1
|
Stillwell RA, Kitsmiller VJ, Wei AY, Chong A, Senn L, O’Sullivan TD. A scalable, multi-wavelength, broad bandwidth frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy platform for real-time quantitative tissue optical imaging. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:7261-7279. [PMID: 34858713 PMCID: PMC8606133 DOI: 10.1364/boe.435913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy (FD-NIRS) provides quantitative noninvasive measurements of tissue optical absorption and scattering, as well as a safe and accurate method for characterizing tissue composition and metabolism. However, the poor scalability and high complexity of most FD-NIRS systems assembled to date have contributed to its limited clinical impact. To address these shortcomings, we present a scalable, digital-based FD-NIRS platform capable of measuring optical properties and tissue chromophore concentrations in real-time. The system provides single-channel FD-NIRS amplitude/phase, optical property, and chromophore data at a maximum display rate of 36.6 kHz, 17.9 kHz, and 10.2 kHz, respectively, and can be scaled to multiple channels as well as integrated into a handheld format. The entire system is enabled by several innovations including an ultra-high-speed k-nearest neighbor lookup table method (maximum of 250,000 inversions/s for a large 2500x700 table of absorption and reduced scattering coefficients), embedded FPGA and CPU high-speed co-processing, and high-speed data transfer (due to on-board processing). We show that our 6-wavelength, broad modulation bandwidth (1-400 MHz) system can be used to perform 2D high-density spatial mapping of optical properties and high speed quantification of hemodynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roy A. Stillwell
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Vincent J. Kitsmiller
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Alicia Y. Wei
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Alyssa Chong
- St. Mary’s College, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Lyla Senn
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Thomas D. O’Sullivan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lam JH, Hill B, Quang T, Amelard R, Kim S, Yazdi HS, Warren RV, Cutler KB, Tromberg BJ. Multi-modal diffuse optical spectroscopy for high-speed monitoring and wide-area mapping of tissue optical properties and hemodynamics. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2021; 26:JBO-210158RR. [PMID: 34390234 PMCID: PMC8362892 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.26.8.085002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Diffuse optical spectroscopic imaging (DOSI) is a versatile technology sensitive to changes in tissue composition and hemodynamics and has been used for a wide variety of clinical applications. Specific applications have prompted the development of versions of the DOSI technology to fit specific clinical needs. This work describes the development and characterization of a multi-modal DOSI (MM-DOSI) system that can acquire metabolic, compositional, and pulsatile information at multiple penetration depths in a single hardware platform. Additionally, a 3D tracking system is integrated with MM-DOSI, which enables registration of the acquired data to the physical imaging area. AIM We demonstrate imaging, layered compositional analysis, and metabolism tracking capabilities using a single MM-DOSI system on optical phantoms as well as in vivo human tissue. APPROACH We characterize system performance with a silicone phantom containing an embedded object. To demonstrate multi-layer sensitivity, we imaged human calf tissue with a 4.8-mm skin-adipose thickness. Human thenar tissue was also measured using a combined broadband DOSI and continuous-wave near-infrared spectroscopy method (∼15 Hz acquisition rate). RESULTS High-resolution optical property maps of absorption (μa) and reduced scattering (μs ' ) were recovered on the phantom by capturing over 1000 measurement points in under 5 minutes. On human calf tissue, we show two probing depth layers have significantly different (p < 0.001) total-hemo/myoglobin and μs ' composition. On thenar tissue, we calculate tissue arterial oxygen saturation, venous oxygen saturation, and tissue metabolic rate of oxygen consumption during baseline and after release of an arterial occlusion. CONCLUSIONS The MM-DOSI can switch between collection of broadband spectra, high-resolution images, or multi-depth hemodynamics without any hardware reconfiguration. We conclude that MM-DOSI enables acquisition of high resolution, multi-modal data consolidated in a single platform, which can provide a more comprehensive understanding of tissue hemodynamics and composition for a wide range of clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse H. Lam
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California, United States
- Dankook University, Beckman Laser Institute Korea, School of Medicine, Cheonan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Brian Hill
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Timothy Quang
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Robert Amelard
- KITE-Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Schlegel-UW Research Institute for Aging, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sehwan Kim
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California, United States
- Dankook University, Beckman Laser Institute Korea, School of Medicine, Cheonan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hossein S. Yazdi
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Robert V. Warren
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Kyle B. Cutler
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Bruce J. Tromberg
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California, United States
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
- Address all correspondence to Bruce J. Tromberg,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Applegate MB, Amelard R, Gomez CA, Roblyer D. Real-Time Handheld Probe Tracking and Image Formation Using Digital Frequency-Domain Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2021; 68:3399-3409. [PMID: 33835913 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2021.3072036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Frequency-domain diffuse optical spectroscopic imaging (FD-DOS) is a non-invasive method for measuring absolute concentrations of tissue chromophores such as oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin in vivo. The utility of FD-DOS for clinical applications such as monitoring chemotherapy response in breast cancer has previously been demonstrated, but challenges for further clinical translation, such as slow acquisition speed and lack of user feedback, remain. Here, we propose a new high speed FD-DOS instrument that allows users to freely acquire measurements over the tissue surface, and is capable of rapidly imaging large volumes of tissue. METHODS We utilize 3D monocular probe tracking combined with custom digital FD-DOS hardware and a high-speed data processing pipeline for the instrument. Results are displayed during scanning over the surface of the sample using a probabilistic Monte Carlo light propagation model. RESULTS We show this instrument can measure absorption and scattering coefficients with an error of 7% and 1% respectively, with 0.7 mm positional accuracy. We demonstrate the equivalence of our visualization methodology with a standard interpolation approach, and demonstrate two proof-of-concept in vivo results showing superficial vasculature in the human forearm and surface contrast in a healthy human breast. CONCLUSION Our new FD-DOS system is able to compute chromophore concentrations in real-time (1.5 Hz) in vivo. SIGNIFICANCE This method has the potential to improve the quality of FD-DOS image scans while reducing measurement times for a variety of clinical applications.
Collapse
|
4
|
Applegate MB, Gómez CA, Roblyer D. Modulation frequency selection and efficient look-up table inversion for frequency domain diffuse optical spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2021; 26:JBO-200393RR. [PMID: 33768742 PMCID: PMC7992233 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.26.3.036007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Frequency domain diffuse optical spectroscopy (FD-DOS) uses intensity modulated light to measure the absorption and reduced scattering coefficients of turbid media such as biological tissue. Some FD-DOS instruments utilize a single modulation frequency, whereas others use hundreds of frequencies. The effect of modulation frequency choice and measurement bandwidth on optical property (OP) extraction accuracy has not yet been fully characterized. AIM We aim to assess the effect of modulation frequency selection on OP extraction error and develop a high-speed look-up table (LUT) approach for OP estimation. APPROACH We first used noise-free simulations of light transport in homogeneous media to determine optimized iterative inversion model parameters and developed a new multi-frequency LUT method to increase the speed of inversion. We then used experimentally derived noise models for two FD-DOS instruments to generate realistic simulated data for a broad range of OPs and modulation frequencies to test OP extraction accuracy. RESULTS We found that repeated measurements at a single low-frequency (110 MHz) yielded essentially identical OP errors as a broadband frequency sweep (35 evenly spaced frequencies between 50 and 253 MHz) for these noise models. The inclusion of modulation frequencies >300 MHz diminished overall performance for one of the instruments. Additionally, we developed a LUT inversion algorithm capable of increasing inversion speeds by up to 6 × , with 1000 inversions / s and ∼1 % error when a single modulation frequency was used. CONCLUSION These results suggest that simpler single-frequency systems are likely sufficient for many applications and pave the way for a new generation of simpler digital FD-DOS systems capable of rapid, large-volume measurements with real-time feedback.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B. Applegate
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Carlos A. Gómez
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Darren Roblyer
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Address all correspondence to Darren Roblyer,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Molecular Subtypes Recognition of Breast Cancer in Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging Phenotypes from Radiomics Data. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2019; 2019:6978650. [PMID: 31827586 PMCID: PMC6885255 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6978650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objective Breast cancer is a major cause of mortality among women if not treated in early stages. Recognizing molecular markers from DCE-MRI directly to distinguish the four molecular subtypes without invasive biopsy is helpful for guiding treatment plans for breast cancer, which provides a fast way to consequential treatment plan decision in early time and best opportunity for patients. Methods This study presents an approach of molecular subtypes recognition from breast cancer image phenotypes by radiomics. An improved region growth algorithm with dynamic threshold without user interaction is proposed for cancer lesion segmentation, which gives the precise border of lesion other than area with background. The lesions are extracted automatically based on radiologists' annotation which guarantees the lesion is segmented correctly. Various features are extracted on lesions data including texture, morphology, dynamic kinetics, and statistics features carried out on a large patient cohort, which are used to validate the relationship between image phenotypes and the molecular subtypes. A new algorithm of multimodel-based recursive feature elimination is applied on the radiomics data generated by the feature extraction process. This method obtains the feature subset with stable performance for different classification models, and the gradient boosting decision tree model gets the best results of both classification performance and imbalance performance on molecular subtypes. Result From the experimental results, 69 optimal features from 143 original features are found by the multimodel-based recursive feature elimination algorithms and the gradient boosting decision tree classifier obtains a good performance with accuracy 0.87, precise 0.88, recall 0.87, and F1-score 0.87. The dataset with 637 patients in this paper has serious imbalance problem on different molecular subtypes, and the the robust features that are generated by multimodel-based recursive feature eliminiation algorithm make the gradient boosting decision tree classifier have good behaviors. The recognition precision for the four molecular subtypes of luminal A, luminal B, HER-2, and basal-like are 0.91, 0.89, 0.83, and 0.87, respectively. Conclusions The improved lesion segmentation method gives more precise lesion edge, which not only saves the time of automatic extraction of lesion region of interest without threshold setting for each case, but also prevents the segmentation error by manual and prejudice from different radiologists. The feature selection algorithm of multimodel-based recursive feature elimination has the ability to find robust and optimal features that distinguish the four molecular subtypes from image phenotypes. The gradient boosting decision tree classifier rather plays a main role in recognition than other models used in this paper.
Collapse
|
6
|
Ramirez G, Proctor AR, Jung KW, Wu TT, Han S, Adams RR, Ren J, Byun DK, Madden KS, Brown EB, Foster TH, Farzam P, Durduran T, Choe R. Chemotherapeutic drug-specific alteration of microvascular blood flow in murine breast cancer as measured by diffuse correlation spectroscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:3610-3630. [PMID: 27699124 PMCID: PMC5030036 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.003610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The non-invasive, in vivo measurement of microvascular blood flow has the potential to enhance breast cancer therapy monitoring. Here, longitudinal blood flow of 4T1 murine breast cancer (N=125) under chemotherapy was quantified with diffuse correlation spectroscopy based on layer models. Six different treatment regimens involving doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, and paclitaxel at clinically relevant doses were investigated. Treatments with cyclophosphamide increased blood flow as early as 3 days after administration, whereas paclitaxel induced a transient blood flow decrease at 1 day after administration. Early blood flow changes correlated strongly with the treatment outcome and distinguished treated from untreated mice individually for effective treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Ramirez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627,
USA
| | - Ashley R. Proctor
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627,
USA
| | - Ki Won Jung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627,
USA
| | - Tong Tong Wu
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642,
USA
| | - Songfeng Han
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627,
USA
| | - Russell R. Adams
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627,
USA
| | - Jingxuan Ren
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627,
USA
| | - Daniel K. Byun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627,
USA
| | - Kelley S. Madden
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627,
USA
| | - Edward B. Brown
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627,
USA
| | - Thomas H. Foster
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627,
USA
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627,
USA
- Department of Imaging Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642,
USA
| | - Parisa Farzam
- ICFO- Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona),
Spain
| | - Turgut Durduran
- ICFO- Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona),
Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08015 Barcelona,
Spain
| | - Regine Choe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627,
USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627,
USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Choe R, Putt ME, Carlile PM, Durduran T, Giammarco JM, Busch DR, Jung KW, Czerniecki BJ, Tchou J, Feldman MD, Mies C, Rosen MA, Schnall MD, DeMichele A, Yodh AG. Optically measured microvascular blood flow contrast of malignant breast tumors. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99683. [PMID: 24967878 PMCID: PMC4072684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Microvascular blood flow contrast is an important hemodynamic and metabolic parameter with potential to enhance in vivo breast cancer detection and therapy monitoring. Here we report on non-invasive line-scan measurements of malignant breast tumors with a hand-held optical probe in the remission geometry. The probe employs diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS), a near-infrared optical method that quantifies deep tissue microvascular blood flow. Tumor-to-normal perfusion ratios are derived from thirty-two human subjects. Mean (95% confidence interval) tumor-to-normal ratio using surrounding normal tissue was 2.25 (1.92–2.63); tumor-to-normal ratio using normal tissues at the corresponding tumor location in the contralateral breast was 2.27 (1.94–2.66), and using normal tissue in the contralateral breast was 2.27 (1.90–2.70). Thus, the mean tumor-to-normal ratios were significantly different from unity irrespective of the normal tissue chosen, implying that tumors have significantly higher blood flow than normal tissues. Therefore, the study demonstrates existence of breast cancer contrast in blood flow measured by DCS. The new, optically accessible cancer contrast holds potential for cancer detection and therapy monitoring applications, and it is likely to be especially useful when combined with diffuse optical spectroscopy/tomography.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Regine Choe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Mary E. Putt
- Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Peter M. Carlile
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Turgut Durduran
- ICFO- Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Joseph M. Giammarco
- Department of Astronomy & Physics, Eastern University, St. Davids, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - David R. Busch
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ki Won Jung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Brian J. Czerniecki
- Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Julia Tchou
- Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael D. Feldman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Carolyn Mies
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mark A. Rosen
- Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mitchell D. Schnall
- Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Angela DeMichele
- Department of Medicine (Hematology/Oncology), Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Arjun G. Yodh
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Busch DR, Choe R, Durduran T, Yodh AG. Towards non-invasive characterization of breast cancer and cancer metabolism with diffuse optics. PET Clin 2013; 8. [PMID: 24244206 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We review recent developments in diffuse optical imaging and monitoring of breast cancer, i.e. optical mammography. Optical mammography permits non-invasive, safe and frequent measurement of tissue hemodynamics oxygen metabolism and components (lipids, water, etc.), the development of new compound indices indicative of the risk and malignancy, and holds potential for frequent non-invasive longitudinal monitoring of therapy progression.
Collapse
|
9
|
Arnesano C, Santoro Y, Gratton E. Digital parallel frequency-domain spectroscopy for tissue imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2012; 17:96014-1. [PMID: 23085915 PMCID: PMC3442105 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.17.9.096014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 08/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared (NIR) (650 to 1000 nm) optical properties of turbid media can be quantified accurately and noninvasively using methods based on diffuse reflectance or transmittance, such as frequency-domain photon migration (FDPM). Conventional FDPM techniques based on white-light steady-state (SS) spectral measurements in conjunction with the acquisition of frequency-domain (FD) data at selected wavelengths using laser diodes are used to measure broadband NIR scattering-corrected absorption spectra of turbid media. These techniques are limited by the number of wavelength points used to obtain FD data and by the sweeping technique used to collect FD data over a relatively large range. We have developed a method that introduces several improvements in the acquisition of optical parameters, based on the digital parallel acquisition of a comb of frequencies and on the use of a white laser as a single light source for both FD and SS measurements. The source, due to the high brightness, allows a higher penetration depth with an extremely low power on the sample. The parallel acquisition decreases the time required by standard serial systems that scan through a range of modulation frequencies. Furthermore, all-digital acquisition removes analog noise, avoids the analog mixer, and does not create radiofrequency interference or emission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cosimo Arnesano
- University of California Irvine, Biomedical Engineering Department, Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Irvine, California
| | - Ylenia Santoro
- University of California Irvine, Biomedical Engineering Department, Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Irvine, California
| | - Enrico Gratton
- University of California Irvine, Biomedical Engineering Department, Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Irvine, California
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
O’Sullivan TD, Cerussi AE, Cuccia DJ, Tromberg BJ. Diffuse optical imaging using spatially and temporally modulated light. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2012; 17:071311. [PMID: 22894472 PMCID: PMC3607494 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.17.7.071311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The authors describe the development of diffuse optical imaging (DOI) technologies, specifically the use of spatial and temporal modulation to control near infrared light propagation in thick tissues. We present theory and methods of DOI focusing on model-based techniques for quantitative, in vivo measurements of endogenous tissue absorption and scattering properties. We specifically emphasize the common conceptual framework of the scalar photon density wave for both temporal and spatial frequency-domain approaches. After presenting the history, theoretical foundation, and instrumentation related to these methods, we provide a brief review of clinical and preclinical applications from our research as well as our outlook on the future of DOI technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D. O’Sullivan
- University of California, Irvine, Laser Microbeam and Medical Program (LAMMP), Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California
| | - Albert E. Cerussi
- University of California, Irvine, Laser Microbeam and Medical Program (LAMMP), Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California
| | | | - Bruce J. Tromberg
- University of California, Irvine, Laser Microbeam and Medical Program (LAMMP), Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California
- Address all correspondence to: Bruce J. Tromberg, University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, 1002 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, California 92612. Tel: +949 824 8705; Fax: 949 824 8413; E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|