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Lopes DF, Silverio A, Schmidt AKA, Picca GB, Silveira L. Characterization of biomarkers in blood serum for cancer diagnosis in dogs using Raman spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2024; 17:e202300338. [PMID: 38100121 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202300338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Biomarkers of cancer in sera of domestic dogs were detected through Raman spectroscopy with 830 nm excitation. Raman spectra of sera from 61 dogs (31 healthy and 30 with cancer, resulting in 154 and 200 spectra, respectively) were submitted to principal component analysis (PCA) for feature extraction and partial least squares (PLS) regression for discrimination between Healthy and Cancer groups. In the PCA, the peaks at 1132, 1342, 1368, and 1453 cm-1 (albumin and phenylalanine) were higher for the Cancer group. The "redshift" of the peaks at 621, 1003, and 1032 cm-1 (conformational change in proteins and/or bonds at sites close to the aromatic ring of amino acids) occurred in the Cancer group, and the peaks at 451 cm-1 (tryptophan) and 1441 cm-1 (lipids) were higher for the Healthy group. The PLS-DA classified the serum spectra in Healthy and Cancer groups with high accuracy (78%).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Landulfo Silveira
- Universidade Anhembi Morumbi-UAM, São Paulo, Brazil
- Center for Innovation, Technology and Education-CITÉ, Parque Tecnológico de São José dos Campos, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
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Goulart ACC, Silveira L, Carvalho HC, Dorta CB, Pacheco MTT, Zângaro RA. Diagnosing COVID-19 in human serum using Raman spectroscopy. Lasers Med Sci 2022; 37:2217-2226. [PMID: 35028768 DOI: 10.1101/2021.08.09.21261798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This study proposed the diagnosis of COVID-19 by means of Raman spectroscopy. Samples of blood serum from 10 patients positive and 10 patients negative for COVID-19 by RT-PCR RNA and ELISA tests were analyzed. Raman spectra were obtained with a dispersive Raman spectrometer (830 nm, 350 mW) in triplicate, being submitted to exploratory analysis with principal component analysis (PCA) to identify the spectral differences and discriminant analysis with PCA (PCA-DA) and partial least squares (PLS-DA) for classification of the blood serum spectra into Control and COVID-19. The spectra of both groups positive and negative for COVID-19 showed peaks referred to the basal constitution of the serum (mainly albumin). The difference spectra showed decrease in the peaks referred to proteins and amino acids for the group positive. PCA variables showed more detailed spectral differences related to the biochemical alterations due to the COVID-19 such as increase in lipids, nitrogen compounds (urea and amines/amides) and nucleic acids, and decrease of proteins and amino acids (tryptophan) in the COVID-19 group. The discriminant analysis applied to the principal component loadings (PC2, PC4, PC5, and PC6) could classify spectra with 87% sensitivity and 100% specificity compared to 95% sensitivity and 100% specificity indicated in the RT-PCR kit leaflet, demonstrating the possibilities of a rapid, label-free, and costless technique for diagnosing COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Landulfo Silveira
- Universidade Anhembi Morumbi - UAM, Rua Casa Do Ator, 275, São Paulo, SP, 04546-001, Brazil.
- Center for Innovation, Technology and Education - CITÉ, Parque Tecnológico de São José Dos Campos, Estrada Dr. Altino Bondensan, 500, São José dos Campos, SP, 12247-016, Brazil.
| | - Henrique Cunha Carvalho
- Center for Innovation, Technology and Education - CITÉ, Parque Tecnológico de São José Dos Campos, Estrada Dr. Altino Bondensan, 500, São José dos Campos, SP, 12247-016, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos Tadeu T Pacheco
- Universidade Anhembi Morumbi - UAM, Rua Casa Do Ator, 275, São Paulo, SP, 04546-001, Brazil
| | - Renato Amaro Zângaro
- Universidade Anhembi Morumbi - UAM, Rua Casa Do Ator, 275, São Paulo, SP, 04546-001, Brazil
- Center for Innovation, Technology and Education - CITÉ, Parque Tecnológico de São José Dos Campos, Estrada Dr. Altino Bondensan, 500, São José dos Campos, SP, 12247-016, Brazil
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Goulart ACC, Silveira L, Carvalho HC, Dorta CB, Pacheco MTT, Zângaro RA. Diagnosing COVID-19 in human serum using Raman spectroscopy. Lasers Med Sci 2022; 37:2217-2226. [PMID: 35028768 PMCID: PMC8758209 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-021-03488-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study proposed the diagnosis of COVID-19 by means of Raman spectroscopy. Samples of blood serum from 10 patients positive and 10 patients negative for COVID-19 by RT-PCR RNA and ELISA tests were analyzed. Raman spectra were obtained with a dispersive Raman spectrometer (830 nm, 350 mW) in triplicate, being submitted to exploratory analysis with principal component analysis (PCA) to identify the spectral differences and discriminant analysis with PCA (PCA-DA) and partial least squares (PLS-DA) for classification of the blood serum spectra into Control and COVID-19. The spectra of both groups positive and negative for COVID-19 showed peaks referred to the basal constitution of the serum (mainly albumin). The difference spectra showed decrease in the peaks referred to proteins and amino acids for the group positive. PCA variables showed more detailed spectral differences related to the biochemical alterations due to the COVID-19 such as increase in lipids, nitrogen compounds (urea and amines/amides) and nucleic acids, and decrease of proteins and amino acids (tryptophan) in the COVID-19 group. The discriminant analysis applied to the principal component loadings (PC2, PC4, PC5, and PC6) could classify spectra with 87% sensitivity and 100% specificity compared to 95% sensitivity and 100% specificity indicated in the RT-PCR kit leaflet, demonstrating the possibilities of a rapid, label-free, and costless technique for diagnosing COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Landulfo Silveira
- Universidade Anhembi Morumbi - UAM, Rua Casa Do Ator, 275, São Paulo, SP, 04546-001, Brazil. .,Center for Innovation, Technology and Education - CITÉ, Parque Tecnológico de São José Dos Campos, Estrada Dr. Altino Bondensan, 500, São José dos Campos, SP, 12247-016, Brazil.
| | - Henrique Cunha Carvalho
- Center for Innovation, Technology and Education - CITÉ, Parque Tecnológico de São José Dos Campos, Estrada Dr. Altino Bondensan, 500, São José dos Campos, SP, 12247-016, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos Tadeu T Pacheco
- Universidade Anhembi Morumbi - UAM, Rua Casa Do Ator, 275, São Paulo, SP, 04546-001, Brazil
| | - Renato Amaro Zângaro
- Universidade Anhembi Morumbi - UAM, Rua Casa Do Ator, 275, São Paulo, SP, 04546-001, Brazil.,Center for Innovation, Technology and Education - CITÉ, Parque Tecnológico de São José Dos Campos, Estrada Dr. Altino Bondensan, 500, São José dos Campos, SP, 12247-016, Brazil
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Dubey JP, Cerqueira-Cézar CK, Murata FHA, Kwok OCH, Yang YR, Su C. All about toxoplasmosis in cats: the last decade. Vet Parasitol 2020; 283:109145. [PMID: 32645556 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii infections are common in humans and animals worldwide. Toxoplasmosis continues to be of public health concern. Cats (domestic and wild felids) are the most important host in the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis because they are the only species that can excrete the environmentally resistant oocysts in feces. Cats can excrete millions of oocysts and a single cat can spread infection to many hosts. The present paper summarizes information on prevalence, persistence of infection, clinical signs, and diagnosis of T. gondii infections in domestic and wild cats for the past decade. Special emphasis is paid to genetic diversity of T. gondii isolates from cats. Review of literature indicates that a unique genotype (ToxoDB genotype #9 or Chinese 1) is widely prevalent in cats in China and it has been epidemiologically linked to outbreaks of clinical toxoplasmosis in pigs and deaths in humans in China; this genotype has rarely been detected in other countries. This review will be of interest to biologists, parasitologists, veterinarians, and public health workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Dubey
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA.
| | - C K Cerqueira-Cézar
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
| | - F H A Murata
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
| | - O C H Kwok
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
| | - Y R Yang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - C Su
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-0845, USA
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Analysis of experimental tendinitis in rats treated with laser and platelet-rich plasma therapies by Raman spectroscopy and histometry. Lasers Med Sci 2016; 31:19-26. [PMID: 26498452 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-015-1819-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this controlled experimental study was to analyze the changes in the Achilles tendons of rats with experimentally induced tendinitis after treatment with platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and/or laser therapies by histometry to quantify fibroblasts and by Raman spectroscopy to determine the biochemical concentration of collagen types I and III. Fifty-four male Wistar rats were divided into six treatment groups: control (G1); PRP only (G2); irradiation with 660 nm laser (G3); irradiation with 830 nm laser (G4); PRP plus 660 nm laser irradiation (G5); and PRP plus 830 nm laser irradiation (G6). Injuries (partial tenotomy) were inflicted in the middle third of the Achilles tendon, with PRP added prior to suture in the appropriate experimental groups. A diode laser (model Laser Flash® III, DMC Equipamentos Ltda, São Carlos, SP, Brazil) that can be operated in two wavelengths 660 and 830 nm was used for irradiation treatments. The irradiation protocol was energy density of 70 J/cm², 20 s irradiation time, and 0.028 cm² spot area, per point in three points in the injured. The histometry was made in micrographical images of the H&E stained sections and evaluated by ImageJ (version 1.46r)®. Raman spectra were collected using a dispersive spectrometer at 830 nm excitation, 200 mW power, and 10 s integration time (P-1 Raman system, Lambda Solutions, Inc. MA, USA). The relative amount of type I collagen was significantly greater in the PRP plus 830 nm laser irradiation group (468 ± 188) than in the control (147 ± 137), 630 nm laser only (191 ± 117), and 830 nm laser only (196 ± 106) groups (p < 0.01), while the quantity of type III collagen was significantly greater in the PRP-only group compared to both irradiated groups without PRP (p < 0.05). Treatment with PRP combined with irradiation at 830 nm resulted in a larger number of fibroblasts and increased concentration of type I collagen, thus accelerating the healing of the injured tendon.
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Raman spectroscopy for a rapid diagnosis of sickle cell disease in human blood samples: a preliminary study. Lasers Med Sci 2014; 30:247-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-014-1635-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Kijlstra A, Petersen E. Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and the future of ocular toxoplasmosis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2013; 22:138-47. [PMID: 24131274 DOI: 10.3109/09273948.2013.823214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite large advances in the field of ocular toxoplasmosis, large gaps still exist in our knowledge concerning the epidemiology and pathophysiology of this potentially blinding infectious disease. Although ocular toxoplasmosis is considered to have a high health burden, still little is known about its exact prevalence and how it affects the quality of life. The epidemiology of toxoplasmosis depends on local habits throughout the globe, and changes are likely in view of increased meat consumption in developing countries and demands for higher animal welfare in the Western world. Water is increasingly seen as an important risk factor and more studies are needed to quantitate and control the role of water exposure (drinking, swimming). Tools are now becoming available to study both the human host as well as parasite genetic factors in the development of ocular toxoplasmosis. Further research on the role of Toxoplasma strains as well as basic studies on parasite virulence is needed to explain why Toxoplasma associated eye disease is so severe in some countries, such as Brazil. Although genetic analysis of the parasite represents the gold standard, further developments in serotyping using peptide arrays may offer practical solutions to study the role of parasite strains in the pathogenesis of Toxoplasma retinochoroiditis. More research is needed concerning the pathways whereby the parasite can infect the retina. Once in the retina further tissue damage may be due to parasite virulence factors or could be caused by an aberrant host immune response. Local intraocular immune responses are nowadays used for diagnostic procedures. Future developments may include the use of Raman technology or the direct visualization of a Toxoplasma cyst by optical coherence tomography (OCT). With the availability of ocular fluid specimens obtained for diagnostic purposes and the development of advanced proteomic techniques, a biomarker fingerprint that is unique for an eye with toxoplasmosis may become available. It is hoped that such a biomarker analysis may also be able to distinguish between acquired versus congenital disease. Recently developed mouse models of congenital ocular toxoplasmosis are extremely promising with regard to disease pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aize Kijlstra
- Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Lelystad, The Netherlands; and University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht , The Netherlands, Maastricht , The Netherlands and
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Silveira L, Silveira FL, Bodanese B, Zângaro RA, Pacheco MTT. Discriminating model for diagnosis of basal cell carcinoma and melanoma in vitro based on the Raman spectra of selected biochemicals. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2012; 17:077003. [PMID: 22894516 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.17.7.077003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy has been employed to identify differences in the biochemical constitution of malignant [basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and melanoma (MEL)] cells compared to normal skin tissues, with the goal of skin cancer diagnosis. We collected Raman spectra from compounds such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, which are expected to be represented in human skin spectra, and developed a linear least-squares fitting model to estimate the contributions of these compounds to the tissue spectra. We used a set of 145 spectra from biopsy fragments of normal (30 spectra), BCC (96 spectra), and MEL (19 spectra) skin tissues, collected using a near-infrared Raman spectrometer (830 nm, 50 to 200 mW, and 20 s exposure time) coupled to a Raman probe. We applied the best-fitting model to the spectra of biochemicals and tissues, hypothesizing that the relative spectral contribution of each compound to the tissue Raman spectrum changes according to the disease. We verified that actin, collagen, elastin, and triolein were the most important biochemicals representing the spectral features of skin tissues. A classification model applied to the relative contribution of collagen III, elastin, and melanin using Euclidean distance as a discriminator could differentiate normal from BCC and MEL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Landulfo Silveira
- Universidade Camilo Castelo Branco-UNICASTELO, Biomedical Engineering Institute, Parque Tecnológico de São José dos Campos, Rod. Pres. Dutra, km 138, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, 12247-004, Brazil.
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