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Ramamonjisoa N, Ackerstaff E. Characterization of the Tumor Microenvironment and Tumor-Stroma Interaction by Non-invasive Preclinical Imaging. Front Oncol 2017; 7:3. [PMID: 28197395 PMCID: PMC5281579 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors are often characterized by hypoxia, vascular abnormalities, low extracellular pH, increased interstitial fluid pressure, altered choline-phospholipid metabolism, and aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect). The impact of these tumor characteristics has been investigated extensively in the context of tumor development, progression, and treatment response, resulting in a number of non-invasive imaging biomarkers. More recent evidence suggests that cancer cells undergo metabolic reprograming, beyond aerobic glycolysis, in the course of tumor development and progression. The resulting altered metabolic content in tumors has the ability to affect cell signaling and block cellular differentiation. Additional emerging evidence reveals that the interaction between tumor and stroma cells can alter tumor metabolism (leading to metabolic reprograming) as well as tumor growth and vascular features. This review will summarize previous and current preclinical, non-invasive, multimodal imaging efforts to characterize the tumor microenvironment, including its stromal components and understand tumor-stroma interaction in cancer development, progression, and treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirilanto Ramamonjisoa
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ellen Ackerstaff
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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Cicchi R, Pavone FS. Probing Collagen Organization: Practical Guide for Second-Harmonic Generation (SHG) Imaging. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1627:409-425. [PMID: 28836217 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7113-8_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Second-harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy is a powerful microscopy technique for imaging collagen and other biological molecules using a label-free approach. SHG microscopy offers the advantages of a nonlinear imaging modality together with those ones of a coherent technique. These features make SHG microscopy the ideal tool for imaging collagen at high resolution and for characterizing its organization at various hierarchical levels. Considering that collagen organization plays a crucial role in fibrosis and in its development, it would be beneficial for the researcher working in the field of fibrosis to have a manual listing crucial points to be considered when imaging collagen using SHG microscopy. This chapter provides an answer to this demand with state-of-the-art protocols, methods, and laboratory tips related to SHG microscopy. We also discuss advantages and limitations of the use of SHG for studying fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Cicchi
- National Institute of Optics, National Research Council (INO-CNR), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
- European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy (LENS), University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - Francesco S Pavone
- European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy (LENS), University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Raja AM, Xu S, Zhuo S, Tai DCS, Sun W, So PTC, Welsch RE, Chen CS, Yu H. Differential remodeling of extracellular matrices by breast cancer initiating cells. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2015; 8:804-15. [PMID: 25597396 PMCID: PMC4761427 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201400079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cancer initiating cells (CICs) have been the focus of recent anti-cancer therapies, exhibiting strong invasion capability via potentially enhanced ability to remodel extracellular matrices (ECM). We have identified CICs in a human breast cancer cell line, MX-1, and developed a xenograft model in SCID mice. We investigated the CICs' matrix-remodeling effects using Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) microscopy to identify potential phenotypic signatures of the CIC-rich tumors. The isolated CICs exhibit higher proliferation, drug efflux and drug resistant properties in vitro; were more tumorigenic than non-CICs, resulting in more and larger tumors in the xenograft model. The CIC-rich tumors have less collagen in the tumor interior than in the CIC-poor tumors supporting the idea that the CICs can remodel the collagen more effectively. The collagen fibers were preferentially aligned perpendicular to the CIC-rich tumor boundary while parallel to the CIC-poor tumor boundary suggesting more invasive behavior of the CIC-rich tumors. These findings would provide potential translational values in quantifying and monitoring CIC-rich tumors in future anti-cancer therapies. CIC-rich tumors remodel the collagen matrix more than CIC-poor tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju M Raja
- Biomedical Engineering Division, Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Ngee Ann Polytechnic, 535 Clementi Road, Singapore, 599489
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, A*STAR, Singapore, 138669
- NUS Graduate Programme in Bioengineering, NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shuoyu Xu
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, A*STAR, Singapore, 138669
- BioSystems and Micromechanics, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1 CREATE Way, #04-13/14 Enterprise Wing, Singapore, 138602
| | - Shuangmu Zhuo
- BioSystems and Micromechanics, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1 CREATE Way, #04-13/14 Enterprise Wing, Singapore, 138602
- Institute of Laser and Optoelectronics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Dean C S Tai
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, A*STAR, Singapore, 138669
| | - Wanxin Sun
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, A*STAR, Singapore, 138669
| | - Peter T C So
- BioSystems and Micromechanics, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1 CREATE Way, #04-13/14 Enterprise Wing, Singapore, 138602
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Roy E Welsch
- Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Chien-Shing Chen
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456
- School of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Loma Linda University, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Hanry Yu
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, A*STAR, Singapore, 138669.
- NUS Graduate Programme in Bioengineering, NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597.
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
- BioSystems and Micromechanics, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1 CREATE Way, #04-13/14 Enterprise Wing, Singapore, 138602.
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, 117597.
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-Lab, #05-01, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411.
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Cicchi R, Vogler N, Kapsokalyvas D, Dietzek B, Popp J, Pavone FS. From molecular structure to tissue architecture: collagen organization probed by SHG microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2013; 6:129-42. [PMID: 22791562 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201200092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Second-harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy is a fantastic tool for imaging collagen and probing its hierarchical organization from molecular scale up to tissue architectural level. In fact, SHG combines the advantages of a non-linear microscopy approach with a coherent modality able to probe molecular organization. In this manuscript we review the physical concepts describing SHG from collagen, highlighting how this optical process allows to probe structures ranging from molecular sizes to tissue architecture, through image pattern analysis and scoring methods. Starting from the description of the most relevant approaches employing SHG polarization anisotropy and forward - backward SHG detection, we then focus on the most relevant methods for imaging and characterizing collagen organization in tissues through image pattern analysis methods, highlighting advantages and limitations of the methods applied to tissue imaging and to potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Cicchi
- European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy LENS, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
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Cox G. Biological applications of second harmonic imaging. Biophys Rev 2011; 3:131. [PMID: 28510062 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-011-0052-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) microscopy dates back to 1974, but effective biological use of the technique has a history of barely 10 years. It is now widely used to image collagen in many different applications, and is becoming useful for imaging myosin and some polysaccharides. A separate line on research has focussed on SHG dyes, which can provide high-speed indication of membrane potential and are now in use in neurobiology. This review looks at the progress to date in these different fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Cox
- Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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Tian L, Wei H, Jin Y, Liu H, Guo Z, Deng X. Backward emission angle of microscopic second-harmonic generation from crystallized type I collagen fiber. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2011; 16:075001. [PMID: 21806258 DOI: 10.1117/1.3596174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A theoretical model that deals with SHG from crystallized type I collagen fiber formed by a bundle of fibrils is established. By introducing a density distribution function of dipoles within fibrils assembly into the dipole theory and combining with structural order (m,l) parameters revealed by quasi-phase-matching (QPM) theory, our established theoretical model comprehensively characterizes both biophysical features of collagen dipoles and the crystalline characteristics of collagen fiber. This new model quantitatively reveals the 3-D distribution of second-harmonic generation (SHG) emission angle (θ,ϕ) in accordance with the emission power. Results show that fibrils diameter d(1) and structural order m, which describes the structural characteristics of collagen fiber along the incident light propagation direction has significant influence on backward∕forward SHG emission. The decrease of fibrils diameter d(1) induces an increase of the peak SHG emission angle θ(max). As d(1) decreases to a threshold value, in our case it is around d(1) = 150 nm when (m,l) = (1,0), θ(max) > 90 deg, indicating that backward SHG emission appears. The SHG may have two symmetrical emission distribution lobes or may have only one or two unsymmetrical emission lobes with unequal emission power, depending on the functional area of (m,l) on d(1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Tian
- South China Normal University, MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, Tianhe Shipai, Guangzhou, Guangzhou 510631 China
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