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Abstract
Millions of people worldwide are bilaterally blind due to corneal diseases including infectious etiologies, trauma, and chemical injuries. While corneal transplantation can successfully restore sight in many, corneal graft survival decreases in eyes with chronic inflammation and corneal vascularization. Additionally, the availability of donor cornea material can be limited, especially in underdeveloped countries where corneal blindness may also be highly prevalent. Development of methods to create and implant an artificial cornea (keratoprosthesis)may be the only option for patients whose eye disease is not suitable for corneal transplantation or who live in regions where corneal transplantation is not possible. The Boston keratoprosthesis (B-KPro) is the most commonly implanted keratoprosthesis worldwide, having restored vision in thousands of patients. This article describes the initial design of the B-KPro and the modifications that have been made over many years. Additionally, some of the complications of surgical implantation and long-term care challenges, particularly complicating inflammation and glaucoma, are discussed. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Vision Science, Volume 8 is September 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claes Dohlman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
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2
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Long-term results of Boston keratoprosthesis surgery in Polish patients. POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/ahem-2021-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
To evaluate the long-term (10 year) outcomes of Boston type 1 keratoprosthesis (BKPro; Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA) surgery performed in 6 Polish patients.
Materials and Methods
6 eyes of 6 patients (1 female and 5 males; mean age 49,5±6,34 years) were qualified for the surgery. Indications for BKPro surgery in the study group included: corneal graft failure (3 patients), chemical ocular burns (2 patients), and post-herpetic keratitis vascularized leucoma (1 patient). Visual acuity, slit-lamp examination with ocular surface assessment, anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS OCT), fundoscopy, and intraocular digital pressure measurement were performed at each visit.
Results
Retention of keratoprosthesis was achieved in all patients during the follow-up period. At last recorded visits VA≥0,2 was observed in 3 patients, LP in one patient and NLP in 2 patients. The complications which occurred in our case series were: glaucoma (4 patients preoperatively, 6 patients postoperatively), retroprosthetic membrane formation (1 patient), epimacular membrane formation (2 patients) and severe Meibomian Gland Dysfunction (3 patients). OCT analysis allowed imaging of anterior iris synechiae, AGV tube, protrusion of the BKPro and retroprosthetic membrane not visible on the slit lamp examination.
Conclusions
BKPro surgery should be considered as a surgery of choice in patients who have high risk of PK failure. OCT plays a role in anterior eye segment monitoring and detection of complications not visible on the slit lamp examination in the follow up period. Implementing the dry eye disease treatment should be recommended in all patients undergoing BKPro surgery.
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3
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El-Haddad MT, Bozic I, Tao YK. Spectrally encoded coherence tomography and reflectometry: Simultaneous en face and cross-sectional imaging at 2 gigapixels per second. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2018; 11:e201700268. [PMID: 29149542 PMCID: PMC5903931 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201700268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Non-invasive biological imaging is crucial for understanding in vivo structure and function. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and reflectance confocal microscopy are two of the most widely used optical modalities for exogenous contrast-free, high-resolution, three-dimensional imaging in non-fluorescent scattering tissues. However, sample motion remains a critical barrier to raster-scanned acquisition and reconstruction of wide-field anatomically accurate volumetric datasets. We introduce spectrally encoded coherence tomography and reflectometry (SECTR), a high-speed, multimodality system for simultaneous OCT and spectrally encoded reflectance (SER) imaging. SECTR utilizes a robust system design consisting of shared optical relays, scanning mirrors, swept laser and digitizer to achieve the fastest reported in vivo multimodal imaging rate of 2 gigapixels per second. Our optical design and acquisition scheme enable spatiotemporally co-registered acquisition of OCT cross-sections simultaneously with en face SER images for multivolumetric mosaicking. Complementary axial and lateral translation and rotation are extracted from OCT and SER data, respectively, for full volumetric estimation of sample motion with micron spatial and millisecond temporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed T. El-Haddad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Ivan Bozic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Yuankai K. Tao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
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4
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El-Haddad MT, Bozic I, Tao YK. Spectrally encoded coherence tomography and reflectometry: Simultaneous en face and cross-sectional imaging at 2 gigapixels per second. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2018; 11:e201700268. [PMID: 29149542 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.2018.11.issue-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Non-invasive biological imaging is crucial for understanding in vivo structure and function. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and reflectance confocal microscopy are two of the most widely used optical modalities for exogenous contrast-free, high-resolution, three-dimensional imaging in non-fluorescent scattering tissues. However, sample motion remains a critical barrier to raster-scanned acquisition and reconstruction of wide-field anatomically accurate volumetric datasets. We introduce spectrally encoded coherence tomography and reflectometry (SECTR), a high-speed, multimodality system for simultaneous OCT and spectrally encoded reflectance (SER) imaging. SECTR utilizes a robust system design consisting of shared optical relays, scanning mirrors, swept laser and digitizer to achieve the fastest reported in vivo multimodal imaging rate of 2 gigapixels per second. Our optical design and acquisition scheme enable spatiotemporally co-registered acquisition of OCT cross-sections simultaneously with en face SER images for multivolumetric mosaicking. Complementary axial and lateral translation and rotation are extracted from OCT and SER data, respectively, for full volumetric estimation of sample motion with micron spatial and millisecond temporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed T El-Haddad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Ivan Bozic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Yuankai K Tao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
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Yasin Alibhai A, Or C, Witkin AJ. Swept Source Optical Coherence Tomography: a Review. CURRENT OPHTHALMOLOGY REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40135-018-0158-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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6
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Beer F, Wartak A, Haindl R, Gröschl M, Baumann B, Pircher M, Hitzenberger CK. Conical scan pattern for enhanced visualization of the human cornea using polarization-sensitive OCT. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:2906-2923. [PMID: 28663915 PMCID: PMC5480438 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.002906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Conventional imaging of the human cornea with optical coherence tomography (OCT) relies on telecentric scanning optics with sampling beams that are parallel to the optical axis of the eye. Because of the shape of the cornea, the beams have in some areas considerable inclination to the corneal surface which is accompanied by low signal intensities in these areas and thus an inhomogeneous appearance of corneal structures. In addition, alterations in the polarization state of the probing light depend on the angle between the imaging beam and the birefringent axis of the sample. Therefore, changes in the polarization state observed with polarization-sensitive (PS-) OCT originate mainly from the shape of the cornea. In order to minimize the effects of the corneal shape on intensity and polarization-sensitive based data, we developed a conical scanning optics design. This design provides imaging beams that are essentially orthogonal to the corneal surface. Thus, high signal intensity throughout the entire imaged volume is obtained and the influence of the corneal shape on polarization-sensitive data is greatly reduced. We demonstrate the benefit of the concept by comparing PS-OCT imaging results of the human cornea in healthy volunteers using both scanning schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Beer
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, AKH 4L, A-1090 Vienna,
Austria
- Institute of Applied Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10/134, A-1040 Vienna,
Austria
| | - Andreas Wartak
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, AKH 4L, A-1090 Vienna,
Austria
| | - Richard Haindl
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, AKH 4L, A-1090 Vienna,
Austria
| | - Martin Gröschl
- Institute of Applied Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10/134, A-1040 Vienna,
Austria
| | - Bernhard Baumann
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, AKH 4L, A-1090 Vienna,
Austria
| | - Michael Pircher
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, AKH 4L, A-1090 Vienna,
Austria
| | - Christoph K. Hitzenberger
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, AKH 4L, A-1090 Vienna,
Austria
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Poddar R, Aggarwal V, Gogia V, Bansal M, Chawla SG, Venkatesh P. Chapter 11 Avenues in Ophthalmic Optical Coherence Tomography in Medical Biotechnology. Microb Biotechnol 2016. [DOI: 10.1201/9781315367880-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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8
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Gorczynska I, Migacz JV, Zawadzki RJ, Capps AG, Werner JS. Comparison of amplitude-decorrelation, speckle-variance and phase-variance OCT angiography methods for imaging the human retina and choroid. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:911-42. [PMID: 27231598 PMCID: PMC4866465 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.000911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We compared the performance of three OCT angiography (OCTA) methods: speckle variance, amplitude decorrelation and phase variance for imaging of the human retina and choroid. Two averaging methods, split spectrum and volume averaging, were compared to assess the quality of the OCTA vascular images. All data were acquired using a swept-source OCT system at 1040 nm central wavelength, operating at 100,000 A-scans/s. We performed a quantitative comparison using a contrast-to-noise (CNR) metric to assess the capability of the three methods to visualize the choriocapillaris layer. For evaluation of the static tissue noise suppression in OCTA images we proposed to calculate CNR between the photoreceptor/RPE complex and the choriocapillaris layer. Finally, we demonstrated that implementation of intensity-based OCT imaging and OCT angiography methods allows for visualization of retinal and choroidal vascular layers known from anatomic studies in retinal preparations. OCT projection imaging of data flattened to selected retinal layers was implemented to visualize retinal and choroidal vasculature. User guided vessel tracing was applied to segment the retinal vasculature. The results were visualized in a form of a skeletonized 3D model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Gorczynska
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun 87-100, Poland
| | - Justin V. Migacz
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Robert J. Zawadzki
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Arlie G. Capps
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
- Physics Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - John S. Werner
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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Cua M, Lee S, Miao D, Ju MJ, Mackenzie PJ, Jian Y, Sarunic MV. Retinal optical coherence tomography at 1 μm with dynamic focus control and axial motion tracking. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2016; 21:26007. [PMID: 26882449 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.2.026007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution optical coherence tomography (OCT) retinal imaging is important to noninvasively visualize the various retinal structures to aid in better understanding of the pathogenesis of vision-robbing diseases. However, conventional OCT systems have a trade-off between lateral resolution and depth-of-focus. In this report, we present the development of a focus-stacking OCT system with automatic focus optimization for high-resolution, extended-focal-range clinical retinal imaging by incorporating a variable-focus liquid lens into the sample arm optics. Retinal layer tracking and selection was performed using a graphics processing unit accelerated processing platform for focus optimization, providing real-time layer-specific en face visualization. After optimization, multiple volumes focused at different depths were acquired, registered, and stitched together to yield a single, high-resolution focus-stacked dataset. Using this system, we show high-resolution images of the retina and optic nerve head, from which we extracted clinically relevant parameters such as the nerve fiber layer thickness and lamina cribrosa microarchitecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Cua
- Simon Fraser University, Department of Engineering Science, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A1S6, Canada
| | - Sujin Lee
- Simon Fraser University, Department of Engineering Science, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A1S6, Canada
| | - Dongkai Miao
- Simon Fraser University, Department of Engineering Science, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A1S6, Canada
| | - Myeong Jin Ju
- Simon Fraser University, Department of Engineering Science, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A1S6, Canada
| | - Paul J Mackenzie
- University of British Columbia, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye Care Center, 2550 Willow Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 3N9, Canada
| | - Yifan Jian
- Simon Fraser University, Department of Engineering Science, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A1S6, Canada
| | - Marinko V Sarunic
- Simon Fraser University, Department of Engineering Science, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A1S6, Canada
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Poddar R, Zawadzki RJ, Cortés DE, Mannis MJ, Werner JS. In vivo volumetric depth-resolved vasculature imaging of human limbus and sclera with 1 μm swept source phase-variance optical coherence angiography. JOURNAL OF OPTICS (2010) 2015; 17:065301. [PMID: 25984290 PMCID: PMC4429254 DOI: 10.1088/2040-8978/17/6/065301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We present nnnnnin vivo volumetric depth-resolved vasculature images of the anterior segment of the human eye acquired with phase-variance based motion contrast using a high-speed (100 kHz, 105 A-scans/s) swept source optical coherence tomography system (SSOCT). High phase stability SSOCT imaging was achieved by using a computationally efficient phase stabilization approach. The human corneo-scleral junction and sclera were imaged with swept source phase-variance optical coherence angiography and compared with slit lamp images from the same eyes of normal subjects. Different features of the rich vascular system in the conjunctiva and episclera were visualized and described. This system can be used as a potential tool for ophthalmological research to determine changes in the outflow system, which may be helpful for identification of abnormalities that lead to glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raju Poddar
- Department of Bio-Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology-Mesra, Ranchi, JH 835 215, India
| | - Robert J Zawadzki
- Vision Science and Advanced Retinal Imaging Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Dennis E Cortés
- Vision Science and Advanced Retinal Imaging Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA ; Department of Ophthalmology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mark J Mannis
- Vision Science and Advanced Retinal Imaging Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - John S Werner
- Vision Science and Advanced Retinal Imaging Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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11
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Poddar R, Kim DY, Werner JS, Zawadzki RJ. In vivo imaging of human vasculature in the chorioretinal complex using phase-variance contrast method with phase-stabilized 1-μm swept-source optical coherence tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2014; 19:126010. [PMID: 25517255 PMCID: PMC4269528 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.19.12.126010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We present a noninvasive phase-variance (pv)–based motion contrast method for depth-resolved imaging of the human chorioretinal complex microcirculation with a newly developed phase-stabilized high speed (100-kHz A-scans/s) 1-μm swept- ource optical coherence tomography (SSOCT) system. Compared to our previous spectral-domain (spectrometer based) pv-spectral domain OCT (SDOCT) system, this system has the advantages of higher sensitivity, reduced fringe wash-out for high blood flow speeds and deeper penetration in choroid. High phase stability SSOCT imaging was achieved by using a computationally efficient phase stabilization approach. This process does not require additional calibration hardware and complex numerical procedures. Our phase stabilization method is simple and can be employed in a variety of SSOCT systems. Examples of vasculature in the chorioretinal complex imaged by pv-SSOCT from normal as well as diseased eyes are presented and compared to retinal images of the same subjects acquired with fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green angiography. Observations of morphology of vascular perfusion in chorioretinal complex visualized by our method are listed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raju Poddar
- University of California Davis, Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Vision Science and Advanced Retinal Imaging Laboratory, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
- Birla Institute of Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand 835215, India
| | - Dae Yu Kim
- University of California Davis, Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Vision Science and Advanced Retinal Imaging Laboratory, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
- Dankook University, Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Cheonan, Chungnam 330-715, Republic of Korea
| | - John S. Werner
- University of California Davis, Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Vision Science and Advanced Retinal Imaging Laboratory, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Robert J. Zawadzki
- University of California Davis, Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Vision Science and Advanced Retinal Imaging Laboratory, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Robert J. Zawadzki, E-mail:
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Dai C, Fan S, Chai X, Li Y, Ren Q, Xi P, Zhou C. Dual-channel spectral-domain optical-coherence tomography system based on 3 × 3 fiber coupler for extended imaging range. APPLIED OPTICS 2014; 53:5375-5379. [PMID: 25321108 DOI: 10.1364/ao.53.005375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We have demonstrated a dual-channel multiplexing spectral-domain optical-coherence tomography (SD-OCT) system based on a 3×3 fiber coupler for extended imaging range of whole human eye depth, with a single light source and spectrometer. OCT images of anterior segments of a human eye were sequentially performed and constructed to demonstrate an extended depth range as large as 15 mm in air. A good quality OCT image of the whole anterior segment of an eye was present. Furthermore, whole eye segmental imaging was performed and ocular distances were calculated to show the validation of the system for whole eye morphological measurement.
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