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Bernstein L, Ramier A, Wu J, Aiello VD, Béland MJ, Lin CP, Yun SH. Ultrahigh resolution spectral-domain optical coherence tomography using the 1000-1600 nm spectral band. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:1939-1947. [PMID: 35519264 PMCID: PMC9045918 DOI: 10.1364/boe.443654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ultrahigh resolution optical coherence tomography (UHR-OCT) can image microscopic features that are not visible with the standard OCT resolution of 5-15 µm. In previous studies, high-speed UHR-OCT has been accomplished within the visible (VIS) and near-infrared (NIR-I) spectral ranges, specifically within 550-950 nm. Here, we present a spectral domain UHR-OCT system operating in a short-wavelength infrared (SWIR) range from 1000 to 1600 nm using a supercontinuum light source and an InGaAs-based spectrometer. We obtained an axial resolution of 2.6 µm in air, the highest ever recorded in the SWIR window to our knowledge, with deeper penetration into tissues than VIS or NIR-I light. We demonstrate imaging of conduction fibers of the left bundle branch in freshly excised porcine hearts. These results suggest a potential for deep-penetration, ultrahigh resolution OCT in intraoperative applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liane Bernstein
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02140, USA,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Antoine Ramier
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02140, USA,Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jiamin Wu
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02140, USA,Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China,Institute for Brain and Cognitive Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Vera D. Aiello
- Laboratory of Pathology, Heart Institute, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marie J. Béland
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, The Montreal Children’s Hospital of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Charles P. Lin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02140, USA,Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Seok-Hyun Yun
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02140, USA,Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA,Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,
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Chen C, Shi W, Reyes R, Yang VXD. Buffer-averaging super-continuum source based spectral domain optical coherence tomography for high speed imaging. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:6529-6544. [PMID: 31065447 PMCID: PMC6491018 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.006529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In super-continuum (SC) source based spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SC-SDOCT), the stability of the power spectral density (PSD) has a significant impact on OCT system sensitivity and image signal to noise ratio (SNR). High speed imaging decreases the camera's exposure time, thus each A-scan contained fewer laser pulse excited SC wideband emissions, resulting in a decrease of SNR. In this manuscript, we present a buffer-averaging SC-SDOCT (BASC-SDOCT) to improve the system's performance without losing imaging speed, taking advantage of the excess output power from typical SC sources. In our proposed technique, the output light from SC was passed through a fiber based light buffering and averaging system to improve the PSD stability by averaging 8 SC emissions. The results showed that 6.96 µs of SC emission after buffering and averaging can achieve the same PSD stability equivalent to a longer exposure time of 55.68 µs, despite increasing the imaging speed from 16.8 kHz to 91.9 kHz. The system sensitivity was improved by 8.6 dB, reaching 100.6 dB, which in turn improved SNR of structural imaging, Doppler OCT velocity measurement, and speckle variance OCT (SVOCT) angiographic imaging as demonstrated by phantom and in vivo experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoliang Chen
- Biophotonics and Bioengineering Lab, Department of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Weisong Shi
- Biophotonics and Bioengineering Lab, Department of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Robnier Reyes
- Biophotonics and Bioengineering Lab, Department of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Victor X. D. Yang
- Biophotonics and Bioengineering Lab, Department of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Cicerone M. Molecular imaging with CARS micro-spectroscopy. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2016; 33:179-85. [PMID: 27400394 PMCID: PMC5018446 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
After more than a decade of instrument and method development, broadband coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) micro-spectroscopy is beginning to live up to its potential as a label-free imaging modality that can rapidly generate high resolution images with full vibrational spectra at each image pixel. Presently these instruments are able to obtain quantitative, spatially resolved information on lipids from the CH stretch region of the Raman spectrum, and some instrument designs facilitate acquisition of high quality fingerprint spectra, containing information on a host of molecular species including structural proteins, nucleotides, and metabolites. While most of the existing instruments are research projects themselves, it appears that the relevant technologies are maturing so that commercially available instruments may not be too far in the future, making this remarkable imaging modality widely available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Cicerone
- NIST, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States.
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Kieu K, Mehravar S, Gowda R, Norwood RA, Peyghambarian N. Label-free multi-photon imaging using a compact femtosecond fiber laser mode-locked by carbon nanotube saturable absorber. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 4:2187-95. [PMID: 24156074 PMCID: PMC3799676 DOI: 10.1364/boe.4.002187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate label-free multi-photon imaging of biological samples using a compact Er(3+)-doped femtosecond fiber laser mode-locked by a single-walled carbon nanotube (CNT). These compact and low cost lasers have been developed by various groups but they have not been exploited for multiphoton microscopy. Here, it is shown that various multiphoton imaging modalities (e.g. second harmonic generation (SHG), third harmonic generation (THG), two-photon excitation fluorescence (TPEF), and three-photon excitation fluorescence (3PEF)) can be effectively performed on various biological samples using a compact handheld CNT mode-locked femtosecond fiber laser operating in the telecommunication window near 1560nm. We also show for the first time that chlorophyll fluorescence in plant leaves and diatoms can be observed using 1560nm laser excitation via three-photon absorption.
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