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Hacker L, Wabnitz H, Pifferi A, Pfefer TJ, Pogue BW, Bohndiek SE. Criteria for the design of tissue-mimicking phantoms for the standardization of biophotonic instrumentation. Nat Biomed Eng 2022; 6:541-558. [PMID: 35624150 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-022-00890-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A lack of accepted standards and standardized phantoms suitable for the technical validation of biophotonic instrumentation hinders the reliability and reproducibility of its experimental outputs. In this Perspective, we discuss general criteria for the design of tissue-mimicking biophotonic phantoms, and use these criteria and state-of-the-art developments to critically review the literature on phantom materials and on the fabrication of phantoms. By focusing on representative examples of standardization in diffuse optical imaging and spectroscopy, fluorescence-guided surgery and photoacoustic imaging, we identify unmet needs in the development of phantoms and a set of criteria (leveraging characterization, collaboration, communication and commitment) for the standardization of biophotonic instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Hacker
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Heidrun Wabnitz
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Brian W Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Sarah E Bohndiek
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. .,Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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2
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Sudakou A, Lange F, Isler H, Lanka P, Wojtkiewicz S, Sawosz P, Ostojic D, Wolf M, Pifferi A, Tachtsidis I, Liebert A, Gerega A. Time-domain NIRS system based on supercontinuum light source and multi-wavelength detection: validation for tissue oxygenation studies. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:6629-6650. [PMID: 34745761 PMCID: PMC8548017 DOI: 10.1364/boe.431301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We present and validate a multi-wavelength time-domain near-infrared spectroscopy (TD-NIRS) system that avoids switching wavelengths and instead exploits the full capability of a supercontinuum light source by emitting and acquiring signals for the whole chosen range of wavelengths. The system was designed for muscle and brain oxygenation monitoring in a clinical environment. A pulsed supercontinuum laser emits broadband light and each of two detection modules acquires the distributions of times of flight of photons (DTOFs) for 16 spectral channels (used width 12.5 nm / channel), providing a total of 32 DTOFs at up to 3 Hz. Two emitting fibers and two detection fiber bundles allow simultaneous measurements at two positions on the tissue or at two source-detector separations. Three established protocols (BIP, MEDPHOT, and nEUROPt) were used to quantitatively assess the system's performance, including linearity, coupling, accuracy, and depth sensitivity. Measurements were performed on 32 homogeneous phantoms and two inhomogeneous phantoms (solid and liquid). Furthermore, measurements on two blood-lipid phantoms with a varied amount of blood and Intralipid provide the strongest validation for accurate tissue oximetry. The retrieved hemoglobin concentrations and oxygen saturation match well with the reference values that were obtained using a commercially available NIRS system (OxiplexTS) and a blood gas analyzer (ABL90 FLEX), except a discrepancy occurs for the lowest amount of Intralipid. In-vivo measurements on the forearm of three healthy volunteers during arterial (250 mmHg) and venous (60 mmHg) cuff occlusions provide an example of tissue monitoring during the expected hemodynamic changes that follow previously well-described physiologies. All results, including quantitative parameters, can be compared to other systems that report similar tests. Overall, the presented TD-NIRS system has an exemplary performance evaluated with state-of-the-art performance assessment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleh Sudakou
- Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Frédéric Lange
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Helene Isler
- Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pranav Lanka
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Piotr Sawosz
- Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daniel Ostojic
- Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Wolf
- Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Pifferi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Ilias Tachtsidis
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Adam Liebert
- Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Gerega
- Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Warsaw, Poland
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3
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The Use of Supercontinuum Laser Sources in Biomedical Diffuse Optics: Unlocking the Power of Multispectral Imaging. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11104616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Optical techniques based on diffuse optics have been around for decades now and are making their way into the day-to-day medical applications. Even though the physics foundations of these techniques have been known for many years, practical implementation of these technique were hindered by technological limitations, mainly from the light sources and/or detection electronics. In the past 20 years, the developments of supercontinuum laser (SCL) enabled to unlock some of these limitations, enabling the development of system and methodologies relevant for medical use, notably in terms of spectral monitoring. In this review, we focus on the use of SCL in biomedical diffuse optics, from instrumentation and methods developments to their use for medical applications. A total of 95 publications were identified, from 1993 to 2021. We discuss the advantages of the SCL to cover a large spectral bandwidth with a high spectral power and fast switching against the disadvantages of cost, bulkiness, and long warm up times. Finally, we summarize the utility of using such light sources in the development and application of diffuse optics in biomedical sciences and clinical applications.
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4
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Di Sieno L, Behera A, Rohilla S, Ferocino E, Contini D, Torricelli A, Krämer B, Koberling F, Pifferi A, Mora AD. Probe-hosted large area silicon photomultiplier and high-throughput timing electronics for enhanced performance time-domain functional near-infrared spectroscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:6389-6412. [PMID: 33282497 PMCID: PMC7687960 DOI: 10.1364/boe.400868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Two main bottlenecks prevent time-domain diffuse optics instruments to reach their maximum performances, namely the limited light harvesting capability of the detection chain and the bounded data throughput of the timing electronics. In this work, for the first time to our knowledge, we overcome both those limitations using a probe-hosted large area silicon photomultiplier detector coupled to high-throughput timing electronics. The system performances were assessed based on international protocols for diffuse optical imagers showing better figures with respect to a state-of-the-art device. As a first step towards applications, proof-of-principle in-vivo brain activation measurements demonstrated superior signal-to-noise ratio as compared to current technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Di Sieno
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - A. Behera
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - S. Rohilla
- PicoQuant Innovation GmbH, Rudower Chaussee 29, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - E. Ferocino
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - D. Contini
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - A. Torricelli
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - B. Krämer
- PicoQuant GmbH, Rudower Chaussee 29, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - F. Koberling
- PicoQuant GmbH, Rudower Chaussee 29, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - A. Pifferi
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - A. Dalla Mora
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
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5
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Yang L, Wabnitz H, Gladytz T, Sudakou A, Macdonald R, Grosenick D. Space-enhanced time-domain diffuse optics for determination of tissue optical properties in two-layered structures. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:6570-6589. [PMID: 33282509 PMCID: PMC7687957 DOI: 10.1364/boe.402181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel methodology for solving the inverse problem of diffuse optics for two-layered structures is proposed to retrieve the absolute quantities of optical absorption and reduced scattering coefficients of the layers simultaneously. A liquid phantom with various optical absorption properties in the deep layer is prepared and experimentally investigated using the space-enhanced time-domain method. Monte-Carlo simulations are applied to analyze the different measurements in time domain, space domain, and by the new methodology. The deviations of retrieved values from nominal values of both layers' optical properties are simultaneously reduced to a very low extent compared to the single-domain methods. The reliability and uncertainty of the retrieval performance are also considerably improved by the new methodology. It is observed in time-domain analyses that for the deep layer the retrieval of absorption coefficient is almost not affected by the scattering properties and this kind of "deep scattering neutrality" is investigated and overcome as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestr. 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Optics and Atomic Physics, Technical University of Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Heidrun Wabnitz
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestr. 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Gladytz
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestr. 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Aleh Sudakou
- Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Trojdena 4, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rainer Macdonald
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestr. 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Optics and Atomic Physics, Technical University of Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk Grosenick
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestr. 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
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6
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Wabnitz H, Contini D, Spinelli L, Torricelli A, Liebert A. Depth-selective data analysis for time-domain fNIRS: moments vs. time windows. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:4224-4243. [PMID: 32923038 PMCID: PMC7449728 DOI: 10.1364/boe.396585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Time-domain measurements facilitate the elimination of the influence of extracerebral, systemic effects, a key problem in functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) of the adult human brain. The analysis of measured time-of-flight distributions of photons often relies on moments or time windows. However, a systematic and quantitative characterization of the performance of these measurands is still lacking. Based on perturbation simulations for small localized absorption changes, we compared spatial sensitivity profiles and depth selectivity for moments (integral, mean time of flight and variance), photon counts in time windows and their ratios for different time windows. The influence of the instrument response function (IRF) was investigated for all measurands and for various source-detector separations. Variance exhibits the highest depth selectivity among the moments. Ratios of photon counts in different late time windows can achieve even higher selectivity. An advantage of moments is their robustness against the shape of the IRF and instrumental drifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidrun Wabnitz
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestraße 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Davide Contini
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Spinelli
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Torricelli
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Adam Liebert
- Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Trojdena 4, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
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7
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Sudakou A, Yang L, Wabnitz H, Wojtkiewicz S, Liebert A. Performance of measurands in time-domain optical brain imaging: depth selectivity versus contrast-to-noise ratio. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:4348-4365. [PMID: 32923048 PMCID: PMC7449735 DOI: 10.1364/boe.397483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Time-domain optical brain imaging techniques introduce a number of different measurands for analyzing absorption changes located deep in the tissue, complicated by superficial absorption changes and noise. We implement a method that allows analysis, quantitative comparison and performance ranking of measurands under various conditions - including different values of reduced scattering coefficient, thickness of the superficial layer, and source-detector separation. Liquid phantom measurements and Monte Carlo simulations were carried out in two-layered geometry to acquire distributions of times of flight of photons and to calculate the total photon count, mean time of flight, variance, photon counts in time windows and ratios of photon counts in different time windows. Quantitative comparison of performance was based on objective metrics: relative contrast, contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and depth selectivity. Moreover, the product of CNR and depth selectivity was used to rank the overall performance and to determine the optimal source-detector separation for each measurand. Variance ranks the highest under all considered conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleh Sudakou
- Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering Polish Academy of Sciences, Trojdena 4, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lin Yang
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Abbestraße 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Heidrun Wabnitz
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Abbestraße 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stanislaw Wojtkiewicz
- Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering Polish Academy of Sciences, Trojdena 4, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Liebert
- Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering Polish Academy of Sciences, Trojdena 4, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
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8
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Time-Gated Single-Photon Detection in Time-Domain Diffuse Optics: A Review. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10031101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This work reviews physical concepts, technologies and applications of time-domain diffuse optics based on time-gated single-photon detection. This particular photon detection strategy is of the utmost importance in the diffuse optics field as it unleashes the full power of the time-domain approach by maximizing performances in terms of contrast produced by a localized perturbation inside the scattering medium, signal-to-noise ratio, measurement time and dynamic range, penetration depth and spatial resolution. The review covers 15 years of theoretical studies, technological progresses, proof of concepts and design of laboratory systems based on time-gated single-photon detection with also few hints on other fields where the time-gated detection strategy produced and will produce further impact.
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9
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Baez GR, García H, Grosenick D, Wabnitz H. Implementation of the extended Kalman filter for determining the optical and geometrical properties of turbid layered media by time-resolved single distance measurements. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:251-266. [PMID: 32010514 PMCID: PMC6968768 DOI: 10.1364/boe.11.000251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In this article we propose an implementation of the extended Kalman filter (EKF) for the retrieval of optical and geometrical properties in two-layered turbid media assuming a dynamic setting, where absorption of each layer was changed in different steps. Prior works implemented the EKF in frequency-domain with several pairs of light sources and detectors and for static parameters estimation problems. Here we explore the use of the EKF in single distance, time-domain measurements, together with a corresponding forward model. Results show good agreement between retrieved and nominal values, with rather narrow analytical credibility intervals, indicating that the recovery process has low uncertainty, especially for the absorption coefficients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido R. Baez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Física e Ingeniería del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIFICEN, UNCPBA - CICPBA - CONICET) Pinto 399, B7000GHG - Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- PLADEMA, FCEx - UNCPBA, Pinto 399, B7000GHG - Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Héctor García
- Centro de Investigaciones en Física e Ingeniería del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIFICEN, UNCPBA - CICPBA - CONICET) Pinto 399, B7000GHG - Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestraβe 2-12, 10587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk Grosenick
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestraβe 2-12, 10587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heidrun Wabnitz
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestraβe 2-12, 10587, Berlin, Germany
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10
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Broadband Time Domain Diffuse Optical Reflectance Spectroscopy: A Review of Systems, Methods, and Applications. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9245465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This review presents recent developments and a wide overview of broadband time domain diffuse optical spectroscopy (TD-DOS). Various topics including physics of photon migration, advanced instrumentation, methods of analysis, applications covering multiple domains (tissue chromophore, in vivo studies, food, wood, pharmaceutical industry) are elaborated. The key role of standardization and recent studies in that direction are discussed. Towards the end, a brief outlook is presented on the current status and future trends in broadband TD-DOS.
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11
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Afshari A, Ghassemi P, Lin J, Halprin M, Wang J, Mendoza G, Weininger S, Pfefer TJ. Cerebral oximetry performance testing with a 3D-printed vascular array phantom. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:3731-3746. [PMID: 31452971 PMCID: PMC6701524 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.003731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral oximetry based on near-infrared spectroscopy represents a unique noninvasive tool for real-time surgical monitoring, yet studies have shown a significant discrepancy in accuracy among commercial systems. Towards the establishment of a standardized method for performance testing, we have studied a solid phantom approach - based on a 3D-printed cerebrovascular module (CVM) incorporating an array of 148 cylindrical channels - that has several advantages over liquid phantoms. Development and characterization of a CVM prototype are described, including high-resolution imaging and spectrophotometry measurements. The CVM was filled with whole bovine blood tuned over an oxygen saturation range of 30-90% and molded-silicone layers simulating extracerebral tissues were used to evaluate penetration depth. Saturation measurement accuracy was assessed in two commercially-available clinical cerebral oximeters. For one oximeter, both neonatal and pediatric sensors showed a high degree of precision, whereas accuracy was strongly dependent on saturation level and extracerebral geometry. The second oximeter showed worse precision, yet greater robustness to variations in extracerebral layers. These results indicate that 3D-printed channel array phantoms represent a promising new approach for standardized testing of clinical oximeters.
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12
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Lange F, Dunne L, Hale L, Tachtsidis I. MAESTROS: A Multiwavelength Time-Domain NIRS System to Monitor Changes in Oxygenation and Oxidation State of Cytochrome-C-Oxidase. IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS : A PUBLICATION OF THE IEEE LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS SOCIETY 2019; 25:7100312. [PMID: 30450021 PMCID: PMC6054019 DOI: 10.1109/jstqe.2018.2833205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We present a multiwavelength, multichannel, time-domain near-infrared spectroscopy system named MAESTROS. This instrument can measure absorption and scattering coefficients and can quantify the concentrations of oxy- and deoxy-haemoglobin ([HbO2], [HHb]), and oxidation state of cytochrome-c-oxidase ([oxCCO]). This system is composed of a supercontinuum laser source coupled with two acousto-optic tuneable filters. The light is collected by four photomultipliers tubes, connected to a router to redirect the signal to a single time-correlated single-photon counting card. The interface between the system and the tissue is based on optical fibres. This arrangement allows us to resolve up to 16 wavelengths, within the range of 650-900 nm, at a sampling rate compatible with the physiology (from 0.5 to 2 Hz). In this paper, we describe the system and assess its performance based on two specifically designed protocols for photon migration instruments, the basic instrument protocol and nEUROPt protocols, and on a well characterized liquid phantom based on Intralipid and water. Then, the ability to resolve [HbO2 ], [HHb], and [oxCCO] is demonstrated on a homogeneous liquid phantom, based on blood for [HbO2], [HHb], and yeast for [oxCCO]. In the future, the system could be used to monitor brain tissue physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Lange
- 1Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering University College London LondonWC1E 6BTU.K
| | - Luke Dunne
- 1Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering University College London LondonWC1E 6BTU.K
| | - Lucy Hale
- 2Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering University College London LondonWC1E 6BTU.K
- 3Electronic and Electrical Engineering University College London LondonWC1E 7JEU.K
| | - Ilias Tachtsidis
- 1Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering University College London LondonWC1E 6BTU.K
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13
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Behera A, Di Sieno L, Pifferi A, Martelli F, Mora AD. Instrumental, optical and geometrical parameters affecting time-gated diffuse optical measurements: a systematic study. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:5524-5542. [PMID: 30460145 PMCID: PMC6238916 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.005524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In time-domain diffuse optics the sensitivity to localized absorption changes buried inside a diffusive medium depends strongly on the interplay between instrumental, optical and geometrical parameters, which can hinder the theoretical advantages of novel measurement strategies like the short source-detector distance approach. Here, we present a study based on experimental measurements and simulations to comprehensively evaluate the effect of all different parameters. Results are evaluated exploiting standardized figures of merit, like contrast and contrast-to-noise ratio, to quantify the system sensitivity to deep localized absorption perturbations. Key findings show that the most critical hardware parameter is the memory effect which ultimately limits the dynamic range. Further, a choice of the source-detector distance around 10 mm seems to be a good compromise to compensate non-idealities in practical systems still preserving the advantages of short distances. This work provides both indications for users about the best measurement conditions and strategies, and for technology developers to identify the most crucial hardware features in view of next generation diffuse optics systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Behera
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Di Sieno
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Antonio Pifferi
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Martelli
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Via G. Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Alberto Dalla Mora
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
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14
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Cortese L, Presti GL, Pagliazzi M, Contini D, Mora AD, Pifferi A, Sekar SKV, Spinelli L, Taroni P, Zanoletti M, Weigel UM, de Fraguier S, Nguyen-Dihn A, Rosinski B, Durduran T. Liquid phantoms for near-infrared and diffuse correlation spectroscopies with tunable optical and dynamic properties. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:2068-2080. [PMID: 29760970 PMCID: PMC5946771 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.002068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We present the recipe and characterization for preparing liquid phantoms that are suitable for both near-infrared spectroscopy and diffuse correlation spectroscopy. The phantoms have well-defined and tunable optical and dynamic properties, and consist of a solution of water and glycerol with fat emulsion as the scattering element. The recipe takes into account the effect of bulk refractive index changes due to the addition of glycerol, which is commonly used to alter the sample viscosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Cortese
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona),
Spain
| | - Giuseppe Lo Presti
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona),
Spain
| | - Marco Pagliazzi
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona),
Spain
| | - Davide Contini
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, 20133 Milano,
Italy
| | | | - Antonio Pifferi
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, 20133 Milano,
Italy
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 20133 Milano,
Italy
| | | | - Lorenzo Spinelli
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 20133 Milano,
Italy
| | - Paola Taroni
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, 20133 Milano,
Italy
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 20133 Milano,
Italy
| | - Marta Zanoletti
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, 20133 Milano,
Italy
| | - Udo M. Weigel
- HemoPhotonics S.L., 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona),
Spain
| | | | | | | | - Turgut Durduran
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona),
Spain
- Instituciò Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08015 Barcelona,
Spain
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15
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Re R, Pirovano I, Contini D, Spinelli L, Torricelli A. Time Domain Near Infrared Spectroscopy Device for Monitoring Muscle Oxidative Metabolism: Custom Probe and In Vivo Applications. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18010264. [PMID: 29342097 PMCID: PMC5795927 DOI: 10.3390/s18010264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Measurement of muscle oxidative metabolism is of interest for monitoring the training status in athletes and the rehabilitation process in patients. Time domain near infrared spectroscopy (TD NIRS) is an optical technique that allows the non-invasive measurement of the hemodynamic parameters in muscular tissue: concentrations of oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin, total hemoglobin content, and tissue oxygen saturation. In this paper, we present a novel TD NIRS medical device for muscle oxidative metabolism. A custom-printed 3D probe, able to host optical elements for signal acquisition from muscle, was develop for TD NIRS in vivo measurements. The system was widely characterized on solid phantoms and during in vivo protocols on healthy subjects. In particular, we tested the in vivo repeatability of the measurements to quantify the error that we can have by repositioning the probe. Furthermore, we considered a series of acquisitions on different muscles that were not yet previously performed with this custom probe: a venous-arterial cuff occlusion of the arm muscle, a cycling exercise, and an isometric contraction of the vastus lateralis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Re
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Ileana Pirovano
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Davide Contini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Spinelli
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Torricelli
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 20133 Milan, Italy.
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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16
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Hassaninia I, Bostanabad R, Chen W, Mohseni H. Characterization of the Optical Properties of Turbid Media by Supervised Learning of Scattering Patterns. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15259. [PMID: 29127385 PMCID: PMC5681626 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15601-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Fabricated tissue phantoms are instrumental in optical in-vitro investigations concerning cancer diagnosis, therapeutic applications, and drug efficacy tests. We present a simple non-invasive computational technique that, when coupled with experiments, has the potential for characterization of a wide range of biological tissues. The fundamental idea of our approach is to find a supervised learner that links the scattering pattern of a turbid sample to its thickness and scattering parameters. Once found, this supervised learner is employed in an inverse optimization problem for estimating the scattering parameters of a sample given its thickness and scattering pattern. Multi-response Gaussian processes are used for the supervised learning task and a simple setup is introduced to obtain the scattering pattern of a tissue sample. To increase the predictive power of the supervised learner, the scattering patterns are filtered, enriched by a regressor, and finally characterized with two parameters, namely, transmitted power and scaled Gaussian width. We computationally illustrate that our approach achieves errors of roughly 5% in predicting the scattering properties of many biological tissues. Our method has the potential to facilitate the characterization of tissues and fabrication of phantoms used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes over a wide range of optical spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Hassaninia
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Ramin Bostanabad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Hooman Mohseni
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
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17
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Zouaoui J, Di Sieno L, Hervé L, Pifferi A, Farina A, Mora AD, Derouard J, Dinten JM. Chromophore decomposition in multispectral time-resolved diffuse optical tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:4772-4787. [PMID: 29082101 PMCID: PMC5654816 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.004772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Multicomponent phantom measurements are carried out to evaluate the ability of multispectral time domain diffuse optical tomography in reflectance geometry to quantify the position and the composition of small heterogeneities at depths of 1-1.5 cm in turbid media. Time-resolved data were analyzed with the Mellin-Laplace transform. Results show good localization and correct composition gradation of objects but still a lack of absolute material composition accuracy when no a priori geometry information is known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy Zouaoui
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France, CEA, LETI, MINATEC Campus, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Laura Di Sieno
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano I-20133, Italy
| | - Lionel Hervé
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France, CEA, LETI, MINATEC Campus, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Antonio Pifferi
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano I-20133, Italy
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano I-20133, Italy
| | - Andrea Farina
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano I-20133, Italy
| | - Alberto Dalla Mora
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano I-20133, Italy
| | | | - Jean-Marc Dinten
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France, CEA, LETI, MINATEC Campus, F-38054 Grenoble, France
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18
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Time-Resolved Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy and Imaging Using Solid-State Detectors: Characteristics, Present Status, and Research Challenges. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17092115. [PMID: 28906462 PMCID: PMC5621067 DOI: 10.3390/s17092115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS) and diffuse optical imaging (DOI) are emerging non-invasive imaging modalities that have wide spread potential applications in many fields, particularly for structural and functional imaging in medicine. In this article, we review time-resolved diffuse optical imaging (TR-DOI) systems using solid-state detectors with a special focus on Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs) and Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs). These TR-DOI systems can be categorized into two types based on the operation mode of the detector (free-running or time-gated). For the TR-DOI prototypes, the physical concepts, main components, figures-of-merit of detectors, and evaluation parameters are described. The performance of TR-DOI prototypes is evaluated according to the parameters used in common protocols to test DOI systems particularly basic instrumental performance (BIP). In addition, the potential features of SPADs and SiPMs to improve TR-DOI systems and expand their applications in the foreseeable future are discussed. Lastly, research challenges and future developments for TR-DOI are discussed for each component in the prototype separately and also for the entire system.
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19
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Binzoni T, Sassaroli A, Torricelli A, Spinelli L, Farina A, Durduran T, Cavalieri S, Pifferi A, Martelli F. Depth sensitivity of frequency domain optical measurements in diffusive media. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:2990-3004. [PMID: 28663921 PMCID: PMC5480444 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.002990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The depth sensitivity functions for AC amplitude, phase (PH) and DC intensity signals have been obtained in the frequency domain (where the source amplitude is modulated at radio-frequencies) by making use of analytical solutions of the photon diffusion equation in an infinite slab geometry. Furthermore, solutions for the relative contrast of AC, PH and DC signals when a totally absorbing plane is placed at a fixed depth of the slab have also been obtained. The solutions have been validated by comparisons with gold standard Monte Carlo simulations. The obtained results show that the AC signal, for modulation frequencies < 200 MHz, has a depth sensitivity with similar characteristics to that of the continuous-wave (CW) domain (source modulation frequency of zero). Thus, the depth probed by such a signal can be estimated by using the formula of penetration depth for the CW domain (Sci. Rep.6, 27057 (2016)). However, the PH signal has a different behavior compared to the CW domain, showing a larger depth sensitivity at shallow depths and a less steep relative contrast as a function of depth. These results mark a clear difference in term of depth sensitivity between AC and PH signals, and highlight the complexity of the estimation of the actual depth probed in tissue spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziano Binzoni
- Département de Neurosciences Fondamentales, University of Geneva, Switzerland
- Département de l'Imagerie et des Sciences de l'Information Médicale, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Angelo Sassaroli
- Tufts University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155 USA
| | - Alessandro Torricelli
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Spinelli
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Farina
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Turgut Durduran
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Carl Friedrich Gauss, 3, Castelldefels (Barcelona), 08860, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (Barcelona, Spain)
| | - Stefano Cavalieri
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Via G. Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Antonio Pifferi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Martelli
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Via G. Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
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20
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Di Sieno L, Zouaoui J, Hervé L, Pifferi A, Farina A, Martinenghi E, Derouard J, Dinten JM, Mora AD. Time-domain diffuse optical tomography using silicon photomultipliers: feasibility study. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2016; 21:116002. [PMID: 27812705 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.11.116002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) have been very recently introduced as the most promising detectors in the field of diffuse optics, in particular due to the inherent low cost and large active area. We also demonstrate the suitability of SiPMs for time-domain diffuse optical tomography (DOT). The study is based on both simulations and experimental measurements. Results clearly show excellent performances in terms of spatial localization of an absorbing perturbation, thus opening the way to the use of SiPMs for DOT, with the possibility to conceive a new generation of low-cost and reliable multichannel tomographic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Di Sieno
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Judy Zouaoui
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Minatec Campus, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, FrancecCEA, LETI, MINATEC Campus, 17 rue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38054, France
| | - Lionel Hervé
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Minatec Campus, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, FrancecCEA, LETI, MINATEC Campus, 17 rue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38054, France
| | - Antonio Pifferi
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, ItalydIstituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Andrea Farina
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Edoardo Martinenghi
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Jacques Derouard
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Physique (LIPhy), Pole Phitem, CS 40 700, 38058 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Jean-Marc Dinten
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Minatec Campus, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, FrancecCEA, LETI, MINATEC Campus, 17 rue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38054, France
| | - Alberto Dalla Mora
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy
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21
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Di Sieno L, Wabnitz H, Pifferi A, Mazurenka M, Hoshi Y, Dalla Mora A, Contini D, Boso G, Becker W, Martelli F, Tosi A, Macdonald R. Characterization of a time-resolved non-contact scanning diffuse optical imaging system exploiting fast-gated single-photon avalanche diode detection. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:035118. [PMID: 27036830 DOI: 10.1063/1.4944562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We present a system for non-contact time-resolved diffuse reflectance imaging, based on small source-detector distance and high dynamic range measurements utilizing a fast-gated single-photon avalanche diode. The system is suitable for imaging of diffusive media without any contact with the sample and with a spatial resolution of about 1 cm at 1 cm depth. In order to objectively assess its performances, we adopted two standardized protocols developed for time-domain brain imagers. The related tests included the recording of the instrument response function of the setup and the responsivity of its detection system. Moreover, by using liquid turbid phantoms with absorbing inclusions, depth-dependent contrast and contrast-to-noise ratio as well as lateral spatial resolution were measured. To illustrate the potentialities of the novel approach, the characteristics of the non-contact system are discussed and compared to those of a fiber-based brain imager.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Di Sieno
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Heidrun Wabnitz
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestr. 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Antonio Pifferi
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Mikhail Mazurenka
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestr. 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yoko Hoshi
- Department of Biomedical Optics, Medical Photonics Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Alberto Dalla Mora
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Davide Contini
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Gianluca Boso
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Wolfgang Becker
- Becker and Hickl GmbH, Nahmitzer Damm 30, 12277 Berlin, Germany
| | - Fabrizio Martelli
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell'Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via G. Sansone 1, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze 50019, Italy
| | - Alberto Tosi
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Rainer Macdonald
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestr. 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
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22
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Pifferi A, Torricelli A, Cubeddu R, Quarto G, Re R, Sekar SKV, Spinelli L, Farina A, Martelli F, Wabnitz H. Mechanically switchable solid inhomogeneous phantom for performance tests in diffuse imaging and spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015. [PMID: 26220211 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.12.121304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A mechanically switchable solid inhomogeneous phantom simulating localized absorption changes was developed and characterized. The homogeneous host phantom was made of epoxy resin with black toner and titanium dioxide particles added as absorbing and scattering components, respectively. A cylindrical rod, movable along a hole in the block and made of the same material, has a black polyvinyl chloride cylinder embedded in its center. By varying the volume and position of the black inclusion, absorption perturbations can be generated over a large range of magnitudes. The phantom has been characterized by various time-domain diffuse optics instruments in terms of absorption and scattering spectra, transmittance images, and reflectance contrast. Addressing a major application of the phantom for performance characterization for functional near-infrared spectroscopy of the brain, the contrast was measured in reflectance mode while black cylinders of volumes from ≈20 mm3 to ≈270 mm3 were moved in lateral and depth directions, respectively. The new type of solid inhomogeneous phantom is expected to become a useful tool for routine quality check of clinical instruments or implementation of industrial standards provided an experimental characterization of the phantom is performed in advance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Pifferi
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Alessandro Torricelli
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Rinaldo Cubeddu
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, ItalybIstituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Giovanna Quarto
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Rebecca Re
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Sanathana K V Sekar
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Spinelli
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Andrea Farina
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Martelli
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Via G. Sansone 1, Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
| | - Heidrun Wabnitz
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestraße 2-12, Berlin 10587, Germany
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23
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Martelli F, Del Bianco S, Spinelli L, Cavalieri S, Di Ninni P, Binzoni T, Jelzow A, Macdonald R, Wabnitz H. Optimal estimation reconstruction of the optical properties of a two-layered tissue phantom from time-resolved single-distance measurements. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:115001. [PMID: 26524677 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.11.115001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we have tested the optimal estimation (OE) algorithm for the reconstruction of the optical properties of a two-layered liquid tissue phantom from time-resolved single-distance measurements. The OE allows a priori information, in particular on the range of variation of fit parameters, to be included. The purpose of the present investigations was to compare the performance of OE with the Levenberg–Marquardt method for a geometry and real experimental conditions typically used to reconstruct the optical properties of biological tissues such as muscle and brain. The absorption coefficient of the layers was varied in a range of values typical for biological tissues. The reconstructions performed demonstrate the substantial improvements achievable with the OE provided a priori information is available. We note the extreme reliability, robustness, and accuracy of the retrieved absorption coefficient of the second layer obtained with the OE that was found for up to six fit parameters, with an error in the retrieved values of less than 10%. A priori information on fit parameters and fixed forward model parameters clearly improves robustness and accuracy of the inversion procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Martelli
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Via G. Sansone 1, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Firenze, Italy
| | - Samuele Del Bianco
- Istituto di Fisica Applicata Nello Carrara del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Spinelli
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Stefano Cavalieri
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Via G. Sansone 1, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Firenze, Italy
| | - Paola Di Ninni
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Via G. Sansone 1, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Firenze, Italy
| | - Tiziano Binzoni
- University of Geneva, Département de Neurosciences Fondamentales, 1, rue Michel-Servet 1211 Genève 4, SwitzerlandeUniversity Hospital, Département de l'Imagerie et des Sciences de l'Information Médicale, 1, 4 rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, 1211 Geneva 14, S
| | - Alexander Jelzow
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestraße 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Macdonald
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestraße 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Heidrun Wabnitz
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestraße 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
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24
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Puszka A, Di Sieno L, Mora AD, Pifferi A, Contini D, Planat-Chrétien A, Koenig A, Boso G, Tosi A, Hervé L, Dinten JM. Spatial resolution in depth for time-resolved diffuse optical tomography using short source-detector separations. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:1-10. [PMID: 25657869 PMCID: PMC4317114 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.000001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse optical tomography for medical applications can require probes with small dimensions involving short source-detector separations. Even though this configuration is seen at first as a constraint due to the challenge of depth sensitivity, we show here that it can potentially be an asset for spatial resolution in depth. By comparing two fiber optic probes on a test object, we first show with simulations that short source-detector separations improve the spatial resolution down to a limit depth. We then confirm these results in an experimental study with a state-of-the-art setup involving a fast-gated single-photon avalanche diode allowing maximum depth sensitivity. We conclude that short source-detector separations are an option to consider for the design of probes so as to improve image quality for diffuse optical tomography in reflectance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agathe Puszka
- CEA, LETI, Minatec Campus, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9,
France
| | - Laura Di Sieno
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano I-20133,
Italy
| | - Alberto Dalla Mora
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano I-20133,
Italy
| | - Antonio Pifferi
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano I-20133,
Italy
| | - Davide Contini
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano I-20133,
Italy
| | | | - Anne Koenig
- CEA, LETI, Minatec Campus, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9,
France
| | - Gianluca Boso
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 – I-20133 Milano,
Italy
| | - Alberto Tosi
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 – I-20133 Milano,
Italy
| | - Lionel Hervé
- CEA, LETI, Minatec Campus, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9,
France
| | - Jean-Marc Dinten
- CEA, LETI, Minatec Campus, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9,
France
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25
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Wabnitz H, Jelzow A, Mazurenka M, Steinkellner O, Macdonald R, Milej D, Żołek N, Kacprzak M, Sawosz P, Maniewski R, Liebert A, Magazov S, Hebden J, Martelli F, Di Ninni P, Zaccanti G, Torricelli A, Contini D, Re R, Zucchelli L, Spinelli L, Cubeddu R, Pifferi A. Performance assessment of time-domain optical brain imagers, part 2: nEUROPt protocol. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2014; 19:086012. [PMID: 25121480 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.19.8.086012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The nEUROPt protocol is one of two new protocols developed within the European project nEUROPt to characterize the performances of time-domain systems for optical imaging of the brain. It was applied in joint measurement campaigns to compare the various instruments and to assess the impact of technical improvements. This protocol addresses the characteristic of optical brain imaging to detect, localize, and quantify absorption changes in the brain. It was implemented with two types of inhomogeneous liquid phantoms based on Intralipid and India ink with well-defined optical properties. First, small black inclusions were used to mimic localized changes of the absorption coefficient. The position of the inclusions was varied in depth and lateral direction to investigate contrast and spatial resolution. Second, two-layered liquid phantoms with variable absorption coefficients were employed to study the quantification of layer-wide changes and, in particular, to determine depth selectivity, i.e., the ratio of sensitivities for deep and superficial absorption changes. We introduce the tests of the nEUROPt protocol and present examples of results obtained with different instruments and methods of data analysis. This protocol could be a useful step toward performance tests for future standards in diffuse optical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidrun Wabnitz
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestraße 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Jelzow
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestraße 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mikhail Mazurenka
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestraße 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Steinkellner
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestraße 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Macdonald
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestraße 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Milej
- Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Trojdena 4, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Norbert Żołek
- Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Trojdena 4, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michal Kacprzak
- Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Trojdena 4, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Sawosz
- Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Trojdena 4, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Roman Maniewski
- Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Trojdena 4, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Liebert
- Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Trojdena 4, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Salavat Magazov
- University College London, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Hebden
- University College London, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Fabrizio Martelli
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell'Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via G. Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Paola Di Ninni
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell'Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via G. Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Giovanni Zaccanti
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell'Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via G. Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Alessandro Torricelli
- Politecnico di Milano-Dipartimento di Fisica, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Davide Contini
- Politecnico di Milano-Dipartimento di Fisica, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Rebecca Re
- Politecnico di Milano-Dipartimento di Fisica, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Lucia Zucchelli
- Politecnico di Milano-Dipartimento di Fisica, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Spinelli
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, CNR, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Rinaldo Cubeddu
- Politecnico di Milano-Dipartimento di Fisica, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, ItalyfIstituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, CNR, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Antonio Pifferi
- Politecnico di Milano-Dipartimento di Fisica, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, ItalyfIstituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, CNR, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
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