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Marzi J, Munnig Schmidt EC, Brauchle EM, Wissing TB, Bauer H, Serrero A, Söntjens SHM, Bosman AW, Cox MAJ, Smits AIPM, Schenke-Layland K. Marker-Independent Monitoring of in vitro and in vivo Degradation of Supramolecular Polymers Applied in Cardiovascular in situ Tissue Engineering. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:885873. [PMID: 35656396 PMCID: PMC9152121 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.885873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The equilibrium between scaffold degradation and neotissue formation, is highly essential for in situ tissue engineering. Herein, biodegradable grafts function as temporal roadmap to guide regeneration. The ability to monitor and understand the dynamics of degradation and tissue deposition in in situ cardiovascular graft materials is therefore of great value to accelerate the implementation of safe and sustainable tissue-engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs) as a substitute for conventional prosthetic grafts. In this study, we investigated the potential of Raman microspectroscopy and Raman imaging to monitor degradation kinetics of supramolecular polymers, which are employed as degradable scaffolds in in situ tissue engineering. Raman imaging was applied on in vitro degraded polymers, investigating two different polymer materials, subjected to oxidative and enzymatically-induced degradation. Furthermore, the method was transferred to analyze in vivo degradation of tissue-engineered carotid grafts after 6 and 12 months in a sheep model. Multivariate data analysis allowed to trace degradation and to compare the data from in vitro and in vivo degradation, indicating similar molecular observations in spectral signatures between implants and oxidative in vitro degradation. In vivo degradation appeared to be dominated by oxidative pathways. Furthermore, information on collagen deposition and composition could simultaneously be obtained from the same image scans. Our results demonstrate the sensitivity of Raman microspectroscopy to determine degradation stages and the assigned molecular changes non-destructively, encouraging future exploration of this techniques for time-resolved quality assessment of in situ tissue engineering processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Marzi
- Department for Medical Technologies and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) “Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies, ” Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Julia Marzi
| | - Emma C. Munnig Schmidt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Eva M. Brauchle
- Department for Medical Technologies and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) “Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies, ” Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tamar B. Wissing
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of TechnologyEindhoven, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Anthal I. P. M. Smits
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of TechnologyEindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Katja Schenke-Layland
- Department for Medical Technologies and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) “Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies, ” Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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2
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Becker L, Janssen N, Layland SL, Mürdter TE, Nies AT, Schenke-Layland K, Marzi J. Raman Imaging and Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy for Diagnosis of Cancer State and Metabolic Monitoring. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13225682. [PMID: 34830837 PMCID: PMC8616063 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hurdles for effective tumor therapy are delayed detection and limited effectiveness of systemic drug therapies by patient-specific multidrug resistance. Non-invasive bioimaging tools such as fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) and Raman-microspectroscopy have evolved over the last decade, providing the potential to be translated into clinics for early-stage disease detection, in vitro drug screening, and drug efficacy studies in personalized medicine. Accessing tissue- and cell-specific spectral signatures, Raman microspectroscopy has emerged as a diagnostic tool to identify precancerous lesions, cancer stages, or cell malignancy. In vivo Raman measurements have been enabled by recent technological advances in Raman endoscopy and signal-enhancing setups such as coherent anti-stokes Raman spectroscopy or surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. FLIM enables in situ investigations of metabolic processes such as glycolysis, oxidative stress, or mitochondrial activity by using the autofluorescence of co-enzymes NADH and FAD, which are associated with intrinsic proteins as a direct measure of tumor metabolism, cell death stages and drug efficacy. The combination of non-invasive and molecular-sensitive in situ techniques and advanced 3D tumor models such as patient-derived organoids or microtumors allows the recapitulation of tumor physiology and metabolism in vitro and facilitates the screening for patient-individualized drug treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Becker
- Department for Medical Technologies and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nicole Janssen
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Shannon L Layland
- Department for Medical Technologies and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas E Mürdter
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anne T Nies
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katja Schenke-Layland
- Department for Medical Technologies and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, Department of Medicine/Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Julia Marzi
- Department for Medical Technologies and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany
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3
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A New Look into Cancer-A Review on the Contribution of Vibrational Spectroscopy on Early Diagnosis and Surgery Guidance. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215336. [PMID: 34771500 PMCID: PMC8582426 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, with the detection of the disease in its early stages, as well as a correct assessment of the tumour margins, being paramount for a successful recovery. While breast cancer is one of most common types of cancer, head and neck cancer is one of the types of cancer with a lower prognosis and poor aesthetic results. Vibrational spectroscopy detects molecular vibrations, being sensitive to different sample compositions, even when the difference was slight. The use of spectroscopy in biomedicine has been extensively explored, since it allows a broader assessment of the biochemical fingerprint of several diseases. This literature review covers the most recent advances in breast and head and neck cancer early diagnosis and intraoperative margin assessment, through Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopies. The rising field of spectral histopathology was also approached. The authors aimed at expounding in a more concise and simple way the challenges faced by clinicians and how vibrational spectroscopy has evolved to respond to those needs for the two types of cancer with the highest potential for improvement regarding an early diagnosis, surgical margin assessment and histopathology. Abstract In 2020, approximately 10 million people died of cancer, rendering this disease the second leading cause of death worldwide. Detecting cancer in its early stages is paramount for patients’ prognosis and survival. Hence, the scientific and medical communities are engaged in improving both therapeutic strategies and diagnostic methodologies, beyond prevention. Optical vibrational spectroscopy has been shown to be an ideal diagnostic method for early cancer diagnosis and surgical margins assessment, as a complement to histopathological analysis. Being highly sensitive, non-invasive and capable of real-time molecular imaging, Raman and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopies give information on the biochemical profile of the tissue under analysis, detecting the metabolic differences between healthy and cancerous portions of the same sample. This constitutes tremendous progress in the field, since the cancer-prompted morphological alterations often occur after the biochemical imbalances in the oncogenic process. Therefore, the early cancer-associated metabolic changes are unnoticed by the histopathologist. Additionally, Raman and FTIR spectroscopies significantly reduce the subjectivity linked to cancer diagnosis. This review focuses on breast and head and neck cancers, their clinical needs and the progress made to date using vibrational spectroscopy as a diagnostic technique prior to surgical intervention and intraoperative margin assessment.
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Current Intraoperative Imaging Techniques to Improve Surgical Resection of Laryngeal Cancer: A Systematic Review. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13081895. [PMID: 33920824 PMCID: PMC8071167 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Laryngeal cancer is a prevalent head and neck malignancy, with poor prognosis and low survival rates for patients with advanced disease. The recurrence rate for advanced laryngeal cancer is between 25 and 50%. In order to improve surgical resection of laryngeal cancer and reduce local recurrence rates, various intraoperative optical imaging techniques have been investigated. In this systematic review we identify these technologies, evaluating the current state and future directions of optical imaging for this indication. Evidently, the investigated imaging modalities are generally unsuitable for deep margin assessment, and, therefore, inadequate to guide resection in advanced laryngeal disease. We discuss two optical imaging techniques that can overcome these limitations and suggest how they can be used to achieve adequate margins in laryngeal cancer at all stages. Abstract Laryngeal cancer is a prevalent head and neck malignancy, with poor prognosis and low survival rates for patients with advanced disease. Treatment consists of unimodal therapy through surgery or radiotherapy in early staged tumors, while advanced stage tumors are generally treated with multimodal chemoradiotherapy or (total) laryngectomy followed by radiotherapy. Still, the recurrence rate for advanced laryngeal cancer is between 25 and 50%. In order to improve surgical resection of laryngeal cancer and reduce local recurrence rates, various intraoperative optical imaging techniques have been investigated. In this systematic review, we identify these technologies, evaluating the current state and future directions of optical imaging for this indication. Narrow-band imaging (NBI) and autofluorescence (AF) are established tools for early detection of laryngeal cancer. Nonetheless, their intraoperative utility is limited by an intrinsic inability to image beyond the (sub-)mucosa. Likewise, contact endoscopy (CE) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) are technically cumbersome and only useful for mucosal margin assessment. Research on fluorescence imaging (FLI) for this application is sparse, dealing solely with nonspecific fluorescent agents. Evidently, the imaging modalities that have been investigated thus far are generally unsuitable for deep margin assessment. We discuss two optical imaging techniques that can overcome these limitations and suggest how they can be used to achieve adequate margins in laryngeal cancer at all stages.
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He Z, Wang P, Ye X. Novel endoscopic optical diagnostic technologies in medical trial research: recent advancements and future prospects. Biomed Eng Online 2021; 20:5. [PMID: 33407477 PMCID: PMC7789310 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-020-00845-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel endoscopic biophotonic diagnostic technologies have the potential to non-invasively detect the interior of a hollow organ or cavity of the human body with subcellular resolution or to obtain biochemical information about tissue in real time. With the capability to visualize or analyze the diagnostic target in vivo, these techniques gradually developed as potential candidates to challenge histopathology which remains the gold standard for diagnosis. Consequently, many innovative endoscopic diagnostic techniques have succeeded in detection, characterization, and confirmation: the three critical steps for routine endoscopic diagnosis. In this review, we mainly summarize researches on emerging endoscopic optical diagnostic techniques, with emphasis on recent advances. We also introduce the fundamental principles and the development of those techniques and compare their characteristics. Especially, we shed light on the merit of novel endoscopic imaging technologies in medical research. For example, hyperspectral imaging and Raman spectroscopy provide direct molecular information, while optical coherence tomography and multi-photo endomicroscopy offer a more extensive detection range and excellent spatial-temporal resolution. Furthermore, we summarize the unexplored application fields of these endoscopic optical techniques in major hospital departments for biomedical researchers. Finally, we provide a brief overview of the future perspectives, as well as bottlenecks of those endoscopic optical diagnostic technologies. We believe all these efforts will enrich the diagnostic toolbox for endoscopists, enhance diagnostic efficiency, and reduce the rate of missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyu He
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Wang
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuesong Ye
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of CAD and CG, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Heng HPS, Shu C, Zheng W, Lin K, Huang Z. Advances in real‐time fiber‐optic Raman spectroscopy for early cancer diagnosis: Pushing the frontier into clinical endoscopic applications. TRANSLATIONAL BIOPHOTONICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/tbio.202000018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Howard Peng Sin Heng
- Optical Bioimaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
| | - Chi Shu
- Optical Bioimaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
| | - Wei Zheng
- Optical Bioimaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
| | - Kan Lin
- Optical Bioimaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
| | - Zhiwei Huang
- Optical Bioimaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
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7
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Rehman IU, Khan RS, Rehman S. Role of artificial intelligence and vibrational spectroscopy in cancer diagnostics. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2020; 20:749-755. [PMID: 32544359 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2020.1784008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Raman and Infrared spectroscopic techniques are being used for the analysis of different types of cancers and other biological molecules. It is possible to identify cancers from normal tissues both in fresh and fixed tissues. These techniques can be used not only for the early diagnosis of cancer but also for monitoring the progression of the disease. Furthermore, chemical pathways to the progression of the disease process can be understood and followed. AREAS COVERED More recently, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Neural Network (NN), and Machine Learning are being combined with spectroscopy, which is making it easier to understand the chemical structural details of cancers and biological molecules more precisely and accurately. In this report, these aspects are being outlined by using breast cancer as a specific example. EXPERT OPINION A pathway showing to combine vibrational spectroscopy with AI and ML has immense potential in predicting various stages of different disease processes, in particular, in cancer diagnosis, staging, and designing treatment. This will result in improved patient care pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihtesham U Rehman
- Bioengineering │ Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, Lancaster University , Lancaster, UK
| | - Rabia Sannam Khan
- Bioengineering │ Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, Lancaster University , Lancaster, UK
| | - Shazza Rehman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Airedale NHS Foundation Trust, Airedale General Hospital, Steeton , West Yorkshire, UK
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Žuvela P, Lin K, Shu C, Zheng W, Lim CM, Huang Z. Fiber-Optic Raman Spectroscopy with Nature-Inspired Genetic Algorithms Enhances Real-Time in Vivo Detection and Diagnosis of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Anal Chem 2019; 91:8101-8108. [PMID: 31135136 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is an optical vibrational spectroscopic technique capable of probing specific biochemical structures and conformation of tissue and cells in biomedical systems. This work aims to assess the clinical utility of a fiber-optic Raman spectroscopy with nature-inspired genetic algorithms for enhancing in vivo detection and diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients. The Raman diagnostic platform is developed based on simultaneous fingerprint (FP) and high-wavenumber (HW) fiber-optic Raman endoscopy associated with genetic algorithms-partial least-squares-linear discriminant analysis (GA-PLS-LDA). A total of 2126 in vivo FP/HW Raman spectra (598 NPC, 1528 normal) acquired from 113 tissue sites of 14 NPC patients and 48 healthy subjects during nasopharyngeal endoscopic examinations. Distinct Raman peaks have been identified (853 cm-1 - proteins, 1209 cm-1 - phenylalanine, 1265 cm-1 - proteins, 1335 cm-1 - proteins and nucleic acids, 1554 cm-1 - tryptophan, porphyrin, 2885 cm-1 - lipids, 2940 cm-1 - proteins, 3009 cm-1 - lipids, and 3250 cm-1 - water) that are related to the significant biochemical changes ( p < 1 × 10-5) in NPC compared to normal tissue. Raman diagnostic performance is evaluated through the leave-one-object (tissue site)-out cross-validation (LOOCV) method. A statistically significant GA-PLS-LDA model ( p < 1 × 10-5) on FP/HW Raman yields a CV diagnostic accuracy of 98.23% (111/113), sensitivity of 93.33% (28/30), and specificity of 100% (83/83) for NPC classification. This work demonstrates that the fiber-optic FP/HW Raman diagnostic platform developed has great promise for improving real-time in vivo detection and diagnosis of NPC at the molecular level during clinical nasopharyngeal endoscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petar Žuvela
- Optical Bioimaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , National University of Singapore , 9 Engineering Drive 1 , Singapore 117576
| | - Kan Lin
- Optical Bioimaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , National University of Singapore , 9 Engineering Drive 1 , Singapore 117576
| | - Chi Shu
- Optical Bioimaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , National University of Singapore , 9 Engineering Drive 1 , Singapore 117576
| | - Wei Zheng
- Optical Bioimaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , National University of Singapore , 9 Engineering Drive 1 , Singapore 117576
| | - Chwee Ming Lim
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery , National University of Singapore and National University Health System , Singapore 119074
| | - Zhiwei Huang
- Optical Bioimaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , National University of Singapore , 9 Engineering Drive 1 , Singapore 117576
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Cordero E, Latka I, Matthäus C, Schie I, Popp J. In-vivo Raman spectroscopy: from basics to applications. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 23:1-23. [PMID: 29956506 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.7.071210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
For more than two decades, Raman spectroscopy has found widespread use in biological and medical applications. The instrumentation and the statistical evaluation procedures have matured, enabling the lengthy transition from ex-vivo demonstration to in-vivo examinations. This transition goes hand-in-hand with many technological developments and tightly bound requirements for a successful implementation in a clinical environment, which are often difficult to assess for novice scientists in the field. This review outlines the required instrumentation and instrumentation parameters, designs, and developments of fiber optic probes for the in-vivo applications in a clinical setting. It aims at providing an overview of contemporary technology and clinical trials and attempts to identify future developments necessary to bring the emerging technology to the clinical end users. A comprehensive overview of in-vivo applications of fiber optic Raman probes to characterize different tissue and disease types is also given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Cordero
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien e.V., Germany
| | - Ines Latka
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien e.V., Germany
| | - Christian Matthäus
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien e.V., Germany
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Friedrich-Schiller-Univ. Jena, Germany
- Abbe Ctr. of Photonics, Germany
| | - Iwan Schie
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien e.V., Germany
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien e.V., Germany
- Institute für Physikalische Chemie, Friedrich-Schiller-Univ. Jena, Germany
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10
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Ming LC, Gangodu NR, Loh T, Zheng W, Wang J, Lin K, Zhiwei H. Real time near-infrared Raman spectroscopy for the diagnosis of nasopharyngeal cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 8:49443-49450. [PMID: 28533478 PMCID: PMC5564780 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Near-infrared (NIR) Raman spectroscopy has been investigated as a tool to differentiate nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) from normal nasopharyngeal tissue in an ex-vivo setting. Recently, we have miniaturized the fiber-optic Raman probe to investigate its utility in real time in-vivo surveillance of NPC patients. A posterior probability model using partial linear square (PLS) mathematical technique was constructed to verify the sensitivity and specificity of Raman spectroscopy in diagnosing NPC from post-irradiated and normal tissue using a diagnostic algorithm from three significant latent variables. NIR-Raman signals of 135 sites were measured from 79 patients with either newly diagnosed NPC (N = 12), post irradiated nasopharynx (N = 37) and normal nasopharynx (N = 30). The mean Raman spectra peaks identified differences at several Raman peaks at 853 cm−1, 940 cm−1, 1078 cm−1, 1335 cm−1, 1554 cm−1, 2885 cm−1 and 2940 cm−1 in the three different nasopharyngeal conditions. The sensitivity and specificity of distinguishing Raman signatures among normal nasopharynx versus NPC and post-irradiated nasopharynx versus NPC were 91% and 95%; and 77% and 96% respectively. Real time near-infrared Raman spectroscopy has a high specificity in distinguishing malignant from normal nasopharyngeal tissue in vivo, and may be investigated as a novel non-invasive surveillance tool in patients with nasopharyngeal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lim Chwee Ming
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National University Health System, Singapore.,Division of Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nagaraja Rao Gangodu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Thomas Loh
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National University Health System, Singapore.,Division of Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Zheng
- Optical Bioimaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- Optical Bioimaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kan Lin
- Optical Bioimaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Huang Zhiwei
- Optical Bioimaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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11
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Palermo A, Fosca M, Tabacco G, Marini F, Graziani V, Santarsia MC, Longo F, Lauria A, Cesareo R, Giovannoni I, Taffon C, Rocchia M, Manfrini S, Crucitti P, Pozzilli P, Crescenzi A, Rau JV. Raman Spectroscopy Applied to Parathyroid Tissues: A New Diagnostic Tool to Discriminate Normal Tissue from Adenoma. Anal Chem 2017; 90:847-854. [PMID: 29227640 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Primary hyperparathyroidism is an endocrine disorder characterized by autonomous production of parathyroid hormone. Patients with the symptomatic disease should be referred for parathyroidectomy. However, the distinction between the pathological condition and the benign one is very challenging in the surgical setting; therefore, accurate recognition is important to ensure success during minimally invasive surgery. At present, all intraoperative techniques significantly increase surgical time and, consequently, cost. In this proof-of-concept study, Raman microscopy was used to differentiate between healthy parathyroid tissue and parathyroid adenoma from 18 patients. The data showed different spectroscopic features for the two main tissue types of healthy and adenoma. Moreover, the parathyroid adenoma subtypes (chief cells and oxyphil cells) were characterized by their own Raman spectra. The partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) model built to discriminate healthy from adenomatous parathyroid tissue was able to correctly classify all samples in the calibration and validation data sets, providing 100% prediction accuracy. The PLS-DA model built to discriminate chief cell adenoma from oxyphil cell adenoma allowed us to correctly classify >99% of the spectra during calibration and cross-validation and to correctly predict 100% of oxyphil and 99.8% of chief cells in the external validation data set. The results clearly demonstrate the great potential of Raman spectroscopy. The final goal would be development of a Raman portable fiber probe device for intraoperative optical biopsy, both to improve the surgical success rate and reduce surgical cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Palermo
- Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Campus Bio-Medico University , via Álvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Marco Fosca
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISM-CNR) , via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Gaia Tabacco
- Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Campus Bio-Medico University , via Álvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Federico Marini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università"La Sapienza" , Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Valerio Graziani
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISM-CNR) , via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Maria Carla Santarsia
- Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Campus Bio-Medico University , via Álvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Filippo Longo
- Unit of Neck and Chest Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University , via Álvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Angelo Lauria
- Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Campus Bio-Medico University , via Álvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Roberto Cesareo
- Malattie della Tiroide ed Osteometaboliche, Hospital Santa Maria Goretti , Via Canova, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Isabella Giovannoni
- Unit of Pathology, Campus Bio-Medico University , via Álvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Chiara Taffon
- Unit of Pathology, Campus Bio-Medico University , via Álvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Manfrini
- Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Campus Bio-Medico University , via Álvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Pierfilippo Crucitti
- Unit of Neck and Chest Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University , via Álvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Paolo Pozzilli
- Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Campus Bio-Medico University , via Álvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Anna Crescenzi
- Unit of Pathology, Campus Bio-Medico University , via Álvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Julietta V Rau
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISM-CNR) , via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy
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12
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Rau JV, Fosca M, Graziani V, Taffon C, Rocchia M, Caricato M, Pozzilli P, Onetti Muda A, Crescenzi A. Proof-of-concept Raman spectroscopy study aimed to differentiate thyroid follicular patterned lesions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14970. [PMID: 29097686 PMCID: PMC5668290 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14872-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inter-observer variability and cancer over-diagnosis are emerging clinical problems, especially for follicular patterned thyroid lesions. This challenge strongly calls for a new clinical tool to reliably identify neoplastic lesions and to improve the efficiency of differentiation between benign and malignant neoplasms, especially considering the increased diagnosis of small carcinomas and the growing number of thyroid nodules. In this study, we employed a Raman spectroscopy (RS) microscope to investigate frozen thyroid tissues from fourteen patients with thyroid nodules. To generate tissue classification models, a supervised statistical analysis of the Raman spectra was performed. The results obtained demonstrate an accuracy of 78% for RS based diagnosis to discriminate between normal parenchyma and follicular patterned thyroid nodules, and 89% accuracy - for very challenging follicular lesions (carcinoma versus adenoma). RS translation into intraoperative diagnosis of frozen sections and in preoperative analysis of biopsies can be very helpful to reduce unnecessary surgery in patients with indeterminate cytological reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julietta V Rau
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM-CNR), via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133, Roma, Italy.
| | - Marco Fosca
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM-CNR), via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133, Roma, Italy
| | - Valerio Graziani
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM-CNR), via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133, Roma, Italy
| | - Chiara Taffon
- Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-medico, via Álvaro del Portillo 200, 00128, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Marco Caricato
- Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-medico, via Álvaro del Portillo 200, 00128, Roma, Italy
| | - Paolo Pozzilli
- Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-medico, via Álvaro del Portillo 200, 00128, Roma, Italy
| | - Andrea Onetti Muda
- Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-medico, via Álvaro del Portillo 200, 00128, Roma, Italy
| | - Anna Crescenzi
- Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-medico, via Álvaro del Portillo 200, 00128, Roma, Italy
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13
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Lin K, Zheng W, Lim CM, Huang Z. Real-time In vivo Diagnosis of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Using Rapid Fiber-Optic Raman Spectroscopy. Am J Cancer Res 2017; 7:3517-3526. [PMID: 28912892 PMCID: PMC5596440 DOI: 10.7150/thno.16359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the utility of a simultaneous fingerprint (FP) (i.e., 800-1800 cm-1) and high-wavenumber (HW) (i.e., 2800-3600 cm-1) fiber-optic Raman spectroscopy developed for real-time in vivo diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) at endoscopy. A total of 3731 high-quality in vivo FP/HW Raman spectra (normal=1765; cancer=1966) were acquired in real-time from 204 tissue sites (normal=95; cancer=109) of 95 subjects (normal=57; cancer=38) undergoing endoscopic examination. FP/HW Raman spectra differ significantly between normal and cancerous nasopharyngeal tissues that could be attributed to changes of proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and the bound water content in NPC. Principal components analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) together with leave-one subject-out, cross-validation (LOO-CV) were implemented to develop robust Raman diagnostic models. The simultaneous FP/HW Raman spectroscopy technique together with PCA-LDA and LOO-CV modeling provides a diagnostic accuracy of 93.1% (sensitivity of 93.6%; specificity of 92.6%) for nasopharyngeal cancer identification, which is superior to using either FP (accuracy of 89.2%; sensitivity of 89.9%; specificity of 88.4%) or HW (accuracy of 89.7%; sensitivity of 89.0%; specificity of 90.5%) Raman technique alone. Further receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis reconfirms the best performance of the simultaneous FP/HW Raman technique for in vivo diagnosis of NPC. This work demonstrates for the first time that simultaneous FP/HW fiber-optic Raman spectroscopy technique has great promise for enhancing real-time in vivo cancer diagnosis in the nasopharynx during endoscopic examination.
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14
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Liu Y, Zhu Y, Li Z. Application of Raman spectroscopy in Andrology: non-invasive analysis of tissue and single cell. Transl Androl Urol 2016; 3:125-33. [PMID: 26816760 PMCID: PMC4708293 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2223-4683.2014.03.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As a fast, label-free and non-invasive detection method, Raman spectroscopy has been widely used for the interrogation of biological tissues, any alterations of molecular structure and chemical components during pathological processes would be identified and revealed via the differences on Raman spectrum. In clinics, the Raman spectroscopy has great potentials to provide real-time scanning of living tissues and fast diagnosis of diseases, just like discrimination of various carcinomas. A portable Raman spectroscopy which combined Raman system with an optical fiber probe has also been developed and proved to be able to provide intraoperative assistance in both human study and animal models. In Andrology, interests in Raman spectroscopy had just emerged. In this review, we summarized the progress about the utility of Raman spectroscopy in Andrology, the literatures were gathered from PubMed and Ovid database using MeSH terms associated with prostate, testis, seminal plasma and single sperm cell. We also highlighted the serious challenges as to the final clinical application of Raman technique. In conclusion, research in Raman spectroscopy may herald a new era for Andrology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Liu
- Department of Urology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Human Sperm Bank, Shanghai Institute of Andrology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200135, China
| | - Yong Zhu
- Department of Urology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Human Sperm Bank, Shanghai Institute of Andrology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200135, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Urology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Human Sperm Bank, Shanghai Institute of Andrology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200135, China
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15
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Sun L, Xu Z, Huang W, Wu S, Lin X, Zhu F, Liu N, Huang M, Chen R, Zeng H. Preliminary study of differentiating smears from cancerous and non-cancerous nasopharyngeal tissue using confocal Raman spectroscopy. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2015; 142:823-31. [PMID: 26612357 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-015-2082-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Current practice for diagnosing nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is based on invasive tissue biopsy. This study aims to explore the feasibility of using Raman spectroscopy to differentiate cancerous and non-cancerous nasopharyngeal tissue smears, expecting to realize minimal invasive diagnosis using smears from in vivo mucosa tissue by Raman spectroscopy. METHODS Biopsy tissue smears were acquired from 74 patients with pathologically diagnosed nasopharyngeal diseases and measured using confocal Raman spectroscopy. RESULTS Both fingerprint region and high wavenumber Raman spectra were acquired with distinguish features. Multivariate statistical analysis was used to differentiate cancerous and non-cancerous groups, achieving a diagnostic sensitivity of 87.2 and specificity of 85.7 % for differentiating NPC from nasopharyngeal non-cancerous smears. CONCLUSIONS This work indicates that the method has a unique advantage in microanalysis for tissue smears which may provide a promising minimal invasive (or noninvasive) diagnosing tool for cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqing Sun
- Affiliated Fuzhou First Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350009, China
| | - Zhihong Xu
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China.
- Fujian Metrology Institute, Fuzhou, 350003, China.
| | - Shanshan Wu
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Xinheng Lin
- Affiliated Fuzhou First Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350009, China
| | - Fengyu Zhu
- Affiliated Fuzhou First Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350009, China
| | - Nengrong Liu
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Meizhen Huang
- Institute of Optical Engineering, Department of Physics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Rong Chen
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Haishan Zeng
- Imaging Unit - Integrative Oncology Department, British Columbia Cancer Agency Research Centre, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
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16
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Ellis DI, Cowcher DP, Ashton L, O'Hagan S, Goodacre R. Illuminating disease and enlightening biomedicine: Raman spectroscopy as a diagnostic tool. Analyst 2013; 138:3871-84. [PMID: 23722248 DOI: 10.1039/c3an00698k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of the Raman effect in 1928 not only aided fundamental understanding about the quantum nature of light and matter but also opened up a completely novel area of optics and spectroscopic research that is accelerating at a greater rate during the last decade than at any time since its inception. This introductory overview focuses on some of the most recent developments within this exciting field and how this has enabled and enhanced disease diagnosis and biomedical applications. We highlight a small number of stimulating high-impact studies in imaging, endoscopy, stem cell research, and other recent developments such as spatially offset Raman scattering amongst others. We hope this stimulates further interest in this already exciting field, by 'illuminating' some of the current research being undertaken by the latest in a very long line of dedicated experimentalists interested in the properties and potential beneficial applications of light.
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Affiliation(s)
- David I Ellis
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7ND, UK.
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17
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Bergholt MS, Zheng W, Ho KY, Teh M, Yeoh KG, So JBY, Shabbir A, Huang Z. Fiber-optic Raman spectroscopy probes gastric carcinogenesis in vivo at endoscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2013; 6:49-59. [PMID: 23288709 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201200138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2012] [Revised: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal-type gastric carcinogenesis is a complex multi-step disease, and early precursors (e.g. intestinal metaplasia (IM), dysplasia) can be very challenging to identify using conventional white-light endoscopic imaging. This study aims to assess the capability of Raman spectroscopy for multi-class elucidation of intestinal-type gastric carcinogenesis sequence in vivo for improving precancer detection at endoscopy. We employ a novel image-guided Raman endoscopy technique developed for in vivo gastric tissue Raman measurement within 0.5 s during clinical endoscopic examination. We have acquired a total of 1277 in vivo Raman spectra from 83 gastric patients associated with intestinal-type carcinogenesis. In vivo Raman spectroscopy integrated with semi-quantitative spectral modelling (e.g. DNA, lipids, glycoprotein, proteins and blood) reveals the progressive changes of biochemical constituents in gastric tissue associated with preneoplastic and neoplastic transformation (i.e., IM, dysplasia and adenocarcinoma). Multi-class probabilistic partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) diagnostic algorithms based on in vivo Raman spectra are able to identify normal mucosa with sensitivity of 75.88% and specificity of 87.21%; IM with sensitivity of 46.67% and specificity of 87.55%; dysplasia with sensitivity of 83.33%; specificity of 95.80%, and adenocarcinoma with sensitivity of 84.91% and specificity 95.57%, respectively. This work demonstrates that Raman spectroscopy is a sensitive biomolecular probe for monitoring intestinal-type gastric carcinogenesis to realize early diagnosis and detection of precancer and early gastric cancer in vivo during clinical endoscopic examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Sylvest Bergholt
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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18
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Duraipandian S, Sylvest Bergholt M, Zheng W, Yu Ho K, Teh M, Guan Yeoh K, Bok Yan So J, Shabbir A, Huang Z. Real-time Raman spectroscopy for in vivo, online gastric cancer diagnosis during clinical endoscopic examination. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2012; 17:081418. [PMID: 23224179 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.17.8.081418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Optical spectroscopic techniques including reflectance, fluorescence and Raman spectroscopy have shown promising potential for in vivo precancer and cancer diagnostics in a variety of organs. However, data-analysis has mostly been limited to post-processing and off-line algorithm development. In this work, we develop a fully automated on-line Raman spectral diagnostics framework integrated with a multimodal image-guided Raman technique for real-time in vivo cancer detection at endoscopy. A total of 2748 in vivo gastric tissue spectra (2465 normal and 283 cancer) were acquired from 305 patients recruited to construct a spectral database for diagnostic algorithms development. The novel diagnostic scheme developed implements on-line preprocessing, outlier detection based on principal component analysis statistics (i.e., Hotelling's T2 and Q-residuals) for tissue Raman spectra verification as well as for organ specific probabilistic diagnostics using different diagnostic algorithms. Free-running optical diagnosis and processing time of < 0.5 s can be achieved, which is critical to realizing real-time in vivo tissue diagnostics during clinical endoscopic examination. The optimized partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) models based on the randomly resampled training database (80% for learning and 20% for testing) provide the diagnostic accuracy of 85.6% [95% confidence interval (CI): 82.9% to 88.2%] [sensitivity of 80.5% (95% CI: 71.4% to 89.6%) and specificity of 86.2% (95% CI: 83.6% to 88.7%)] for the detection of gastric cancer. The PLS-DA algorithms are further applied prospectively on 10 gastric patients at gastroscopy, achieving the predictive accuracy of 80.0% (60/75) [sensitivity of 90.0% (27/30) and specificity of 73.3% (33/45)] for in vivo diagnosis of gastric cancer. The receiver operating characteristics curves further confirmed the efficacy of Raman endoscopy together with PLS-DA algorithms for in vivo prospective diagnosis of gastric cancer. This work successfully moves biomedical Raman spectroscopic technique into real-time, on-line clinical cancer diagnosis, especially in routine endoscopic diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyamala Duraipandian
- National University of Singapore, Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Optical Bioimaging Laboratory, Singapore 117576, Singapore
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