gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) algorithm to obtain an optimized set of feature parameters as the morphological "fingerprints" for automated cell classification. We selected the Jurkat T cells and Ramos B cells to test the p-DIFC method's capacity for cell classification. After detailed statistical analysis, we found that the optimized feature vectors yield accuracies of classification between the Jurkat and Ramos ranging from 97.8% to 100% among different cell data sets. Confocal imaging and three-dimensional reconstruction were applied to gain insights on the ability of p-DIFC method for classifying the two cell lines of highly similar morphology. Based on these results we conclude that the p-DIFC method has the capacity to discriminate cells of high similarity in their morphology with "fingerprints" features extracted from the diffraction images, which may be attributed to subtle but statistically significant differences in the nucleus-to-cell volume ratio in the case of Jurkat and Ramos cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanming Feng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
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25
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Nguyen J, Hayakawa CK, Mourant JR, Spanier J. Perturbation Monte Carlo methods for tissue structure alterations. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 4:1946-1963. [PMID: 24156056 PMCID: PMC3799658 DOI: 10.1364/boe.4.001946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes an extension of the perturbation Monte Carlo method to model light transport when the phase function is arbitrarily perturbed. Current perturbation Monte Carlo methods allow perturbation of both the scattering and absorption coefficients, however, the phase function can not be varied. The more complex method we develop and test here is not limited in this way. We derive a rigorous perturbation Monte Carlo extension that can be applied to a large family of important biomedical light transport problems and demonstrate its greater computational efficiency compared with using conventional Monte Carlo simulations to produce forward transport problem solutions. The gains of the perturbation method occur because only a single baseline Monte Carlo simulation is needed to obtain forward solutions to other closely related problems whose input is described by perturbing one or more parameters from the input of the baseline problem. The new perturbation Monte Carlo methods are tested using tissue light scattering parameters relevant to epithelia where many tumors originate. The tissue model has parameters for the number density and average size of three classes of scatterers; whole nuclei, organelles such as lysosomes and mitochondria, and small particles such as ribosomes or large protein complexes. When these parameters or the wavelength is varied the scattering coefficient and the phase function vary. Perturbation calculations give accurate results over variations of ∼15-25% of the scattering parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 3120 Natural Sciences II, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2715,
USA
| | - Carole K. Hayakawa
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, 916 Engineering Tower, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2575,
USA
| | - Judith R. Mourant
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545,
USA
| | - Jerome Spanier
- Department of Surgery, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, 1002 Health Sciences Rd., E., University of California, Irvine, CA 92612,
USA
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Li J, Chen C, Chen B, Shen Z, He Y, Xia Y, Liu S. Quantitative discrimination of NPC cell lines using optical coherence tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2012; 5:544-549. [PMID: 22308071 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201100121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We tried to explore the intrinsic differences in the optical properties of the four representative NPC cell lines on the models of radiobiology and metastasis by OCT. The scattering coefficients and anisotropies were extracted by fitting the average a-scan attenuation curves based on the multiple scatter effect. The values of scattering coefficients and anisotropy factors were 5.21 ± 0.11, 5.30 ± 0.09, 5.92 ± 0.21, 6.97 ± 0.22, and 0.892 ± 0.009, 0.886 ± 0.006, 0.884 ± 0.009, 0.86 ± 0.01 for CNE1, CNE2, 5-8F and 6-10B pellets (p < 0.05, P = 0.07 for CNE1 and CNE2), respectively. The results showed that the radiobiology and metastasis cell's model could be distinguished obviously; which implied that the corresponding types of NPC tissue might be potentially differentiated by OCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghua Li
- School for Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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28
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Li J, Chen B, Du Y, Yang L, Xia Y, He Y, Liu S, Chen C. Quantitative measurement of optical parameters of cell lines 5-8F and 6-10B using polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012; 522:125-9. [PMID: 22525523 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2012.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to test whether the typical NPC cell lines of 5-8F (high tumorigenesis and metastasis) and 6-10B (low tumorigenesis and metastasis) could be differentiated by polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT). We imaged the two types of low cellular differentiated NPC cell lines 5-8F and 6-10B pellets using PS-OCT; then extracted the optical parameters of attenuate coefficient and anisotropy from the A-scan lines based on the multiple scattering model; and compared their phase retardation. The fitting scattering coefficients were μs=10.91±0.45 and μs=11.33±0.27 cm(-1) for 5-8F and 6-10B pellets (p<0.05), respectively; and the anisotropy factors were g=0.900±0.013 and g=0.885±0.008 for 5-8F and 6-10B pellets (p<0.01), respectively. While the phase retardation of 6-10B was a little faster than 5-8F. These results indicated that PS-OCT could differentiate the two cell lines, and had the potential ability for typing the tissue of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghua Li
- School for Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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29
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Marina OC, Sanders CK, Mourant JR. Correlating light scattering with internal cellular structures. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 3:296-312. [PMID: 22312583 PMCID: PMC3269847 DOI: 10.1364/boe.3.000296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The origins of side scattering from a fibroblast and cervical cell line were determined by comparing side-scatter images with images stained for lysosomes, nuclei, and mitochondria on a cell by cell basis. Lysosomes or nuclei are the most efficient type of scatterer depending on the cell type and incident light polarization. The relative scattering efficiencies of lysosomes and mitochondria were the same for both cell lines, while the scattering efficiencies of the nuclei differed. The percent of 90° scattering from the nucleus, mitochondria, and lysosomes as well as the group of other internal cellular objects was estimated. The nucleus was the largest contributor to side scatter in the cervical carcinoma cells. The contributions of lysosomes, mitochondria, the nucleus, and particles unstained by either Hoechst, LysoSensor or MitoTracker ranges from ∼20% to ∼30% in fibroblast cells. The contribution of lysosomes to side scatter was much stronger when the incident light was polarized perpendicular to the scattering plane than when the polarization of the side scatter laser was parallel to the scattering plane. This dependence on side scatter polarization indicates that lysosomes contain scattering structures that are much smaller than the wavelength of light used in the measurements (785 nm). In conclusion, mitochondria were not found to be either the most efficient scatterer or to have the largest contribution to scattering in either cell line, in contrast to previous reports. Rather lysosomes, nuclei and unknown particles all have significant contributions to 90° scattering and the contributions of some of these particles can be modulated by changing the polarization of the incident light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana C. Marina
- MS M888, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Claire K. Sanders
- MS M888, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Judith R. Mourant
- MS M888, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
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Kalashnikov M, Choi W, Hunter M, Yu CC, Dasari RR, Feld MS. Assessing the contribution of cell body and intracellular organelles to the backward light scattering. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:816-26. [PMID: 22274427 PMCID: PMC3340331 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.000816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We report a method of assessing the contribution of whole cell body and its nucleus to the clinically most relevant backward light scattering. We first construct an experimental system that can measure forward scattering and use the system to precisely extract the optical properties of a specimen such as the refractive index contrast, size distribution, and their density. A system that can simultaneously detect the backscattered light is installed to collect the backscattering for the same specimen. By comparing the measured backscattering spectrum with that estimated from the parameters determined by the forward scattering experiment, the contribution of cell body and nucleus to the backward light scattering is quantitatively assessed. For the HeLa cells in suspension, we found that the cell body contributes less than 10% and cell nucleus on the order of 0.1% to the total backscattering signal. Quantitative determination of the origin of backscattered light may help design a system that aims for detecting particular structure of biological tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Kalashnikov
- Fraunhofer Center for Manufacturing Innovation at Boston University, 15 St. Mary’s St., Brookline, Massachusetts 02446,
USA
- G. R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139,
USA
| | - Wonshik Choi
- Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul 136-701,
Korea
| | - Martin Hunter
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby St., Room 235, Medford, Massachusetts 02155,
USA
| | - Chung-Chieh Yu
- Optics Research Laboratory, Canon USA, Inc., 9030 South Rita Road, Suite 302, Tucson, Arizona 85747,
USA
| | - Ramachandra R. Dasari
- G. R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139,
USA
| | - Michael S. Feld
- G. R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139,
USA
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31
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Ahmad M, Alali S, Kim A, Wood MFG, Ikram M, Vitkin IA. Do different turbid media with matched bulk optical properties also exhibit similar polarization properties? BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 2:3248-58. [PMID: 22162815 PMCID: PMC3233244 DOI: 10.1364/boe.2.003248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We here investigate polarimetric behavior of thick samples of porcine liver, Intralipid, and microsphere-based tissue phantoms whose absorption and scattering properties are matched. Using polarized light we measured reflection mode Mueller matrices and derived linear/circular/total depolarization rates, based on polar decomposition. According to our results, phantoms exhibit greater depolarization rates in the backscattering geometry than the liver sample. The enhanced tissue polarization preservation differs from previous reports of polarimetric transmission studies, with the likely cause of this difference being the angular dependence of the single-scattering phase function. Also, Intralipid approximated polarimetric liver behavior well, whereas the polystyrene phantoms did not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manzoor Ahmad
- Division of Biophysics and Bioimaging, Ontario Cancer Institute/University Health Network and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
- Department of Physics and Applied Mathematics, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Islamabad 45650, Pakistan
| | - Sanaz Alali
- Division of Biophysics and Bioimaging, Ontario Cancer Institute/University Health Network and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Anthony Kim
- Division of Biophysics and Bioimaging, Ontario Cancer Institute/University Health Network and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Michael F. G. Wood
- Division of Biophysics and Bioimaging, Ontario Cancer Institute/University Health Network and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Masroor Ikram
- Department of Physics and Applied Mathematics, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Islamabad 45650, Pakistan
| | - I. Alex Vitkin
- Division of Biophysics and Bioimaging, Ontario Cancer Institute/University Health Network and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
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32
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Ramella-Roman JC, Nayak A, Prahl SA. Spectroscopic sensitive polarimeter for biomedical applications. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2011; 16:047001. [PMID: 21529091 PMCID: PMC3188978 DOI: 10.1117/1.3561907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We present the design and calibration of a spectroscopic sensitive polarimeter. The polarimeter can measure the full Stokes vector in the wavelength range 550 to 750 nm with 1-nm resolution and consists of a fiber-based spectrophotometer, a white light emitting diode light source, two liquid crystal retarders, and one polarizer. Calibration of the system is achieved with a scheme that does not require knowledge of the polarizing elements' orientation or retardation. Six intensity spectra are required to calculate the full spectrum Stokes vector. Error in the polarimeter is less than 5%. We report the Stokes vectors for light transmitted through nonscattering polarizing elements as well as a measurement of the depolarizing properties of chicken muscle at several wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Ramella-Roman
- Biomedical Engineering Department, The Catholic University of America, Michigan Avenue NE, Washington, DC 20064, USA.
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Lee GJ, Chae SJ, Jeong JH, Lee SR, Ha SJ, Pak YK, Kim W, Park HK. Characterization of mitochondria isolated from normal and ischemic hearts in rats utilizing atomic force microscopy. Micron 2011; 42:299-304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2010] [Revised: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 09/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Gutzler T, Hillman TR, Alexandrov SA, Sampson DD. Three-dimensional depth-resolved and extended-resolution micro-particle characterization by holographic light scattering spectroscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18:25116-25126. [PMID: 21164858 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.025116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Fourier-holographic light scattering spectroscopy is applied to record complex angular scattering spectra of two- and three-dimensional samples over a wide field of view. We introduce a computational depth sectioning technique and, for the first time, demonstrate that a single-exposure hologram can generate a quantitative, three-dimensional map of particle sizes and locations over several cubic millimeters with micrometer resolution. Such spatially resolved maps of particle sizes are generated by Mie-inversion and could not be ascertained from the directly reconstructed intensity-distribution images. We also demonstrate synthesis of multiple angular scattering intensity spectra to increase the angular range and improve size detection sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gutzler
- Optical + Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, School of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, M018, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia.
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35
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Role of cytoskeleton in controlling the disorder strength of cellular nanoscale architecture. Biophys J 2010; 99:989-96. [PMID: 20682278 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2010.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoskeleton is ubiquitous throughout the cell and is involved in important cellular processes such as cellular transport, signal transduction, gene transcription, cell-division, etc. Partial wave spectroscopic microscopy is a novel optical technique that measures the statistical properties of cell nanoscale organization in terms of the disorder strength. It has been found previously that the increase in the disorder strength of cell nanoarchitecture is one of the earliest events in carcinogenesis. In this study, we investigate the cellular components responsible for the differential disorder strength between two morphologically (and hence microscopically) similar but genetically altered human colon cancer cell lines, HT29 cells and Csk shRNA-transfected HT29 cells that exhibit different degrees of neoplastic aggressiveness. To understand the role of cytoskeleton in nanoarchitectural alterations, we performed selective drug treatment on the specific cytoskeletal components of these cell types and studied the effects of cytoskeletal organization on disorder strength differences. We report that altering the cell nanoarchitecture by disrupting cytoskeletal organization leads to the attenuation of the disorder strength differences between microscopically indistinguishable HT29 and CSK constructs. We therefore demonstrate that cytoskeleton plays a role in the control of cellular nanoscale disorder.
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Giacomelli M, Zhu Y, Lee J, Wax A. Size and shape determination of spheroidal scatterers using two-dimensional angle resolved scattering. OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18:14616-26. [PMID: 20639947 PMCID: PMC3408918 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.014616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Revised: 06/20/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate accurate determination of the size and shape of spherical and spheroidal scatterers through inverse analysis of two-dimensional solid-angle and depth resolved backscattered light intensities. Intensity of scattered light is measured over a wide range of solid angles using a novel scanning fiber optic interferometer from both individual and ensembles of scatterers. T-matrix based inverse analysis of these two-dimensional angular measurements yields completely unique size and aspect ratio determinations with subwavelength precision over a large range of possible scatterer geometries.
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37
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Zheng JY, Boustany NN. Alterations in the characteristic size distributions of subcellular scatterers at the onset of apoptosis: effect of Bcl-xL and Bax/Bak. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2010; 15:045002. [PMID: 20799797 DOI: 10.1117/1.3462933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Optical scatter imaging is used to estimate organelle size distributions in immortalized baby mouse kidney cells treated with 0.4 microM staurosporine to induce apoptosis. The study comprises apoptosis competent iBMK cells (W2) expressing the proapoptotic proteins Bax/Bak, apoptosis resistant Bax/Bak null cells (D3), and W2 and D3 cells expressing yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) or YFP fused to the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-x(L) (YFP-Bcl-x(L)). YFP expression is diffuse within the transfected cells, while YFP-Bcl-x(L) is localized to the mitochondria. Our results show a significant increase in the mean subcellular particle size from approximately 1.1 to 1.4 microm in both Bax/Bak expressing and Bax/Bak null cells after 60 min of STS treatment compared to DMSO-treated control cells. This dynamic is blocked by overexpression of YFP-Bcl-x(L) in Bax/Bak expressing cells, but is less significantly inhibited by YFP-Bcl-x(L) in Bax/Bak null cells. Our data suggest that the increase in subcellular particle size at the onset of apoptosis is modulated by Bcl-x(L) in the presence of Bax/Bak, but it occurs upstream of the final commitment to programmed cell death. Mitochondrial localization of YFP-Bcl-x(L) and the finding that micron-sized particles give rise to the scattering signal further suggest that alterations in mitochondrial morphology may underlie the observed changes in light scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yi Zheng
- Rutgers University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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38
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Chao GS, Sung KB. Investigating the spectral characteristics of backscattering from heterogeneous spherical nuclei using broadband finite-difference time-domain simulations. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2010; 15:015007. [PMID: 20210447 DOI: 10.1117/1.3324838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Reflectance spectra measured from epithelial tissue have been used to extract size distribution and refractive index of cell nuclei for noninvasive detection of precancerous changes. Despite many in vitro and in vivo experimental results, the underlying mechanism of sizing nuclei based on modeling nuclei as homogeneous spheres and fitting the measured data with Mie theory has not been fully explored. We describe the implementation of a three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulation tool using a Gaussian pulse as the light source to investigate the wavelength-dependent characteristics of backscattered light from a nuclear model consisting of a nucleolus and clumps of chromatin embedded in homogeneous nucleoplasm. The results show that small-sized heterogeneities within the nuclei generate about five times higher backscattering than homogeneous spheres. More interestingly, backscattering spectra from heterogeneous spherical nuclei show periodic oscillations similar to those from homogeneous spheres, leading to high accuracy of estimating the nuclear diameter by comparison with Mie theory. In addition to the application in light scattering spectroscopy, the reported FDTD method could be adapted to study the relations between measured spectral data and nuclear structures in other optical imaging and spectroscopic techniques for in vivo diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Shan Chao
- National Taiwan University, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, Taipei, Taiwan
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39
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Mulvey CS, Sherwood CA, Bigio IJ. Wavelength-dependent backscattering measurements for quantitative real-time monitoring of apoptosis in living cells. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2009; 14:064013. [PMID: 20059251 PMCID: PMC2794414 DOI: 10.1117/1.3259363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Revised: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis--programmed cell death--is a cellular process exhibiting distinct biochemical and morphological changes. An understanding of the early morphological changes that a cell undergoes during apoptosis can provide the opportunity to monitor apoptosis in tissue, yielding diagnostic and prognostic information. There is avid interest regarding the involvement of apoptosis in cancer. The initial response of a tumor to successful cancer treatment is often massive apoptosis. Current apoptosis detection methods require cell culture disruption. Our aim is to develop a nondisruptive optical method to monitor apoptosis in living cells and tissues. This would allow for real-time evaluation of apoptotic progression of the same cell culture over time without alteration. Elastic scattering spectroscopy (ESS) is used to monitor changes in light-scattering properties of cells in vitro due to apoptotic morphology changes. We develop a simple instrument capable of wavelength-resolved ESS measurements from cell cultures in the backward direction. Using Mie theory, we also develop an algorithm that extracts the size distribution of scatterers in the sample. The instrument and algorithm are validated with microsphere suspensions. For cell studies, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are cultured to confluence on plates and are rendered apoptotic with staurosporine. Backscattering measurements are performed on pairs of treated and control samples at a sequence of times up to 6-h post-treatment. Initial results indicate that ESS is capable of discriminating between treated and control samples as early as 10- to 15-min post-treatment, much earlier than is sensed by standard assays for apoptosis. Extracted size distributions from treated and control samples show a decrease in Rayleigh and 150-nm scatterers, relative to control samples, with a corresponding increase in 200-nm particles. Work continues to correlate these size distributions with underlying morphology. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the use of backscattering spectral measurements to quantitatively monitor apoptosis in viable cell cultures in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine S Mulvey
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 44 Cummington Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
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40
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Kalashnikov M, Choi W, Yu CC, Sung Y, Dasari RR, Badizadegan K, Feld MS. Assessing light scattering of intracellular organelles in single intact living cells. OPTICS EXPRESS 2009; 17:19674-81. [PMID: 19997187 PMCID: PMC2844859 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.019674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
This report presents a model-independent method of assessing contributions to the light scattering from individual organelles in single intact cells. We first measure the 3D index map of a living cell, and then modify the map in such a way so as to eliminate contrast due to a particular intracellular organelle. By calculating and comparing the light scattering distributions calculated from the original and modified index maps using the Rytov approximation, we extract the light scattering contribution from the particular organelle of interest. The relative contributions of the nucleus and nucleolus to the scattering of the entire cell are thus determined, and the applicability of the homogeneous spherical model to non-spherical and heterogeneous organelles in forward scattering is evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Kalashnikov
- G. R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Wonshik Choi
- G. R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea
- Corresponding author:
| | - Chung-Chieh Yu
- G. R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Yongjin Sung
- G. R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Ramachandra R. Dasari
- G. R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Kamran Badizadegan
- G. R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Michael S. Feld
- G. R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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41
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Pasternack RM, Qian Z, Zheng JY, Metaxas DN, Boustany NN. Highly sensitive size discrimination of sub-micron objects using optical Fourier processing based on two-dimensional Gabor filters. OPTICS EXPRESS 2009; 17:12001-12012. [PMID: 19582115 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.012001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We use optical Gabor-like filtering implemented with a digital micromirror device to achieve nanoscale sensitivity to changes in the size of finite and periodic objects imaged at low resolution. The method consists of applying an optical Fourier filter bank consisting of Gabor-like filters of varying periods and extracting the optimum filter period that maximizes the filtered object signal. Using this optimum filter period as a measure of object size, we show sensitivity to a 7.5 nm change in the period of a chirped phase mask with period around 1 microm. We also show 30 nm sensitivity to change in the size of polystyrene spheres with diameters around 500 nm. Unlike digital post-processing our optical processing method retains its sensitivity when implemented at low magnification in undersampled images. Furthermore, the optimum Gabor filter period found experimentally is linearly related to sphere diameter over the range 0.46 microm-1 microm and does not rely on a predictive scatter model such as Mie theory. The technique may have applications in high throughput optical analysis of subcellular morphology to study organelle function in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Pasternack
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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42
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Li X, Yao G. Mueller matrix decomposition of diffuse reflectance imaging in skeletal muscle. APPLIED OPTICS 2009; 48:2625-31. [PMID: 19424381 DOI: 10.1364/ao.48.002625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Propagation of polarized light in skeletal muscle is significantly affected by anisotropic muscle structures. To completely characterize muscle polarization properties, we acquired the whole Mueller matrix images of the diffuse reflectance. A polar decomposition algorithm was applied to extract the individual diattenuation, retardance, and depolarization images from the measured Mueller matrix. The decomposed polarization properties in muscle show distinctly different patterns from those obtained in isotropic scattering media. Stretching the prerigor muscle sample induced clear changes in the raw polarization reflectance images. However, muscle stretching induced minimal changes in the decomposed Mueller matrix images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Biological Engineering, University of Missouri, 249 Agricultural Engineering Building, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
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43
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Huang P, Hunter M, Georgakoudi I. Confocal light scattering spectroscopic imaging system for in situ tissue characterization. APPLIED OPTICS 2009; 48:2595-2599. [PMID: 19412220 DOI: 10.1364/ao.48.002595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We report on the design and construction of a confocal light scattering spectroscopic imaging system aimed ultimately to conduct depth-resolved characterization of biological tissues. The confocal sectioning ability of the system is demonstrated using a two-layer sample consisting of a 200 microm thick cancer cell layer on top of a scattering layer doped with a green absorber. The measurement results demonstrate that distinct light scattering signals can be isolated from each layer with an axial and a lateral resolution of 30 and 27 microm, respectively. Such a system is expected to have significant applications in the areas of tissue engineering and disease diagnostics and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
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44
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Smith ZJ, Berger AJ. Validation of an integrated Raman- and angular-scattering microscopy system on heterogeneous bead mixtures and single human immune cells. APPLIED OPTICS 2009; 48:D109-20. [PMID: 19340098 DOI: 10.1364/ao.48.00d109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A microscopy system has been constructed that is capable of simultaneously acquiring both Raman spectra and angle-resolved elastic-scattering patterns in either epi- or transillumination modes with a 7 mum spot size. The benefits and drawbacks of the epi- and transillumination modalities are discussed. Validation studies have been performed on single beads of a few micrometers in size, as well as on ensembles of submicrometer particles. In addition, transilluminated Raman and elastic-scattering spectra were obtained from single granulocytes and peripheral blood monocytes. Both the Raman- and the elastic-scattering channels show clear differences between the two types of immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J Smith
- Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
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45
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Amoozegar C, Giacomelli MG, Keener JD, Chalut KJ, Wax A. Experimental verification of T-matrix-based inverse light scattering analysis for assessing structure of spheroids as models of cell nuclei. APPLIED OPTICS 2009; 48:D20-5. [PMID: 19340110 PMCID: PMC2840713 DOI: 10.1364/ao.48.000d20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Inverse light scattering analysis (ILSA) seeks to associate measured scattering properties with the most probable theoretical scattering distribution, making it a useful tool for assessing structure in biological materials. The accuracy of ILSA depends on the compatibility of the light scattering geometry with the light scattering model. In this study, we compare the accuracy obtained when analyzing light scattering data from spheroids using a numerical implementation of Mie theory, and the T matrix, a numerical method of solving light scattering from spheroids. Our experimental data are acquired using novel optical phantoms containing spheroidal scatterers and angle-resolved low-coherence interferometry, a depth- and angle-resolved light scattering measurement modality. The results show that Mie theory can accurately assess spheroidal structure despite the geometric incompatibility provided measurements are taken in multiple orientations of the sample relative to the incident polarization and the measured scattering angle. In comparison, analysis using the T-matrix method is highly accurate and more reliable yet requires measurements from only a single orientation.
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46
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Optical methodology for detecting histologically unapparent nanoscale consequences of genetic alterations in biological cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:20118-23. [PMID: 19073935 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0804723105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, there has been a major thrust to understand biological processes at the nanoscale. Optical microscopy has been exceedingly useful in imaging cell microarchitecture. Characterization of cell organization at the nanoscale, however, has been stymied by the lack of practical means of cell analysis at these small scales. To address this need, we developed a microscopic spectroscopy technique, single-cell partial-wave spectroscopy (PWS), which provides insights into the statistical properties of the nanoscale architecture of biological cells beyond what conventional microscopy reveals. Coupled with the mesoscopic light transport theory, PWS quantifies the disorder strength of intracellular architecture. As an illustration of the potential of the technique, in the experiments with cell lines and an animal model of colon carcinogenesis we show that increase in the degree of disorder in cell nanoarchitecture parallels genetic events in the early stages of carcinogenesis in otherwise microscopically/histologically normal-appearing cells. These data indicate that this advance in single-cell optics represented by PWS may have significant biomedical applications.
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47
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Cohen FS, Taslidere E, Hari DS, Murthy S. Stochastic decomposition method for modeling the scattered signal reflected of mucosal tissues. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2008; 13:054039. [PMID: 19021419 DOI: 10.1117/1.2982527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work is to draw the attention of the biophotonics community to a stochastic decomposition method (SDM) to potentially model 2-D scans of light scattering data from epithelium mucosa tissue. The emphasis in this work is on the proposed model and its theoretical pinning and foundation. Unlike previous works that analyze scattering signal at one spot as a function of wavelength or angle, our method statistically analyzes 2-D scans of light scattering data over an area. This allows for the extraction of texture parameters that correlate with changes in tissue morphology, and physical characteristics such as changes in absorption and scattering characteristics secondary to disease, information that could not be revealed otherwise. The method is tested on simulations, phantom data, and on a limited preliminary in-vitro animal experiment to track mucosal tissue inflammation over time, using the area Az under receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve as a performance measure. Combination of all the features results in an Az value up to 1 for the simulated data, and Az > 0.927 for the phantom data. For the tissue data, the best performances for differentiation between pairs of various levels of inflammation are 0.859, 0.983, and 0.999.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernand S Cohen
- Drexel University, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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48
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Chalut KJ, Giacomelli MG, Wax A. Application of Mie theory to assess structure of spheroidal scattering in backscattering geometries. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2008; 25:1866-74. [PMID: 18677348 PMCID: PMC2840708 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.25.001866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Inverse light scattering analysis seeks to associate measured scattering properties with the most probable theoretical scattering distribution. Although Mie theory is a spherical scattering model, it has been used successfully for discerning the geometry of spheroidal scatterers. The goal of this study was an in-depth evaluation of the consequences of analyzing the structure of spheroidal geometries, which are relevant to cell and tissue studies in biology, by employing Mie-theory-based inverse light scattering analysis. As a basis for this study, the scattering from spheroidal geometries was modeled using T-matrix theory and used as test data. In a previous study, we used this technique to investigate the case of spheroidal scatterers aligned with the optical axis. In the present study, we look at a broader scope which includes the effects of aspect ratio, orientation, refractive index, and incident light polarization. Over this wide range of parameters, our results indicate that this method provides a good estimate of spheroidal structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Chalut
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fitzpatrick Institute for Photonics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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49
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Abstract
A microscopy system has been constructed that is capable of simultaneously acquiring both traditional Raman spectra as well as angle-resolved elastic-scattering patterns using a single focused laser spot less than 10 mum wide. The elastic-scattering signal was analyzed by generalized Lorenz-Mie theory, representing what we believe to be the first experimental validation of the theory's prediction of angular backscatter from single spheres. The microscope system exhibits 3 nm precision in predicting sphere diameters, while simultaneously yielding high-quality Raman signals. Applications to single cell analysis are envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J Smith
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
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50
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Label-free, high-throughput measurements of dynamic changes in cell nuclei using angle-resolved low coherence interferometry. Biophys J 2008; 94:4948-56. [PMID: 18326642 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.107.124107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate measurements of nuclear deformation, i.e., structural changes of the nucleus in response to environmental stimuli, are important for signal transduction studies. Traditionally, these measurements require labeling and imaging, and then nuclear measurement using image analysis. This approach is time-consuming, invasive, and unavoidably perturbs cellular systems. Light scattering, an emerging biophotonics technique for probing physical characteristics of living systems, offers a promising alternative. Angle-resolved low-coherence interferometry (a/LCI), a novel light scattering technique, was developed to quantify nuclear morphology for early cancer detection. In this study, a/LCI is used for the first time to noninvasively measure small changes in nuclear morphology in response to environmental stimuli. With this new application, we broaden the potential uses of a/LCI by demonstrating high-throughput measurements and by probing aspherical nuclei. To demonstrate the versatility of this approach, two distinct models relevant to current investigations in cell and tissue engineering research are used. Structural changes in cell nuclei due to subtle environmental stimuli, including substrate topography and osmotic pressure, are profiled rapidly without disrupting the cells or introducing artifacts associated with traditional measurements. Accuracy > or = 3% is obtained for the range of nuclear geometries examined here, with the greatest deviations occurring for the more complex geometries. Given the high-throughput nature of the measurements, this deviation may be acceptable for many biological applications that seek to establish connections between morphology and function.
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